? ? ? ? 翻譯起因：在微信群里一位朋友發(fā)出了此文中的一系列圖，問誰能搞來。乍一看我以為是Lychas scutilus，這是我從外形上最喜歡的蝎子之一，國內(nèi)外多方求購無果。剛要回復(fù)“太難搞了”，忽然發(fā)現(xiàn)圖片標(biāo)題名字不對。原來是異形命名的新種。出于對Lychas scutilus形態(tài)類似蝎子的喜好，花了兩晚翻譯了這篇論文的前半部分主體內(nèi)容。由于學(xué)科跨度太大，許多翻譯必定存在問題，懇請共同學(xué)習(xí)的朋友們批評指正。

? ? ? ??注：雅思八分大佬的行文水平，確實望塵莫及，值得學(xué)習(xí)

?原文鏈接：https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/vol2023/iss370/1/

A new monotypic genus and species from China, Langxie feti gen. et sp. n.

來自中國的一種新的單種屬——Langxie feti gen. et sp. n.

作者：Victoria Tang, Qingquan Jia & Leonhard Liu

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? ? ? ??Summary

? ? ? ??A new monotypic genus, Langxie gen. n., is described from Xizang (Tibet), China. The new genus shares an important morphological character with Afrolychas Kova?ík, 2019: absence of external accessory denticles (EADs) along the sixth row of median denticles (MDs) on the pedipalp movable finger. Langxie gen. n. is different from Afrolychas in the following aspects: loss of EAD near the proximally enlarged MD within each row (i. e., loss of all EAD on the movable finger; this also distinguishes the new genus from other related genera in the “(Ananteris + Isometrus)” clade (?tundlová et al., 2022)), subaculear tubercle armed with or without a secondary tubercle dorsally, immaculate color pattern, more slender appendages and metasoma, and less sexually dimorphic pectines. Langxie gen. n. further differs from another geographically close genus, Himalayotityobuthus Louren?o, 1997, by the presence of highly developed pectinal fulcra (vs. absent in Himalayotityobuthus), six rows of MDs on the pedipalp movable finger (vs. 7–8 in Himalayotityobuthus) and five pairs of lateral ocelli (vs. 3 in Himalayotityobuthus). The new species, Langxie feti sp. n., is small and slender, exhibiting no obvious sexual dimorphism in pedipalp and metasoma, but the sexes are visibly different in the relative size of median ocelli and coarseness of carapacial granulation. Lattice microstructures are prominently developed on its cuticle.

? ? ? ??概述

? ? ? ??描述了一個在中國西藏的新單種屬——Langxie屬。該新屬與Afrolychas (Kova?ík, 2019) 屬（非洲信使蝎屬）共同具有重要的形態(tài)特征：沿著須肢（譯注：就是蝎子的鉗子）可動指上的第六排正中齒（MDs）沒有外部附屬齒（EAD）。

? ? ? ??與Afrolychas屬相比， Langxie屬在以下方面不同：①每排近端膨大的正中齒都沒有附屬齒（即：動指上所有外部附屬齒丟失。這也將該新屬和“Ananteris + Isometrus”(?tundlová et al., 2022)分支中的其它相關(guān)屬區(qū)分開來）；②毒囊背側(cè)的副刺瘤可能有也可能沒有（譯注：直譯為“毒針下方的結(jié)節(jié)”，異形譯作“副刺瘤”，就是兩個毒針較小的那個），完美無瑕的色型，更修長的附肢和后體，櫛狀器的性二形性更不明顯。

? ? ? ??Langxie屬和另一種地理分布接近的Himalayotityobuthus屬 (Louren?o, 1997)更加不同：①Langxie屬有非常發(fā)達(dá)的支骨而H屬沒有；②Langxie屬須肢動指上有6排正中指而H屬為7-8排；③Langxie屬有5對側(cè)單眼而H屬有3對。

? ? ? ??新的種Langxie feti小而纖瘦，須肢和后體沒有表現(xiàn)出明顯的性二形性。但是公母的中間一對主眼（譯注：就是長在頭頂最大的一對眼睛）和甲殼的粗糙度明顯不同。晶格的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)在其角質(zhì)層上組建的十分明顯。

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? ? ? ??Introduction

? ? ? ??Xizang (or the Tibet Autonomous Region) has the most diverse scorpiofauna in China (30 species) (Tang, 2022d; Lv & Di, 2022), followed by Yunnan and Xinjiang Provinces. Six genera of five families have been recorded in this area: Hottentotta Birula, 1908 (Buthidae; 1 sp.), Reddyanus Vachon, 1972 (Buthidae; 1 sp.), Chaerilus Simon, 1877 (Chaerilidae; 8 spp.), Scorpiops Peters, 1861 (Scorpiopidae; 18 spp.), Tibetiomachus Louren?o & Qi, 2006 nomen dubium (see Kova?ík, 2009: 27) (Hormuridae; 1 sp.), and Deccanometrus Prendini & Loria, 2020 (Scorpionidae; 1 sp.), all distributed in the south range along the national border. In this study, the seventh genus is described from Xizang (and the 14th genus for China), Langxie gen. n., represented by a distinctive new species, L. feti sp. n. Within the Chinese scorpion fauna, the new species also represents the 13th species of Buthidae, and the 22nd species of parvorder Buthida (Tang, 2022b), if one were to ignore an isolated record of L. scutilus C. L. Koch, 1845 that was never confirmed again.

? ? ? ??引言

? ? ? ??西藏（或稱西藏自治區(qū)）擁有中國最多樣化的蝎類動物群（30種）（Tang，2022；Lv&Di，2022），其次是云南省和新疆省。該地區(qū)記錄了5個科的6個屬：Hottentotta （霍屯督蝎屬）（Birula, 1908） (Buthidae; 1 sp.), Reddyanus（雷氏蝎屬） （Vachon, 1972）(Buthidae; 1 sp.), Chaerilus（寇里蝎屬）（Simon, 1877） (Chaerilidae; 8 spp.), Scorpiops（類蝎屬）（Peters, 1861） (Scorpiopidae; 18 spp.), Tibetiomachus（藏毒勇蝎屬）（Louren?o & Qi, 2006 nomen dubium（無效種） (see Kova?ík, 2009: 27) (Hormuridae; 1 sp.), 和Deccanometrus（德干異距蝎屬） (Prendini & Loria, 2020) (Scorpionidae; 1 sp.)全部分布在沿國界的南部山脈。在這項研究中，第7屬被描述為西藏（也是中國的第14屬），Langxie屬由一個獨特的新物種L. feti代表。 在中國蝎子動物種群中，新物種也代表了Buthidae科的第 13 種和Parvorder Buthida（Tang，2022b）（殺牛蝎小目）的第 22 種，如果忽略 L. scutilus （C. L. Koch, 1845）的孤立記錄，再也沒有得到證實。

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? ? ? ??Kova?ík (2019) conducted a taxonomic reassessment of the genus Lychas C. L. Koch, 1845 and established three new genera (Afrolychas, Janalychas, Spelaeolychas) based on the length of tibial spur on legs III and IV; the presence/absence of external accessory denticles on the pedipalp movable finger along the sixth row of denticles; the density of ventral setation of tarsomeres II of the legs; and the morphosculpture of the telson (presence or absence of granulation and lateral furrow). The validity of Janalychas was subsequently supported by a molecular analysis by ?tundlová et al. (2022). The genus Lychas currently comprises 33 species, known mostly from the south and southeast Asia, Africa, Australia, and Oceania (Kova?ík, 2019; Ythier & Louren?o, 2022; Kova?ík, 2023). However, a more detailed revision is yet to be published and some dubious species could be transferred to other genera (e. g., some species from Africa, Australia, and Oceania currently placed in this genus). According to Kova?ík (2019), the genus Afrolychas shares three characters with the genus Lychas: (1) tibial spurs reduced to moderate on leg III and leg IV; (2) ventral surfaces of tarsomeres II of legs densely equipped with two rows of setae; (3) telson smooth or granulated with the furrow absent or only indicated. One character differentiates the two genera: in Afrolychas, the external accessory denticle (EAD) is absent along the sixth row of median denticles (MDs) of the pedipalp movable finger; however, in Lychas, this row is flanked by 1–4 EADs. The absence of these EADs is also a character of Janalychas, which differs from the previous two genera in: (1) tibial spurs elongated, and (2) telson in male laterally strongly bumpy with a developed longitudinal furrow (not verified for J. albimanus (Henderson, 1919)). The monotypic genus, Spelaeolychas, is from Malaysia and differs from Lychas in the ventral surfaces of tarsomeres II (with only 5–7 spiniform setae in two rows vs. densely equipped with two rows of setae).

? ? ? ??Kova?ík于2019年對Lychas屬(C. L. Koch, 2019)進(jìn)行了分類學(xué)重新評估，建立了三個新屬：Afrolychas（非洲信使蝎屬）, Janalychas（雅氏信使蝎屬）（譯者注：也就是俗名印度狼蝎的三棱雅娜信使蝎所在的屬）, Spelaeolychas（穴信使蝎屬）。建立的根據(jù)是：①Ⅲ號和Ⅳ號腿的脛骨刺長度；②動指第六齒處有沒有外部附屬齒；③步足的Ⅱ級跗分節(jié)上剛毛的密度；④毒刺的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)（是否有凸起和側(cè)溝）。Janalychas屬存在的有效性在隨后的2022年得到了?tundlová等人分子類型分析的支持。Lychas屬目前包括33種，主要來自南亞和東南亞，非洲，澳大利亞和大洋洲( Kova?ík，2019; Ythier 和 Louren?o,2022; Kova?ík, 2023）。然而，更詳細(xì)的修訂尚未公布，一些可疑物種可以轉(zhuǎn)移到其他屬（例如，目前將非洲，澳大利亞和大洋洲的一些物種歸入該屬）。根據(jù)Kova?ík在2019年的說法，Afrolychas屬與Lychas屬共有三個特征：①脛骨刺在Ⅲ號和Ⅳ號腿減少至很溫和的程度；②步足的Ⅱ級跗分節(jié)上剛毛密布；③毒刺光滑或有顆粒，但沒有溝壑無或僅是表現(xiàn)有（譯注：這里indicate水平有限不是很理解，理解成溝壑較淺，只是說有，淺淺意思一下，不當(dāng)請指正）。這兩個屬有一個特征來區(qū)分：Afrolychas屬須肢可動指上的第六排正中齒沒有，而Lychas屬該位置兩個有1-4個外部附屬齒。這些外部附屬齒的缺失也是Janalychas屬的一個特征，它與前兩個屬的不同之處在于：①脛骨刺細(xì)長；②雄性毒刺側(cè)向有發(fā)達(dá)的縱向溝壑；來自馬來西亞的單型屬Spelaeolychas（穴信使蝎屬）與Lychas屬的步足Ⅱ級跗分節(jié)腹面不同（前者兩排剛毛只有5-7根，后者兩排密布）。

? ? ? ??（譯注：對于這四個屬的比較這么大一段不知道讀者讀的怎么樣，水平摳腳的我頭是有點大了……詞匯很高級的同時四種特點每屬都進(jìn)行了不同角度說明，Lychas毛多還說了兩次。文字雖多，其實邏輯可以理出來。為便于理解我總結(jié)了個表，權(quán)當(dāng)做閱讀理解……）

?????

? ? ? ??Previously, the two most widespread species of Lychas, L. mucronatus (Fabricius, 1798) and L. scutilus, have been recorded in China and considered as the only two species of this genus in this country (Tang, 2020b). The former species is abundantly found in the provinces of Yunnan and Hainan, as well as in some parts of Guangxi, Guangzhou and Fujian Provinces (Tang, 2022b; probably in Taiwan as well, based on recent local observations); however, it is important to reiterate that the latter was only recorded in Shanghai once, based on a single female specimen collected in 1878 and was subsequently assumed to be extinct (Fet et al., 2000; Kova?ík & Whitman, 2005). In the present study, a new species that has been so far found only in China is described based on recently collected specimens from the southeastern region of Xizang. The new species is associated with some species of the “(Ananteris + Isometrus)” clade (?tundlová et al., 2022) in terms of its general morphological characters; Tang (2022b) mentioned this species based on several photographs and considered it to be the only endemic Lychas species of China (based on the presence of tibial spurs). However, after examination of the specimens, the new species keyed out as Afrolychas under the criteria of combinations of the four binary morphological characters defined by Kova?ík (2019): no EADs were found along the sixth row of MDs of pedipalp movable finger. The geographic distribution and other characters suggest a new genus is required to accommodate this species, described here as Langxie gen. n. The validity of this new genus is also supported by a DNA analysis (in progress).

? ? ? ??之前，中國記錄了Lychas屬兩種分布最廣的種：L. mucronatus（Fabricius，1798）和L. scutilus，被認(rèn)為是我國僅有的兩個物種（Tang, 2020）。前一種在云南、海南、廣西、廣州和福建省的一些地區(qū)大量發(fā)現(xiàn)（Tang，2022b；根據(jù)最近的當(dāng)?shù)赜^察，可能也在臺灣省有分布）。然而，重要的是要重申，后一種僅在上海記錄過一次，基于1878年收集的單個雌性樣本，隨后被認(rèn)為已經(jīng)滅絕（Fet 等， 2000; Kova?ík & Whitman，2005）。就其一般形態(tài)特征而言，新物種與“（Ananteris + Isometrus）”分支（?tundlová等，2022）的某些物種有關(guān)?；趲讖堈掌?，異形在2022年提到了這個物種，并認(rèn)為這是中國唯一Lychas屬下的物種（基于脛骨刺的存在）。然而，在對標(biāo)本進(jìn)行檢查后，根據(jù)四種二元形態(tài)特征的組合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（譯注：即上段的四條標(biāo)準(zhǔn)），新物種被歸為Afrolychas屬：（因為）在動指第六齒處沒有外部附屬齒。地理分布和其他特征表明，需要一個新的屬來容納這個物種，這里描述為Langxie屬，這個新屬的有效性也得到了DNA分析（正在進(jìn)行中）的支持。

? ? ? ??Langxie feti gen. et sp. n. was initially recorded from Gula Township and Chawalong Township, Chayu County, Linzhi Prefecture, Xizang, in August of 2019, by a group of college students during their expedition. However, those specimens were poorly preserved after a lengthy delay due to the dispute between the college students and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (the latter requested the former to donate the specimens free of charge for their publication; the students rejected, but even their own college would not provide the needed funds).

? ? ? ??最初，Langxie屬是在2019年8月于西藏林芝州茶峪縣古拉鄉(xiāng)、查瓦龍鄉(xiāng)被一群大學(xué)生在考察中記錄。然而，由于大學(xué)生與中國科學(xué)院的爭執(zhí)，這些標(biāo)本在長時間的拖延后保存得很差（后者要求前者免費(fèi)捐贈標(biāo)本以出版，學(xué)生拒絕了，但即使是他們自己的大學(xué)也不會提供所需的資金）。

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? ? ? ??Methods, Material & Abbreviations

? ? ? ??（拍照）方法、（對照）材料和縮寫

? ? ? ??Morphology. Nomenclature and measurements mostly follow Stahnke (1971), Kova?ík (2009), and Kova?ík & Ojanguren Affilastro (2013), except for trichobothriotaxy (Vachon, 1974), sternum (Soleglad & Fet, 2003) and pedipalp patellar and femur carinae (Prendini et al., 2021). The detailed description of the new genus and species was based only on the holotype and allotypic paratype. However, in the differential diagnosis, the pectinal tooth count was based on all the type specimens studied (same with the coloration description) unless the structure was compromised; some pectinal teeth were lost or hidden and the count of those type specimens was inferred from the normal tooth size. The total length of the new genus and species is an approximated range of the minimal and maximal value (applying the retention method of “rounding”) after roughly measuring the smallest and largest (visually determined) adults. For the measurement of the holotype and paratype, shrinkage due to dehydration prevented the posttergites and/or pretergites from being fully visible, and the measurement was directly applied upon the specimens along the central axis. Not until four months after the collection of the specimens by the second author (collector) did the first author (who examined the type specimens and wrote this paper) receive them (see Acknowledgements). Most of the specimens died during this period and as the second author had no previous experience in preserving scorpion specimens, the condition of the specimens was poor and most of them were nearly broken as the first author received them; more than half of the originally collected specimens were no longer useful and therefore were not sent to the first author. For the remaining six living specimens, the first author did not euthanatize or examine them (thus they will not be included in the type materials examined).

? ? ? ??形態(tài)學(xué)

? ? ? ??命名法和測量法主要遵循Stahnke (1971)、 Kova?ík (2009)和Kova?ík & Ojanguren Affilastro (2013)，除了trichobothriotaxy（聽毛（譯注：足部的毛形感受器）） (Vachon, 1974), sternum（胸板） (Soleglad & Fet, 2003) and pedipalp patellar（須肢髕節(jié)）和femur carinae（髀骨隆線） (Prendini et al., 2021)。對新屬和種的詳細(xì)描述僅基于正模標(biāo)本和異型副模標(biāo)本。但是在定種時，除非結(jié)構(gòu)受損——一些櫛齒損壞或隱藏，櫛齒數(shù)（和自然花紋的描述）是基于所研究的所有原始樣本。而這些模式標(biāo)本的櫛齒數(shù)是從正常尺寸的櫛齒推斷出來的。在粗略的測量（目視確定）成體全長的最大值和最小值后，通過四舍五入，得到了新屬（種）全長的最大/最小值范圍。對正模標(biāo)本和副模標(biāo)本的測量而言，由于脫水引起的收縮使得后部或前部背甲不能完全可見，并且標(biāo)本是沿中軸直接被測量的。直到二作（采集者）采集樣本四個月后，一作（檢查模式樣本并撰寫本文）才收到標(biāo)本（見致謝）。此間樣本死亡了大多數(shù)，并且由于二作此前沒有保存蝎子標(biāo)本的經(jīng)驗，一作收到標(biāo)本時，標(biāo)本的狀況很差，大多數(shù)標(biāo)本近乎損毀。最初采集的樣本中半數(shù)以上都不能用了，因此沒有發(fā)給一作。對于其余六個活體樣本，一作沒有對它們實施安樂死或是檢查（因此它們將不包含在所檢查的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣中）。

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? ? ? ??Photography. Photos of the specimens were taken by applying a different method from that of the previous papers by the first author. Previously, all the photos of detailed structures were taken by a microscope with a small camera attached to it, and photos at different focus distances were obtained by manual adjustments. In this study, a new setup was applied in order to obtain a higher resolution for minute details. This setup included two vertical stands, both mounted to a horizontal plane base, each carrying a camera (lens facing the base; Canon 5DsR, paired with Sigma or Laowa macro lens depending on the size of the target, and Kenko extension tube, if necessary) and a focus stacking rail (parallel to the stand; purchased from MJKZZ.de), respectively. A platform holding a board that carried the specimen was mounted perpendicularly to the rail. The rail carried the platform to move upwards and downwards at desired distances, and the camera took photos automatically after setting up the parameters in the MJKZZ 3 axes motion controller. The photos were then processed in two computer software, ZereneStacker and Photoshop. This setup was enlightened by the advice of Dr. Graeme Lowe (pers. comm. to V. Tang) but simplified.

? ? ? ??拍照

? ? ? ??樣本照片的拍攝方法與一作之前論文不同。之前，所有細(xì)節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)的照片都是用裝有小型相機(jī)的顯微鏡通過手動調(diào)焦拍攝。在這項研究中為了獲得更高分辨率的微小細(xì)節(jié)而使用了新設(shè)備。該設(shè)備包括兩個裝在水平底座的垂直支架，每個支架帶有一個相機(jī)（鏡頭朝底座；型號：佳能5DSR，針對拍攝目標(biāo)尺寸不同配有Sigma或Laowa微距鏡頭，如有必要還配有Kenko延長管）和一個對焦堆疊滑道（與支架平行，從MJKZZ.de購買）。裝有樣本的載物臺垂直安裝在導(dǎo)軌上，可根據(jù)需要的距離上下移動。在對MJKZZ三軸運(yùn)動控制器設(shè)置好參數(shù)后，相機(jī)自動拍照。接下來，照片用ZereneStacker和Photoshop兩個軟件進(jìn)行處理。這套裝置受Graeme Lowe博士與一作的私人通訊中的建議啟發(fā)，但進(jìn)行了簡化。

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? ? ? ??Abbreviations. D, depth; L, length; W, width; PTC, pectinal tooth count; IAD, internal accessory denticle; MD, median denticle; EAD, external accessory denticle; PLMa, posterolateral major ocellus; ADMi, anterodorsal minor ocellus; PDMi, posterodorsal minor ocellus. Specimen Depositories. VT (Personal collection of Victoria Tang, Shanghai, China); BMNH (British Museum [Natural History], London, UK); FKCP (Franti?ek Kova?ík, private collection, Prague, Czech Republic); ZMUH (Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum der Universit?t von Hamburg, Germany).

縮寫

D：depth（深度）；L：length（長度）；W：width（寬度）；

PTC：pectinal tooth count（數(shù)櫛齒數(shù)）；

IAD：internal accessory denticle（內(nèi)部附屬齒）；

MD：median denticle（中齒）

EAD：external accessory denticle（外部附屬齒）

PLMa：posterolateral major ocellus（后外側(cè)主眼）

ADMi：anterodorsal minor ocellus（前背副眼）

PDMi：posterodorsal minor ocellus（后背副眼）

標(biāo)本存放處：

VT (Personal collection of Victoria Tang, Shanghai, China)

異形的個人收藏，中國上海

BMNH (British Museum [Natural History], London, UK)

大英博物館【自然歷史】，英國倫敦

FKCP (Franti?ek Kova?ík, private collection, Prague, Czech Republic)

Franti?ek Kova?ík個人收藏，捷克布拉格

ZMUH (Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum der Universit?t von Hamburg, Germany)

德國漢堡大學(xué)動物研究所和動物博物館

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? ? ? ??Comparative material (VT). Centruroides bicolor Pocock, 1898, 1♂1♀; C. gracilis (Latreille, 1804), 1♂; C. nigrimanus Pocock, 1898, 1♂; Heteroctenus garridoi (Armas, 1974), 1♀; H. junceus (Herbst, 1800), 1♂1♀; Isometrus maculatus (DeGeer, 1778), 1♂1♀; Janalychas tricarinatus (Simon, 1884), 1♀; Lychas mucronatus (Fabricius, 1798), 1♂1♀; L. scutilus C. L. Koch, 1845, juv. (sex no longer determinable); Tityus footei Chamberlin, 1916, 1♂; T. smithii Pocock, 1893, 1♀; T. stigmurus (Thorell, 1876), 1♀; all are dry specimens obtained as either pets or caught in the wild.

? ? ? ??對照材料（異形的個人收藏）

雙色似刺尾蝎(Pocock, 1898), 1♂1♀;

纖細(xì)似刺尾蝎(Latreille, 1804), 1♂;

黑掌似刺尾蝎(Pocock, 1898), 1♂;

加氏異櫛蝎(Armas, 1974), 1♀;

木色異櫛蝎(Herbst, 1800), 1♂1♀;

斑等蝎(DeGeer, 1778), 1♂1♀;

三棱雅娜信使蝎 (Simon, 1884), 1♀;

尖刺信使蝎(Fabricius, 1798), 1♂1♀;

纖細(xì)信使蝎(C. L. Koch, 1845), （無法分公母的青年個體）;

孚氏戾蝎(Chamberlin, 1916), 1♂;

史密斯戾蝎(Pocock, 1893), 1♀;

斑尾戾蝎(Thorell, 1876), 1♀;

都是人工飼養(yǎng)或野外捕捉的干燥標(biāo)本。

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? ? ? ??Etymology. The generic epithet is a noun in apposition, the Pinyin for “狼蝎” (láng xiē) in Chinese. Lang (狼) is the Chinese equivalent for “wolf”, and xie (蝎) is that for “scorpion”. This name is coined for three reasons: (1) the erroneous formal Chinese name for Lychas needs to be replaced (Tang, 2022a); (2) the new genus was found to be very abundant in the region and exhibited high tolerance to conspecifics, zooming among rock crevices like wolf packs; (3) the new genus was dominant in its habitat, and fed on a variety of prey, including other predatory arthropods.

? ? ? ??詞源

? ? ? ??這一署名是并列的兩個名詞，取自中文“狼蝎”的漢語拼音。Lang（狼）在中文指wolf（狼），Xie（蝎）在中文指scorpion（蝎子）。這樣命名有三個原因：①Lychas屬規(guī)范的中文名稱有錯誤應(yīng)該被替換；②這一新屬在發(fā)現(xiàn)地分布數(shù)量非常多，對同種個體表現(xiàn)出很高的耐受性，在巖縫中快速穿梭，像狼群一樣；③在這一新屬的棲息地，它們占主導(dǎo)地位，具有包括其它掠食性節(jié)肢動物的多樣性的捕食對象。

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? ? ? ??Diagnosis. Total length ca. 27–38 mm in adult males and ca. 38–45 mm in adult females. General coloration brownish, with whitish yellow pedipalp manus and reddish telson. Pedipalps, metasoma and telson rather slender. Cuticle furnished with prominently developed lattice microstructures. Carapace granular, lacking distinct carinae (except for a pair of posterior median carinae sometimes moderately indicated by granules, but the superciliary carinae constantly appear), flat, isosceles trapezoidal with concave anterior margin. Median eyes very small, situated anteriorly in the ratio ca. 2: 7 to 1: 3. Five pairs of lateral eyes (three major ocelli, two minor ocelli). Tergites I–VI granular, with single median carina, tergite VII with 5 carinae. Sternum type 1, sub-triangular in shape. Pectinal tooth counts 18–21 in males and 16–19 in females. Pectines with conspicuous fulcra. Chelicerae with typical buthid dentition with a single enlarged denticle on ventral side of fixed finger. Metasoma elongate, segment I with 10 carinae, II–IV with 8–10 carinae, lateral median carina can be lacking. Telson elongate, ellipsoidal in shape, with distinct, triangular, subaculear tooth which sometimes presents a secondary tubercle on dorsal surface. Pedipalps orthobothriotaxic, type Aβ, femur trichobothrium d2 prolateral to prodorsal carina, patella d3 between retrodorsal and dorsomedian carina. Dentate margin of chela movable finger comprises 6 non-imbricated rows of MDs, row 1 to 5 terminate proximally in a moderately enlarged MD which is flanked by an IAD; apical row anterior to the 1st row very short, composed of less than 5 subterminal denticles, distal end flanked by one or two terminal denticles; EAD absent from all margins of both fixed and movable fingers. Short tibial spurs present on leg III and leg IV, tibia and tarsus without bristle combs, ventral surfaces of tarsomeres II equipped with 2 rows of short setae (ca. 9–12 for each row), ungues stout.

? ? ? ??判別：

? ? ? ??雄性成體全長約27-38mm，雌性成體全長約38-45mm。整體顏色為褐色，須肢和螯掌為白黃色，毒刺為紅色。須肢、后體和毒刺相當(dāng)細(xì)長。表皮具有突出的晶格微結(jié)構(gòu)。甲殼呈顆粒狀，無明顯隆突（除了后中部隆突有時因為有顆粒比較明顯，但是眼鏡上方的隆突往往很明顯）。身軀扁平，前緣凹陷呈等腰梯形。位于前方的主眼很小，比例在2:7~1:3。有三大兩小五對側(cè)眼。第Ⅰ~Ⅳ節(jié)背板顆粒粗糙，正中具有單個隆突。第Ⅶ號背板有5個隆突。胸部蓋板為Ⅰ型的近三角形。雄性櫛齒數(shù)18-21，雌性為16-19。櫛狀器支骨明顯。螯體具有典型的buthid齒列——定指腹側(cè)有單個大號突齒。后體細(xì)長，第Ⅰ節(jié)有10個隆突，Ⅱ~Ⅳ節(jié)有8-10個隆突，可能沒有外側(cè)中隆突。毒囊呈細(xì)長橢圓形，有明顯的三角形下齒，有時在靠背側(cè)有副刺瘤。須肢的毛序為Aβ型，大腿聽毛d2前側(cè)向（延伸至）前背隆突，髕骨d3位于背后隆突和背中隆突之間。螯肢動指的齒邊包括6排不重疊的齒，第1-5齒終止與稍有增大的中齒近端，兩側(cè)是內(nèi)部附屬齒；（螯肢）頂端到第1齒距離很短，由不到5個亞末端齒組成。頂端兩側(cè)有1或2個末端齒；定指和動指所有邊緣均無外部附屬齒。第Ⅲ、Ⅳ腿有短的脛骨刺，脛骨和跗骨無“剛毛梳”（譯注：大概是成排的剛毛），跗骨II的腹面有2排短剛毛（每排約9-12根），腳趾粗壯。

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? ? ? ??Affinities. There are eight characters, which in combination differentiate Langxie, gen. n. from all other buthids: pedipalps orthobothriotaxic, type Aβ (beta-configuration); legs III and IV with tibial spurs; pedipalp movable fingers with six non-imbricated rows of denticles; pedipalp movable fingers without EAD; carapace flat; cheliceral fixed finger with a single ventral denticle; telson with a distinct subaculear tooth; metasoma V smooth or granulated without punctate.

? ? ? ??親緣關(guān)系

? ? ? ??有八種特征的組合讓人們把Langxie屬和buthid科的其他屬區(qū)分開：①須肢毛序為Aβ型（β-構(gòu)型）；②有脛骨刺的Ⅲ、Ⅳ號腿；③須肢可動指上有六排不重疊的齒；④須肢可動指上無外部附屬齒；⑤扁平的甲殼；⑥須肢固定指有一個單獨的腹側(cè)齒；⑦毒囊有明顯副刺瘤；⑧后體第Ⅴ節(jié)（表面）光滑或呈顆粒狀但沒有凹陷。

? ? ? ??The new genus is most similar to both Afrolychas and Lychas in its diagnostic characters. Only two species were included in Afrolychas by Kova?ík (2019): A. braueri (Kraepelin, 1896) and A. burdoi (Simon, 1882). Both species are small-sized and they apparently also differ from the new genus in the following aspects: (1) maculate color pattern; (2) appendages relatively short; (3) metasoma relatively robust; (4) pectines more sexually dimorphic. In A. braueri, the dorsosubmedian carinae of metasoma II–III are armed with prominently enlarged posterior teeth (Kova?ík, 2019: figs. 130–133), which is not the case for the new genus. The pectines of A. braueri is obviously sexually dimorphic (Kova?ík, 2019: figs. 131, 133), but similar intersexually in L. feti gen. et sp. n. Additionally, the subaculear tubercle of the new genus is either armed with or without a secondary tubercle dorsally. On the other hand, this character is absent in A. burdoi (Kova?ík, 2019: fig. 101) and present ventrally in A. braueri (at least visible in females; Kova?ík, 2019: figs. 132–133). Due to the scarcity of subordinate taxa, the comparison of the new genus with Afrolychas can be easily biased. The four characters chosen by Kova?ík (2019) in his matrix to diagnostically separate the genera may not be sufficient to indicate the phylogenetic relationships between these taxa. Although the new genus shares one more character with Afrolychas, it is hypothesized to be closer to Lychas, but this nonetheless requires a comprehensive phylogenetic study. Biogeographically, the highly disjunct distribution of Afrolychas vs. the new genus, which are isolated from each other by the Himalaya Mountain range, a major vicariant barrier, argues against inclusion of the new species in Afrolychas.

? ? ? ??在判別特征上，這一新屬與Afrolychas屬和Lychas屬最相似。Afrolychas屬(Kova?ík, 2019)中僅包括兩個物種：A. braueri（Kraepelin，1896）和A. burdoi（Simon，1882）。這兩個物種體型都很小，顯然，它們在以下幾個方面也與新屬不同：①斑點圖案顏色樣式；②附肢相對較短；③后體相對強(qiáng)壯；④公母櫛狀器差別明顯。對A. braueri，后體第Ⅱ~Ⅲ節(jié)腹中線腹板上有明顯增大的后牙。(Kova?ík, 2019：圖131, 133)，而新屬不是這樣；A. braueri的公母櫛狀器顯然不同(Kova?ík, 2019： 圖131, 133)，但在Langxian feti中公母的櫛狀器相似。此外，Langxian屬的副刺瘤在背側(cè)有或沒有次級結(jié)節(jié)，而A. burdoi不存在這種特征。(Kova?ík, 2019： 圖101)，A. braueri 則在腹側(cè)存在(至少雌性存在；Kova?ík, 2019：圖132–133)。由于屬下群的稀缺性，將新屬與Afrolychas屬進(jìn)行比較很容易產(chǎn)生偏差。Kova?ík 在2019年從他的模型中選出四種特征在鑒別新屬，這可能不足以表明這些類群之間的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育關(guān)系。雖然新屬與Afrolychas屬共享一個特征，但據(jù)推測它更接近Lychas屬，而這仍需要全面的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育研究。在生物地理學(xué)上，Afrolychas屬與新屬高度間斷分布，它們被喜馬拉雅山脈隔離開來，這是一個主要的地理屏障，阻止將新屬納入Afrolychas屬。

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The new genus mainly differs from the Lychas by the loss of all EAD. These regular EADs are present in all the other known species of the “(Ananteris + Isometrus)” clade. Geographically (Fig. 86), the new genus is found most closely to five species of the genus Lychas: L. brehieri (Myanmar), L. gravelyi (Myanmar), L. mucronatus (China and Myanmar populations) and L. scutilus (Myanmar populations). However, both L. brehieri and L. gravelyi were described from Mon State in the south of Myanmar, and the former was discovered in the “Saddan Sin Gu” Cave, while the latter is only known from the Mawlamyine (“Moulmein”), Tenasserim. Moreover, the record of L. scutilus in Myanmar was from Maliwan Village (“Birma, Malewoon”, No. VA2642, ZMUH), which is further south. As a result, the only closely distributed species of Lychas would be L. mucronatus, with the north-most record from Deqin (Dêqên) County, Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (see figure 1 in Tang, 2022b). The Himalaya Mountain system may serve as an effective vicariant barrier blocking gene flow from the Lychas species in India as well. The new genus can be easily distinguished from the geographically close species, L. mucronatus, by a combination of evident characters besides the generic characters: (i) appendages and metasoma much more slender in the new species; (ii) pedipalp chelae do not create prominent gap between cutting edges when closed (in males) in the new species; (iii) coloration much darker, without conspicuous spots throughout the body and immaculate on pedipalp chelae in the new species; (iv) carapace without conspicuous median longitudinal groove posterior to the median ocelli in the new species; (v) carinae on metasoma more developed in the new species; (vi) telson more slender with a slightly less curved aculeus in the new species.

? ? ? ??新屬與Lychas屬區(qū)別最重要的特征是完全沒有外部附屬齒，這些常規(guī)的外部附屬齒存在于“（Ananteris + Isometrus）”分支的所有其他已知物種中。在地理上（圖86），新屬與Lychas屬的五個物種最接近：L. brehieri（緬甸種群），L. gravelyi（緬甸種群），L. mucronatus（中國和緬甸種群）和L. scutilus（緬甸種群）。然而，L. brehieri和L. gravelyi都是在緬甸南部的孟邦被記載的，前者是在“Saddan Sin Gu”洞穴中發(fā)現(xiàn)的，而后者僅在Tenasserim的Mawlamyine（“Moulmein”）中發(fā)現(xiàn)。此外，緬甸的L. scutilus記錄來自更南邊的馬里萬村（“緬甸，馬勒溫”，編號VA2642，ZMUH）。因此，Lychas屬種分布最契合的是L. mucronatus，最北端的記錄來自迪慶藏族自治州德欽縣（見異形2022年b篇文獻(xiàn)的圖一）。喜馬拉雅山系統(tǒng)也可以成為有效的替代屏障，阻止印度Lychas屬物種的基因流動。除了通用特征外，新屬可以很容易地與地理上接近的物種 L. mucronatus 區(qū)分開來：①新屬的附肢和后體更纖細(xì)；②新屬的雄性在閉合螯肢時，切緣之間不會產(chǎn)生明顯縫隙；③新屬的顏色更深、全身無明顯斑點，且螯肢更無暇；④新屬中眼的中后部沒有明顯的縱向溝槽；⑤新屬的后體腹板更發(fā)達(dá)；⑥新屬的毒囊更纖細(xì)，蜇針彎曲弧度稍小。

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? ? ? ??We further compared the new genus with another geographically close buthid genus, Himalayotityobuthus Louren?o, 1997, which also comprises only two species (H. martensi Louren?o, 1997 and H. alejandrae Louren?o, 2003). The original descriptions for those two species are poor with insufficient illustrations. The new genus clearly differs from Himalayotityobuthus by the presence of pectinal fulcra, and it may be different in other potential aspects (provided that the documentation was correct; Himalayotityobuthus vs. L. feti sp. n.): (1) three lateral ocelli vs. five lateral ocelli (no illustrations); (2) 7–8 vs. 6 rows of denticle (based on the holotype male of H. martensi; F. Kova?ík, pers. comm.); (3) accessory denticles present vs. absent (based on the holotype male of H. martensi; F. Kova?ík, pers. comm.); (4) carapace anteriomedian notch present (e. g., H. martensi; based on the specimen MNHN-RS-RS8236) vs. absent; (5) spurs strong vs. moderate to weak (qualitative, no illustrations); (6) tarsus with numerous setae vs. two rows of setae comprised of ca. 12 setae (qualitative, no illustrations).

? ? ? ??我們進(jìn)一步將新屬與另一個地理上與Buthid屬接近的Himalayotityobuthus屬（喜山戾殺牛蝎屬）(Louren?o, 1997)進(jìn)行了比較，這一屬也只包含兩個種：H. martensi (Louren?o, 1997)和H. alejandrae (Louren?o, 2003)。對這兩個物種的原始描述很差，插圖不足。由于存在櫛狀器支骨，新屬和Himalayotityobuthus屬明顯不同，并且可能在其他潛在方面有所不同（前提是文獻(xiàn)正確）：（H屬vs.新屬）①側(cè)眼數(shù)3對 vs. 5對；②螯肢齒數(shù)7-8 vs. 6（H. martensi的雄性正模樣本，來自和F. Kova?ík的私人交流）；③附屬齒存在vs.不存在（H. martensi的數(shù)據(jù)來源同上）；④甲殼前正中切口有例如H. martensi，標(biāo)本號MNHN-RS-RS8236)vs.無；⑤骨刺強(qiáng)壯vs. 較弱（定性，無插圖）；⑥跗骨有許多剛毛（定性，無插圖）vs. 兩排毛一排12根（定性，無插圖）

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? ? ? ??Comments

? ? ? ??Loss of accessory denticles.

? ? ? ??Buthid scorpions are often characterized by their rows of denticles (or granules) on the pedipalp movable finger. Terminologies of these denticles varied in the past literature. Conventionally, the most distal denticle is called a terminal denticle, and those denticles just proximal to it are called subterminal denticles. The short row formed by those subterminal denticles is called an apical row, excluded from the “primary denticle rows”. We identify three types of denticles: internal accessory denticle (IAD), median denticle (MD) and external accessory denticle (EAD). For reference, these have the following notational equivalences in the literature: IAD = gi ( granule (accessoire) interne; Vachon, 1950: figs. 72, 74) = ia ( inner accessory granules; Stockwell, 1989: fig. 73) = interior lateral granule (Tikader & Bastawade, 1983: fig. 13) = internal series (Pocock, 1990: fig. 3); MD = pg ( primary granules; Stockwell, 1989: fig. 73) = grr (granular row; Sissom, 1990: fig. 3.17h) = denticle series (Levy & Amitai, 1980: fig. 8) = median series (Tikader & Bastawade (1983: fig. 13); Pocock (1900: fig. 3)); EAD = ge (granule (accessoire) externe; Vachon, 1950) = oag (outer accessory granule; Levy & Amitai, 1980: fig. 8; Sissom, 1990: figs. 3.17g, i) = external series (Pocock, 1990: fig. 3) = exterior lateral granule (Tikader & Bastawade, 1983: fig. 13) = outer accessory denticle (Levy & Amitai, 1980: fig. 8).. The definition of denticles in Soleglad & Sissom (2001: fig. 1) was different: their “outer denticles (OD)” on their left diagram integrated into the MD series, but separated therefrom on their right diagram. However, their scheme was defined for chactoids and iurids.

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? ? ? ??注釋

? ? ? ??附屬齒的缺失

? ? ? ??Buthid科蝎子往往以須肢動指上的齒或凸起為特征。之前的文獻(xiàn)中，這些齒的術(shù)語各不相同。慣例上講，最末端的齒叫terminal denticle（末端齒），近一些的齒叫subterminal denticles（次末端齒）。由次末端齒組成的短行叫apical row（頂端行），除“primary denticle rows”（主齒行）以外。我們定義下面這三種齒：內(nèi)部附屬齒（IAD），中齒（MD），外部附屬齒（EAD）。作為參考，以下符號在文獻(xiàn)中等效：

IAD = gi ( granule (accessoire) interne; Vachon, 1950: figs. 72, 74) = ia ( inner accessory granules; Stockwell, 1989: fig. 73) = interior lateral granule (Tikader & Bastawade, 1983: fig. 13) = internal series (Pocock, 1990: fig. 3)；

MD = pg ( primary granules; Stockwell, 1989: fig. 73) = grr (granular row; Sissom, 1990: fig. 3.17h) = denticle series (Levy & Amitai, 1980: fig. 8) = median series (Tikader & Bastawade (1983: fig. 13); Pocock (1900: fig. 3))；

EAD = ge (granule (accessoire) externe; Vachon, 1950) = oag (outer accessory granule; Levy & Amitai, 1980: fig. 8; Sissom, 1990: figs. 3.17g, i) = external series (Pocock, 1990: fig. 3) = exterior lateral granule (Tikader & Bastawade, 1983: fig. 13) = outer accessory denticle (Levy & Amitai, 1980: fig. 8)..

Soleglad & Sissom在2001年（圖1）中對齒的定義是不同的：它們的外齒OD在左圖上整合到MD系列中，但在右圖上它們又分開了。不過它們的定義架構(gòu)是為chactoids和iurids定義的

? ? ? ??再后面的內(nèi)容包含了新種定種過程及其本身的各個細(xì)節(jié)，包括但不限于“附屬齒的缺失”“性別和成體的鑒別”、“晶格的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)”（上述三個部分用了非常大的篇幅詳細(xì)描述）、“染色”、各身體部位的更細(xì)節(jié)描述、地理分布詳情等。時間、水平有限不再深入翻譯，且已翻譯的主體部分內(nèi)容已十分豐富，足夠從宏觀層面對新的Langxie屬有較詳細(xì)的認(rèn)識。再次懇請朋友指出翻譯中的問題，不勝感謝。

? ? ? ??最后對異形的辛苦勞動及圖90中的蝎子們?yōu)榭茖W(xué)做出的貢獻(xiàn)致意。