TED演講者：Thomas Heatherwick / 托馬斯·赫斯維克

演講標(biāo)題：The rise of boring architecture -- and the case for radically human buildings / 無聊建筑的興起——高度人性化建筑的現(xiàn)狀

內(nèi)容概要：Where did all the lumps and bumps on buildings go? When did city architecture become so ... dull? Here to talk about why cities need inspiring architecture, designer Thomas Heatherwick offers a path out of the doldrums of urban monotony -- and a vision of cities filled with soulful buildings that people cherish for centuries.

建筑的所有別具一格的特色都去哪里了呢？從什么時(shí)候開始，城市建筑變得如此……平庸？在本演講中，設(shè)計(jì)師托馬斯·赫斯維克（Thomas Heatherwick）說明了城市需要令人振奮的建筑的原因所在，并提出了解決城市建筑全都沉悶乏味問題的辦法——建造這樣一個(gè)版本的城市：城市中的建筑充滿靈氣，值得人們珍惜幾個(gè)世紀(jì)。

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【1】When was the last time you walked down the street in a city with new buildings?

上次你走在街上注意到新建筑, 是在什么時(shí)候？

【2】I want to talk to you about the problem that we all know exists in our towns and cities.

我想和大家探討 我們的城鎮(zhèn)存在的問題, 大家對此都心知肚明。

【3】We're increasingly surrounded by characterless buildings.

我們周圍的建筑越來越?jīng)]有特點(diǎn)。

【4】I believe we're living through an epidemic of boringness.

我認(rèn)為,我們遭遇了“無聊疫情”。

【5】With a few exceptions, we all know that new buildings will be dead and monotonous.

但也有少數(shù)例外, 我們都知道,新建筑 死氣沉沉、單調(diào)乏味。

【6】Everywhere is the same.

到處都是一樣。

【7】Dull, flat, straight, shiny.

陰沉、橫平豎直、锃亮。

【8】Inhuman.

毫無人情味。

【9】They're what my daughter calls "meh" buildings.

我女兒稱它們是無聊建筑。

【10】These buildings justify themselves as being functional.

這些建筑本身存在的理由, 就是發(fā)揮功能。

【11】I'm a designer of buildings, and I've been told so many times that form should follow function.

我是一名建筑設(shè)計(jì)師, 人們跟我講了很多次, 形式應(yīng)服從于功能。

【12】Meaning if I work out mechanically how a building goes together well, the outcome will somehow inevitably look good.

意思是,如果我只是設(shè)計(jì)了 一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)上沒什么問題的建筑, 它的實(shí)際效果肯定也不錯(cuò)。

【13】This mantra, form follows function, is a century old.

早在 100 年前,人們就提出了 “形式服從功能”這個(gè)原則。

【14】And it sounds good, doesn't it?

這聽起來很有道理,對吧？

【15】Who can argue with that?

誰又能提出反駁呢？

【16】Surely any extra detail is just silly, unnecessary decoration.

確實(shí),任何額外的細(xì)節(jié)只是 愚蠢、不必要的裝飾。

【17】I want to talk about the function that's crucial that I believe is missing.

我想說一說功能, 那些至關(guān)重要, 但我認(rèn)為缺失的功能。

【18】The function of emotion.

情感方面的功能。

【19】And when I say emotion, I mean the ability of buildings to mean something to us.

我講的“情感方面”的功能, 是指建筑能夠給我們帶來某種意義。

【20】To lift our spirits, to connect us.

振奮我們的精神,與我們建立聯(lián)系。

【21】Buildings affect us.

建筑會(huì)對我們產(chǎn)生影響。

【22】We walk around them, we look up at them.

我們圍著它們散步,我們仰望它們。

【23】And for most of us, for the vast majority of the time, they just leave us feeling indifferent.

對我們多數(shù)人來說, 在絕大多數(shù)時(shí)間里, 它們只是讓我們感覺平庸。

【24】So if I took all of us to a city and said, "Which bit would you like to go to?

因此,如果我?guī)Т蠹胰ヒ蛔鞘? 問大家說: “大家想去哪個(gè)地方？

【25】Would you like to go to the old bit or the new bit?"

大家想去看舊建筑 還是新建筑？”

【26】You've given me my answer already.

大家已經(jīng)給了我答案。

【27】We all know instinctively, the majority are going to pick the old bit.

我們?nèi)急灸艿刂? 多數(shù)人會(huì)選擇舊建筑。

【28】Why?

為什么呢？

【29】Because we all know the new bit will be characterless and boring.

因?yàn)槲覀兌贾? 新建筑缺乏特點(diǎn)、平淡無奇。

【30】So where did all the lumps and bumps on buildings go?

那么,建筑的所有別具一格的特色, 都去哪里了呢？

【31】The shadows, the textures, the three-dimensionality, the high points of light.

那些陰影、紋理、三維結(jié)構(gòu)、 亮點(diǎn)。

【32】How did it all become so two dimensional, so simplistic and devoid of character?

它們怎么都變得平面化, 過分簡單而又毫無特色呢？

【33】Well, it turns out, I'm not the only one who's alarmed by what's happening in our towns and cities.

事實(shí)上, 我不是唯一一個(gè) 由于城鎮(zhèn)建筑出現(xiàn)問題 而敲響警鐘的人。

【34】There's research showing that these buildings aren't just simplistic and monotonous.

有研究表明, 這些建筑不只是平庸單調(diào),

【35】They're harming us.

它們還會(huì)給我們造成傷害。

【36】They're bad for our mental health, causing stress in our brains as we walk around them.

它們不利于我們的心理健康, 當(dāng)我們在周圍散步時(shí), 它們會(huì)給大腦造成壓力。

【37】They're bad for our physical health, making us take longer to recover from illness inside them.

它們不利于我們的身體健康, 居住在這些建筑內(nèi), 我們的疾病需要更長時(shí)間恢復(fù)。

【38】And they're also bad for societal health, increasing the likelihood of crime and anti-social behavior.

它們也不利于整個(gè)社會(huì)的健康, 提高了犯罪和反社會(huì)行為的可能性。

【39】But this gets most sinister when we step back and think about the climate crisis unfolding around us.

但是,當(dāng)我們回過頭來, 思考逐漸出現(xiàn)的氣候危機(jī)時(shí), 這種情況變得最為險(xiǎn)惡。

【40】Immense emphasis has been placed on the impact of cars and aviation.

人們一直在極力強(qiáng)調(diào) 汽車和航空業(yè)造成的影響。

【41】And in this 2019 study, aviation was responsible for 2.1 percent of greenhouse gas emissions.

2019 年的一次調(diào)查表明, 航空業(yè)產(chǎn)生了 2.1% 的溫室氣體排放。

【42】But the crazy elephant in the room is that the construction industry as a whole is responsible for a whopping 38 percent.

但是,顯而易見 而又被忽略的事實(shí)是: 整個(gè)建筑行業(yè), 其排放比例達(dá)到驚人的 38%。

【43】And in America every year, a billion square foot of buildings are destroyed and rebuilt.

在美國, 每年有 10 億平方英尺的建筑 被推倒重建。

【44】That's the equivalent of half of Washington, DC being deconstructed just to be reconstructed.

那相當(dāng)于拆掉了半個(gè)華盛頓特區(qū), 只是為了進(jìn)行重建。

【45】And this isn't just in the US.

這種情況不只在美國發(fā)生。

【46】This is global.

這是一種全球現(xiàn)象。

【47】In the UK, we demolish 50,000 buildings a year.

在英國,我們每年 推倒 50000 幢建筑。

【48】The average age of a commercial building in the UK is 40 years.

在英國,商業(yè)建筑的 平均使用年限為 40 年。

【49】So that means if I had been born as a commercial building, I would have been killed 12 years ago.

那意味著,如果我是一幢商業(yè)建筑, 我在 12 年前就已經(jīng)“遇害”了。

【50】It's quite straightforward.

情況顯而易見。

【51】When people don't love - and I'm using the word love - love buildings, they're more likely to demolish them.

當(dāng)人們不喜愛 我用的詞是“喜愛” 不喜愛建筑時(shí), 他們很可能會(huì)拆掉它們。

【52】I feel those two dots haven't been connected together.

我感覺那兩點(diǎn)并沒有關(guān)聯(lián)。

【53】But when you make a building, one of the most expensive things you can possibly do, there are understandably huge pressures of cost of time, of politics and egos and regulations and the status quo.

但是,當(dāng)你建造一座建筑, 這可能是你做的代價(jià) 最高昂的事情之一, 這時(shí),可以理解的是, 你會(huì)面臨時(shí)間成本、 政治、自我、法規(guī)和現(xiàn)狀 帶來的巨大壓力。

【54】These forces of soullessness are immense.

這些無形的力量非常巨大。

【55】And change is scary for everybody, myself included.

所有人,包括我自己, 都害怕做出改變。

【56】But I'm convinced that emotion is the crucial function that's been forgotten.

但我確信,情緒調(diào)節(jié) 是一項(xiàng)一直被忽略的關(guān)鍵功能。

【57】There are, however, a tiny handful of people who do understand and are trying to address this.

但是,有一小部分人 的確認(rèn)識(shí)到并在努力解決這個(gè)問題。

【58】Here's a few of them.

這里我舉幾個(gè)例子。

【59】In France, Sou Fujimoto has designed this amazingly textured apartment building.

在法國, 藤本壯介（Sou Fujimoto） 設(shè)計(jì)了這幢讓人眼前一亮的公寓。

【60】In Burkina Faso, Francis Kéré has made this soulful health center.

在布基納法索, 弗朗西斯.凱雷（Francis Kéré） 建造了這坐充滿靈氣的保健中心。

【61】In Lebanon, Lina Ghotmeh Architecture has been using splendidly thick walls to make characterful housing.

在黎巴嫩, 建筑師麗娜.戈特梅（Lina Ghotmeh） 一直在使用華麗的厚墻 修建特色住房。

【62】And in the UK, ACME Studio have been bringing personality and detail to city center buildings.

在英國, ACME Studio 一直將個(gè)性和細(xì)節(jié) 融入市中心的建筑中。

【63】I thought I'd now show you a few examples of ways my own studio has been trying to address this too.

下面,我還提供另一些示例, 說明我自己的工作室 如何努力解決這個(gè)問題。

【64】In Cape Town, there was a huge century-old disused grain silo that was once used for storing maize from throughout South Africa that was at significant risk of being demolished.

在開普敦, 有一個(gè)有著百年歷史的廢棄谷倉, 它曾經(jīng)被用來存儲(chǔ)整個(gè)南非的玉米, 此前,它面臨著被拆除的巨大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

【65】We proposed to not knock it down, but instead turned it into Africa's first major institution for contemporary African artists.

我們建議不要推倒它, 而把它變成了非洲第一所 為當(dāng)代非洲藝術(shù)家服務(wù)的 主要機(jī)構(gòu)。

【66】You haven't seen it yet.

大家還沒見過吧！

【67】We took one of the original grain - You might get disappointed now.

我們模仿了一顆原始谷物 現(xiàn)在你可能會(huì)感到失望。

【68】We took one of the original grains of corn that had been stored in the original building.

我們模仿了一顆一直存儲(chǔ)在 原始建筑中的玉米粒。

【69】And we cut it out of the heart of that building.

我們把那幢建筑從中心掏空。

【70】And around that put 80 galleries.

在它周圍建了 80 個(gè)展廳。

【71】And most of our work was about restoring and reinvigorating a historical structure.

我們做的大部分工作 都與恢復(fù)和翻新歷史建筑有關(guān)。

【72】But central part of our vision was using our limited budget to create the most compelling heart possible with those gigantic tubes.

但是,我們的核心愿景, 是使用有限的預(yù)算, 利用那些巨大的谷倉 帶來最激動(dòng)人心的感受。

【73】And the key thing was how we could make people not just stand at the outside and admire a structure, but how we could pull them into the inside where curiosity would then do the rest of the work.

關(guān)鍵在于, 我們?nèi)绾巫屓藗儾恢皇钦驹谕饷?欣賞一座建筑, 而是如何吸引他們來到內(nèi)部, 在這里,好奇心將完成剩下的工作。

【74】And you enter under the grain hoppers where the grain used to drop onto the conveyor belts.

然后,你進(jìn)入到谷斗下面, 過去,糧食從這里掉落到傳送帶上。

【75】And we loved that by cutting through the original, historic, extraordinary structure, we could expose and share the building's idiosyncrasies.

我們喜歡那里, 于是打穿了這個(gè)原始、 具有歷史意義的非凡結(jié)構(gòu), 我們可以呈現(xiàn)并分享 這座建筑的內(nèi)在氣質(zhì)。

【76】And like these nooks and crannies, they help to give the project its soulfulness.

比如這些隱匿的角落, 它們讓這個(gè)項(xiàng)目有了靈魂。

【77】And on the top is a sculpture garden with a glass floor.

樓頂是一個(gè)采用玻璃地板的雕塑園。

【78】And if you see those babies on the glass just there, this is their view.

如果你在那里的玻璃上 看到那些嬰兒, 這是他們的視角。

【79】The finished museum is raw, it's rough, but it's true.

完工的博物館原始、 粗糙,但很真實(shí)。

【80】And it was an honor to bring this historic structure back into life.

讓這座歷史建筑重新煥發(fā)活力 是一種榮幸。

【81】In Singapore, we searched for solutions for why would people be excited to learn in universities anymore?

在新加坡, 我們尋找答案, 了解為什么人們?nèi)匀粯芬庠诖髮W(xué)學(xué)習(xí)。

【82】In this new digital era where you can do virtually everything online, and you can even get a PhD lying in bed, I've heard, why do we need university buildings anymore?

在這個(gè)新的數(shù)字時(shí)代, 我們幾乎可以在網(wǎng)上做任何事情, 我聽說,你甚至可以 躺在床上完成博士學(xué)位, 那為什么我們還需要大學(xué)建筑呢？

【83】Well, we believe they're where you come together to have ideas, to meet your future business partner or the person you're going to set up a not-for-profit with.

我想,大家去那里激發(fā)靈感, 遇見你將來的商業(yè)伙伴, 或與你一起成立非營利組織的人。

【84】Yet this has been the typical experience.

但是以下是你會(huì)遇到的情況。

【85】Polystyrene ceiling tiles, no natural daylight, the least inspiring place to meet people.

聚苯乙稀天花板,沒有自然光照, 這是最無法令人興奮的地方, 不適合結(jié)交他人。

【86】So to counter that, we made a corridor-less university building where the students can all see each other.

為了改變那種情況, 我們建了一座沒有走廊的大學(xué)建筑, 在那里,學(xué)生們可以看到彼此。

【87】A building which has no front and has no back.

一幢沒有前后方向的建筑。

【88】And it's not one building, it's actually 12 buildings.

它不是一幢建筑, 實(shí)際上是 12 幢建筑。

【89】Our goal was to invent a new kind of tropical architecture that used the minimum possible energy, where you learn in corner-less classrooms.

我們的目標(biāo)是設(shè)計(jì) 一種新的熱帶建筑, 它會(huì)盡可能地減少能源消耗, 大家可以在無角落的教室里面學(xué)習(xí)。

【90】Where those professors and teachers work with you rather than dictating to you.

在那里, 你與教授和老師相互協(xié)作, 而不是受他們擺布。

【91】Where people can be inspired by learning but encouraged to linger.

在那里,人們可以從學(xué)習(xí)中受到啟發(fā), 但也鼓勵(lì)他們在那里逗留。

【92】And it's open 24 hours.

它 24 小時(shí)開放。

【93】And when I was last in Singapore, I had jet lag and it was two o'clock in the morning.

上次到新加坡時(shí), 我出現(xiàn)時(shí)差反應(yīng),那時(shí)是凌晨兩點(diǎn)。

【94】And so I went along and there were students there just quietly working and connecting.

于是我到處閑逛, 那里有學(xué)生安靜地工作和交流。

【95】In Yorkshire, in the UK, we had the chance to humanize a treatment building at one of the UK's largest cancer hospitals.

在英國約克郡, 我們有機(jī)會(huì)使英國最大的癌癥醫(yī)院的 一幢治療大樓變得更人性化。

【96】So when you think of the worst building environments you've ever been to, surely hospitals are at the top of that list.

如果想像你曾到過的 最糟糕的建筑環(huán)境, 醫(yī)院肯定高居榜首。

【97】They're some of the most stress and fear-inducing places you can possibly be in.

它們是一些你可能到過的、

【98】So we set ourselves the mission to make a non-clinical building where you could feel vulnerable.

于是,我們?yōu)樽约褐贫四繕?biāo), 就是建一座讓你可以 表現(xiàn)出脆弱的非臨床大樓。

【99】And cry and feel protected and come together as a community.

哭泣,受到保護(hù), 然后像社區(qū)一樣聚在一起。

【100】But our site was on the last bit of greenery at the hospital.

但是,我們的工地 在醫(yī)院的最后一塊綠地上。

【101】And we didn't want to be the ones who dropped a big box and wiped out all that greenery.

我們不想做那個(gè) 隨手丟下一幢樓, 清除整片綠地的人。

【102】So we wondered instead, could we amplify the greenery that we knew could help with healing?

相反,我們想知道, 我們是否可以擴(kuò)大 那塊有康復(fù)效果的綠地呢？

【103】So just like those dinosaur models made from plywood that slot together, we slotted together giant plywood to make three structures to hold up three major gardens and make a garden building.

因此,就像那些用膠合板拼在一起 做成的恐龍模型一樣, 我們把巨大的膠合板拼在一起, 做成了三座建筑, 里面是三個(gè)庭院, 這讓它成為了一座園林建筑。

【104】This building has 17,000 plants, 23,000 bulbs, and actually a 436 percent biodiversity increase on that site.

這座建筑里面 有 17000 種植物, 23000 種塊莖植物, 實(shí)際上,那個(gè)地方的生物多樣性 提高了 436%。

【105】Our goal was to really make somewhere where people could come together and where by focusing on the emotion of the users to really try to make an architecture of hope.

我們的目標(biāo)是建造 一個(gè)人們可以聚在一起的地方, 通過關(guān)注使用者的情感, 努力建造一座充滿希望的建筑。

【106】Finally, in Shanghai, we had the chance that's typical of our time.

最后,在上海, 我們得到了一個(gè) 這個(gè)時(shí)代才有的機(jī)會(huì)。

【107】The challenge of bigness.

巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。

【108】To make a three and a half million square-foot site, a building project on a site that was 480 meters long.

建造一個(gè)面積 350 萬平方英尺的場所, 建筑工地長為 480 米。

【109】Where typically this is what would be built.

通常我們會(huì)建造圖上這樣的建筑。

【110】The site was so big that the Empire State Building could fit on it lying sideways.

這塊場地是如此的大, 將帝國大廈側(cè)著放都可以放得下。

【111】So to make this cost efficient, structurally effective, we needed 1,000 columns on a grid, so we decided to not just decorate boxes, but to let the columns be our heroes and to connect with the park to one side and the art district on the other side and try to bring them together into one.

為了提高這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的成本效益, 進(jìn)行高效建設(shè), 我們需要在網(wǎng)格上 立 1000 根柱子, 因此,我們決定不僅僅要裝飾方格, 還要讓柱子發(fā)揮重要作用, 連接一側(cè)的公園, 以及另一側(cè)的藝術(shù)區(qū), 并努力讓它們成為一個(gè)整體。

【112】The finished project is called "A Thousand Trees."

完工后的項(xiàng)目稱為“天安千樹”。

【113】Every one of those columns has a Chinese mountain tree, semi-mature mountain tree on top.

每根柱子里面 都種了一棵中國山岳樹, 在頂部種了半成熟的山岳樹。

【114】And nourishment and drainage and lighting and moisture, and because every column is the best place to put a heavy load.

提供養(yǎng)分、排水、照明和水分, 因?yàn)槊扛?都是裝載重物的最佳位置。

【115】And it has hundreds of outdoor terraces and it has shading and it has, we hope, the necessary complexity to create the human engagement in a project at such a scale.

這里有數(shù)百個(gè)室外露臺(tái), 它會(huì)產(chǎn)生陰影, 我們希望,它會(huì)引入必要的復(fù)雜性, 在如此大規(guī)模的項(xiàng)目中 創(chuàng)造人際互動(dòng)。

【116】We also worked with local artists to embed their work into our vision, to really make a collaborative project together.

我們還與當(dāng)?shù)厮囆g(shù)家合作, 將他們的作品嵌入到我們的景觀中, 共同完成了一個(gè)協(xié)作式項(xiàng)目。

【117】And that carries through all the way to the inside.

那些作品一直延伸到內(nèi)部。

【118】And this project opened at the end of last year, the first half of it.

這個(gè)項(xiàng)目在去年底開放, 開放了第一期。

【119】And we have 100,000 people going to it every day.

每天有 10 萬人去那里參觀。

【120】And it wasn't just about trees and plants, but even structural columns were our friends to humanize the project at such a scale.

在那里,不僅僅是樹和植物, 甚至是結(jié)構(gòu)柱 都能成為我們的“朋友”, 使如此規(guī)模的一個(gè)項(xiàng)目更加人性化。

【121】So I'm not saying that there's any one language or approach to deal with this epidemic of boring.

因此,我不是說 會(huì)有任何一種語言或方法 來應(yīng)對這種“無聊疫情”。

【122】Just like in nature, we've learned the vast importance of biodiversity, we now desperately need architectural diversity.

就像在自然界, 我們已了解到 生物多樣性的極端重要性, 現(xiàn)在我們迫切需要建筑多樣性。

【123】My goal is to try to help trigger a global humanizing movement that no longer tolerates soulless, inhuman places.

我的目標(biāo)是努力幫助推動(dòng) 全球性的人性化運(yùn)動(dòng), 而不再忍受缺乏生氣、 沒有人情味的建筑。

【124】What if our buildings inspired us to want to adapt and adjust and repair them?

如果建筑給我們靈感, 讓我們?nèi)ミm應(yīng)、調(diào)整并修復(fù)它們, 會(huì)是什么樣子呢？

【125】We can't keep knocking down the buildings around us all the time.

我們不能總是推倒我們周圍的建筑。

【126】Let's stop building 40-year buildings, and let's build a 1,000-year buildings.

讓我們停止建造 使用年限為 40 年的建筑, 讓我們建造永不過時(shí)的建筑。

【127】Please join me.

請與我攜手,共創(chuàng)未來。

【128】Thank you.

謝謝大家！