定語從句是英語語法中的重點(diǎn)。除了在語法填空中會考到，在書面表達(dá)中正確恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用定語從句是作文得高分的關(guān)鍵。另外，在閱讀理解中正確理解定語從句也至關(guān)重要。定語從句可分為限定性定語從句與非限定性定語從句。

常見考點(diǎn)：

1. 指物時(shí)只用that或which的情況

2. 介詞+關(guān)系代詞

3. whose的用法及轉(zhuǎn)換形式

4. as與which的區(qū)別

5. 指人時(shí)that與who的區(qū)別

6. 如何判斷用關(guān)系副詞還是關(guān)系代詞

7. 定語從句的主謂一致問題

一、定語從句的概念

??? 在復(fù)合句中，修飾前面的某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句，在句中起定語（也就是形容詞）的作用。被定語從句修飾的詞叫作先行詞。引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系代詞（who, whom, that, which, whose）或關(guān)系副詞(where, when, why)。如：

The man who lives next to us is a policeman.

先行詞 關(guān)系代詞

二、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法

關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞又稱關(guān)系詞，用來引導(dǎo)定語從句，代替先行詞并在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個成分。其用法見下表：

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詞例

先行詞

充當(dāng)成分

例句

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關(guān)

系

代

詞

who

人

主語

This is the ? doctor who saved my life. 這就是那個救了我生命的醫(yī)生。

whom

人

賓語

She is the new ? student (whom) I want to tell to ? you. 她就是那個我想告訴你的新學(xué)生。

that

人、物

主語、賓語

Football is a ? game that is liked by many people. ? 足球是一項(xiàng)許多人都喜愛的項(xiàng)目。

The man (that) you met just now is my ? friend. 你剛剛碰到的那個人是我的朋友。

which

物

主語、賓語

Please pass me ? the book which is lying on the ? table. 請把桌上的那本書遞給我。

The novel (which) Tom bought is very ? interesting. 湯姆買的那本小說很有趣。

as

物

主語、賓語

The earth, as is known to all, is round. 眾所周知，地球是圓的。

whose=of whom ? /of which

人、物

定語

The professor whose daughter teaches you english is Dr. Williams. 他是威廉姆斯教授，他的女兒教你英語。

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關(guān)

系

副

詞

when=at/in/on ? /during which

時(shí)間

狀語

We will never ? forget the day when the People’s ? Republic of China was founded. 我們永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記中華人民共和國成立的日子。

where=at/in/to ? which

地點(diǎn)

狀語

This is the ? house where he lived. 這是他住過的房子。

why=for which

原因

狀語

I know the ? reason why she works so well. ? 我知道她為何工作出色的原因。

三、限定性定語從句與非限定性定語從句的區(qū)別

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限定性定語從句

非限定性定語從句

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從句與先行詞的關(guān)系

從句是先行詞不可缺少的定語，如果省去，主句的意思就會不完整或不明確

從句只是對先行詞的附加說明，如果省去，主句的意思仍然清楚或完整

標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號

從句與主句之間不用逗號分開

從句和主句之間通常用逗號分開

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關(guān)系代詞

指人用who/whom/that

指人用who(作主語)/whom(作賓語)

指物用which/that

指物用which

指人和物用whose

指人和物用whose

關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語時(shí)可以省略

關(guān)系代詞一般不可省略

修飾

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從句只修飾一個名詞或代詞

可以修飾一個詞，也可修飾整個主句

翻譯

定語從句通常譯成被修飾語的前置定語(先翻譯從句再翻譯先行詞)

定語從句通常被譯成另一個獨(dú)立的句子

四、關(guān)系代詞的選用

1. 只能用that作關(guān)系代詞的情況

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說明

例句

1

當(dāng)先行詞是all, everything, anything, nothing, much, little, none, one等不定代詞時(shí)(something除外)

Pay attention to ? everything that I do. 注意我所做的一切。

2

當(dāng)先行詞被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等修飾時(shí)

He has little ? time that he can spare. 他幾乎抽不出一點(diǎn)時(shí)間。

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當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時(shí)

This is the best ? novel (that) I have read. 這是我讀過的最好的小說。

4

如果出現(xiàn)兩個或兩個以上的先行詞，并同時(shí)兼指人和物時(shí)

They were ? talking about the person and things that they remembered in school. 他們正在談?wù)撍麄冇浀玫脑谥袑W(xué)里的人和事。

5

當(dāng)先行詞被the only, the last, the very, the same等等修飾時(shí)

This is the last ? time that I want to see you. 這是最后一次我想見到你。

6

當(dāng)疑問詞who, which, what開頭的特殊疑問句中，為了避免重復(fù)只用that

Which of the ? students that knows something about history? 了解歷史的學(xué)生是哪一位?

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當(dāng)定語從句為there be句型時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞只能用that，也可以省略

This is the ? fastest train (that) there is to Beijing. 這是去北京最快的火車。

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當(dāng)指人或物的關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作表語時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞只能用that，也可以省略

China is not the ? country (that) it was. 中國不是以前的中國了。

2. 指物只能用which不用that的情況

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說明

例句

1

在非限定性定語從句中

St. Petersburg, which ? was once called Leningrad, is a very beautiful city. 圣彼得堡是一座非常美麗的城市，它曾被稱作“列寧格勒”。

2

在介詞后面

This is the room ? in which we lived last year. 這是我們?nèi)ツ曜〉哪莻€屋子。

3. 指人時(shí)只能用who不用that的情況

說明

例句

先行詞為one, ones, those, anyone, he時(shí)

Those who break ? the law must be punished. 那些違反法律的人必須受到懲罰。

4. as與which

??? as與which均可引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句，有時(shí)可以互換，但也存在區(qū)別

說明

例句

與such或the same連用時(shí)，一般用as

Such money as he ? earned was spent on books. 他掙得那些錢被花在了買書上。

as引導(dǎo)的從句可以放在句首，as表“正如……”之意

As we all know, ? the earth is round. 正如我們所知道的，地球是圓的。

當(dāng)as在從句中作主語時(shí)，后面常接動詞的被動語態(tài)

She has been ? absent again, as is expected. 她又缺席了，這在預(yù)料之中。

當(dāng)定語從句是否定句或表示否定時(shí)只能用which

My parents treat ? me as a baby, which I can’t bear. 我父母常常把我當(dāng)小孩看，這是我難以忍受的。

5. 定語從句中的主謂一致

定語從句中的動詞在人稱和數(shù)方面應(yīng)該與它的先行詞保持一致。如：

Don’t choose me, who am not fit for the job. 別選我，我不適合這份工作。

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考點(diǎn)練透

一、單句填空 請用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞填空。

1. Because of my poor memory, all __________ you told me has been forgotten.

2. Do you remember those days __________ we spent along the seashore very happily?

3. Those __________ want to go please sign their names here.

4. Who is the woman __________ is sweeping the floor over there?

5. The man __________ you are going to make friends is my father’s neighbor.

6. Finally, the thief handed over everything __________ he had stolen to the police.

7. This is the very letter __________ came last night.

8. This is the factory __________ we worked a year ago.

9. Jack is pleased with what you have given him and all __________ you have told him.

10. Do you work near the building __________ color is yellow?

11. Alice received an invitation from her boss, __________ came as a surprise.

12. I live in the house __________ windows face south.

13. They stayed with me three weeks, __________ they drank all the wine I had.

14. The room __________ Mr. White lives is not very large.

15. I have finished writing the novel, __________ is to be published next month.

16. He returned home safe and sound after a fierce battle, __________ was unexpected.

17. The old man had three sons, all of __________ died during the World War Ⅱ.

18. I have bought two pens, both of __________ write well.

19. Do you know the reason __________ she has changed her mind?

20. He failed in the exam, __________ proves that he wasn’t working hard enough.

21. __________ was expected, he succeeded in the exam.

22. We should read such books __________ will make us better and wiser.

23. He is absent, __________ is often the case.

24. It is the first time __________ I have come to your city.

25. Who __________ has the same idea as it will do it in this way.

26. I shall never forget those days __________ I lived in the country with the farmers, __________ has a great effect on my life.

27. This is the only book __________ I can find.

28. This is the only one of the students __________ handwriting is the best.

29. You must show your wife the same respect __________ you show me.

30. This is the professor __________ taught me chemistry in 1980.

二、語法填空 閱讀下面短文, 在空白處填入一個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。

You have heard about tea’s health benefits, but not all the news ???1 ???(be) good. The latest study, led by Farhad Islami, from the American Cancer Society, has found that ???2 ???(drink) too hot tea may double your risk of esophagus (食道) cancer.

While previous studies have found a link ???3 ???hot drinks and this type of cancer, this is the first study to ???4 ???(accurate) figure out the temperature at which a hot liquid becomes risky. Dr Islami and his colleagues find that the constant damage of stomach ???5 ???(cause) by swallowing the hot liquids may speed up the growth of cancer. While the ???6 ???(result) are unsettling, it may help to know that out of the more than 49,000 tea drinkers in ???7 ???study, only 317 developed esophagus cancer. In other words, the overall risk is still small.

The study has also showed that although black and green teas have antioxidants (抗氧化劑) ???8 ???can help reduce cancer risk, there are other unknown compounds (化合物) in the teas that may have a harmful effect on your body when they ???9 ???(make) too hot. Before drinking hot teas, ???10 ???is wise to wait until they cool down.

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參考答案

考點(diǎn)練透

一、單句填空

1. that? 2. which/that? 3. who? 4. that? 5. with whom? 6. that? 7. that? 8. where? 9. that? 10. whose? 11. which? 12. whose? 13. during which? 14. where / in which? 15. which? 16. which? 17. whom? 18. which? 19. why? 20. which? 21. As? 22. as? 23. as? 24. that? 25. that? 26. when; which? 27. that? 28. whose? 29. as? 30. who/that

二、語法填空

本文主要介紹了一項(xiàng)關(guān)于喝太熱的茶會增加患癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的科學(xué)研究。

1. is? 考查時(shí)態(tài)及主謂一致。由上下文可知此處應(yīng)使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；又因news是不可數(shù)名詞，作主語時(shí)謂語動詞用單數(shù)，故填is。

2. drinking? 考查非謂語動詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，賓語從句中缺少主語，此處表示習(xí)慣性的抽象行為，應(yīng)用動名詞作主語，故填drinking。

3. between? 考查介詞。因a link between A and B意為“A和B之間的聯(lián)系”。

4. accurately? 考查詞類轉(zhuǎn)換。修飾動詞短語figure out作狀語，用副詞。

5. caused? 考查非謂語動詞。因句中已有謂語動詞may speed up，cause應(yīng)為非謂語動詞；又由stomach與cause是被動關(guān)系，加之由by提示，故用過去分詞短語作后置定語。

6. results? 考查名詞的數(shù)。由謂語動詞are可知，主語應(yīng)為是復(fù)數(shù)，故填results。

7. the? 考查冠詞。這里特指前文提到的那項(xiàng)科學(xué)研究，故用定冠詞the。

8. that/which? 考查連詞。引導(dǎo)定語從句并在從句中作主語，先行詞是antioxidants(抗氧化劑)，指物，故填which或that。

9. are made? 考查動詞語態(tài)。因they(compounds)與make之間是被動關(guān)系，故用被動語態(tài)；由上下文語境可知用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主語they是復(fù)數(shù)，故填are made。

10. it? 考查代詞。由句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，這里缺少一個形式主語，故填it，構(gòu)成“it is adj. to do sth.”。

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