Red nucleus

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Not to be confused with?Red blood cell §?Nucleus.

Red nucleus

"Normal Red Blood Cell" by?gedrose

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Transverse section?through the?midbrainshowing the location of the red nuclei. The?superior colliculi?are at the top of image and the?cerebral peduncles?at the bottom of image?– both in section.

Details

Part of

Midbrain

Identifiers

Latin

nucleus ruber

MeSH

D012012

NeuroNames

505

NeuroLex?ID

birnlex_1478

TA98

A14.1.06.323

TA2

5898

FMA

62407

Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy

[edit on Wikidata]

The?red nucleus?or?nucleus ruber?is a structure in the?rostral?midbrain?involved in?motor coordination.[1]?The red nucleus is pale pink, which is believed to be due to the presence of?iron?in at least two different forms:?hemoglobin?and?ferritin.[2][3]?The structure is located in the tegmentum of the midbrain next to the?substantia nigra?and comprises caudal?magnocellular?and rostral?parvocellular?components.[1]?The red nucleus and substantia nigra are subcortical centers of the?extrapyramidal motor system.

Contents

·?1Function

·?2Input and output

·?3See also

·?4Additional images

·?5References

·?6External links

Function[edit]

In a?vertebrate?without a significant?corticospinal tract,?gait?is mainly controlled by the red nucleus.[4]?However, in?primates, where the?corticospinal tract?is dominant, the?rubrospinal tract?may be regarded as vestigial in motor function. Therefore, the red nucleus is less important in primates than in many other mammals.[1][5]?Nevertheless, the?crawling?of?babies?is controlled by the red nucleus, as is arm swinging in typical walking.[6]?The red nucleus may play an additional role in controlling muscles of the?shoulder?and upper arm via projections of its magnocellular part.[7][8]?In humans, the red nucleus also has limited control over?hands, as the?rubrospinal tract?is more involved in large muscle movement such as that for the arms (but not for the legs, as the tract terminates in the superior thoracic region of the spinal cord).?Fine control of the?fingers?is not modified by the functioning of the red nucleus but relies on the?corticospinal tract.[9]?The majority of red nucleus axons do not project to the?spinal cord?but, via its parvocellular part, relay information from the?motor cortex?to the?cerebellum?through the?inferior olivary complex, an important relay center in the?medulla.[1]

Input and output[edit]

The red nucleus receives many inputs from the?cerebellum?(interposed nucleus?and the lateral cerebellar nucleus) of the?opposite?side and an input from the motor cortex of the?same?side.[10]

（這里暗含了左右協(xié)調(diào)的運(yùn)動(dòng)，尤其是上肢的大肌肉，是由red nucleus來(lái)完成的。）

The red nucleus has two sets of efferents:[10]

·?In humans, the majority of the output goes to the bundle of fibers continues through the medial?tegmental?field toward the?inferior olive?of the?same?side, to form part of a pathway that ultimately influence the?cerebellum.

·?The other output (the rubrospinal projection) goes to the?rhombencephalic?reticular formation?and?spinal cord?of the?opposite?side, making up the?rubrospinal tract, which runs ventral to the?lateral corticospinal tract. As stated earlier, the rubrospinal tract is more important in non-primate species: in?primates, because of the well-developed cerebral cortex, the corticospinal tract has taken over the role of the rubrospinal.

(應(yīng)該是因?yàn)閜rimates生活在樹上，適應(yīng)于地面的左右交叉協(xié)調(diào)動(dòng)作需求少，而通過(guò)手指進(jìn)行精確采摘的行為需求多，而其他哺乳動(dòng)物要在地面奔跑，左右交叉協(xié)調(diào)運(yùn)動(dòng)多一些，所以各有所長(zhǎng)。對(duì)于直立行走的人類，又撿起了左右交叉協(xié)調(diào)運(yùn)動(dòng)進(jìn)行平地行走，所以對(duì)于人而言rubrospinal tract又重要起來(lái)了，順拐行走就是紅核控制的節(jié)律運(yùn)動(dòng)行為弱的結(jié)果，跳舞應(yīng)該是紅核控制的節(jié)律運(yùn)動(dòng)行為。2021/11/17：現(xiàn)在想想好像不對(duì)，跳舞應(yīng)該更多地要用到basal ganglia中的節(jié)律性運(yùn)動(dòng)，通過(guò)肢體運(yùn)動(dòng)表達(dá)那種歡快或悲傷的情緒，而只有需要左右協(xié)調(diào)的運(yùn)動(dòng)是由red nucleus來(lái)完成的。)