注：英語原文取自最古老版本的帝國時(shí)代一的幫助文件中，關(guān)于歷史的文本量相當(dāng)巨大，但在win7系統(tǒng)更新后，以win95為基礎(chǔ)的hlp文件被淘汰，如今已經(jīng)很難找到打開hlp文件的方法。如有大佬能提供支援就好了。

注：因?yàn)樵環(huán)lp文件并未隨著羅馬復(fù)興資料片的更新而更新，所以這個(gè)系列不包含新增的羅馬、迦太基、馬其頓和巴爾米拉文明。

注：因?yàn)槟甏眠h(yuǎn)（1996年左右），很多記述可能已經(jīng)與最新的考古發(fā)現(xiàn)有著顯著的差異。

注：蹩腳英語，翻譯腔，懶得潤色的語句。

注：英語原文放在前面，漢語翻譯放在后面。

更多資料：

世界地理歷史小常識(shí)02——朝鮮（CV4752175）

世界地理歷史小常識(shí)03——韓國（CV4755915）

Choson culture (450 BC to 108 BC)

The Korean peninsula was invaded by successive waves of Neolithic peoples, but the culture of the area remained little-changed for a long period until the use of bronze implements began around the ninth or eighth centuries BC. The Bronze Age brought significant change to Korea. Recovered bronze spear points and arrowheads indicate conquest and warfare were widespread. Towns protected by earthen walls appeared. Funerary dolmens (rock shelters covered by enormous cap stones) indicate the rise of a stratified political and social structure.The Bronze Age in Korea lasted until the fourth century BC. Sometime around 450 BC, the first large political groupings of walled-town states arose. The most advanced of these was Old Choson.

Location

The state of Old Choson was located in the valleys of the Liao and Taedong Rivers, in the southwestern part of what is now North Korea. It occupied the Taedong River basin originally and spread its influence gradually over a large region of the peninsula.

Capital

The Choson capital was Wanggom-song, now modern P'yongyang (the capital of North Korea).

Rise to power

The power of Old Choson grew from around 450 BC to the end of the fourth century. The Choson expanded possibly due to better agriculture and population growth, better use of newly available iron weapons, better leaders, or all of the above. When the Chinese kingdom of Yen encountered the Old Choson culture, they referred to them as being arrogant and cruel, which suggests that the Old Choson were formidable warriors.Despite the apparent strength of Old Choson at the end of the fourth century, they went into decline following the arrival of the Yen kingdom across the Liao River. The Chinese overlord in control of the Liaotung Peninsula changed several times during the next century and the political upheaval fostered an immigration of Chinese political, military, and economic power into Old Choson. One refugee, named Wiman, built a power base among the other refugees and eventually drove the Old Choson king from his throne around 190 BC.The new kingdom, called Wiman Choson, was a hybrid of Korean and Chinese influences. Due to its superior military and economic strength, it subjugated smaller Korean states to its north, east, and south. This placed the Wiman Choson between the now dominant Han Chinese and the remaining Korean states in the south, allowing it to control trade between the two regions. For three generations, the Wiman Choson dominated north central Korea.

Economy

The principal economic activity of Bronze and early Iron Age Korea was agriculture. Rice was the main food crop of southern Korea. Raising livestock (oxen, horses, pigs, and dogs) was more important in the north. The basic farming unit was the village, made up of headmen, free peasants, and a few slaves. Peasants and slaves worked mainly on communal farms. There were some peasant-owned lands as well. The free peasants were heavily taxed and provided labor to the state. They were not permitted to bear arms or serve in the armies. The Chinese of the time considered Korean peasants to be agricultural slaves.

Religion and culture

The leaders of the early walled towns in Korea performed both political and religious functions. The dignity and authority of these leaders was enhanced by their acknowledged descent from a sun god. Political and religious power split gradually into two separate functions as the confederation grew in size. Rituals were thereafter directed by specialists.The primitive religion of prehistoric Korea was based on animism and shamanism. Priests were magicians who attempted to move the gods by evocation. By the time of Old Choson, priests prayed to the gods humbly and earnestly for favor.The ancient Koreans believed in the immortality of the soul and buried their elite with elaborate ritual. They also practiced divination. The two most important festivals of the year were tied to the growing season. In the spring they prayed for abundance and in the fall they celebrated thanksgiving.

Government

Village communities were governed by a ruling elite that kept order, allocated land and resources, collected taxes, and provided security. The individual communities were held together in confederation by military and economic means. Old Choson took the name wang (king) for its leader about the time that the nearby Chinese kingdom of Ye employed the same title.

Military

Little is known about the armies of Choson except that they were standing armies and not levies of peasants. Evidence of horses and chariots is not widespread, suggesting that only the richest warriors could afford these enhancements. Bronze spear points and arrowheads from the early days of the Choson suggest an army of spearmen and archers. Later finds include bronze daggers and spears of distinctive styles, iron daggers, and iron spear points. The daggers suggest that these short weapons were used by infantry for close combat in addition to spears.The prowess of Choson armies can be inferred from their expansion and dominance of the region and the comments about Choson recorded by their Chinese neighbors.

Decline and fall

Unified China under the Han Dynasty was not pleased by Wiman Choson's growth and control of eastward trade, and was concerned about the possibility of an alliance between Wiman Choson and the Hsiung-nu (barbarians then expanding out of Mongolia into Manchuria). The aggressive Emperor Wu of Han launched an attack against the Wiman Choson when diplomacy failed to bring them to heel. The Wiman Choson were a tough adversary but were weakened by defections and collaborationists among the nobility. The Wiman Choson capital fell in 108 BC, and the kingdom came to an end.

Legacy

Choson, the most ancient kingdom of Korea, was recalled in 1390 AD with the founding of the Choson dynasty that was to rule the peninsula until its annexation by Japan in 1910. The name Choson was taken to honor the greatest of the ancient Korean kingdoms. The legacy of the Choson was a Korean culture that remained separate from that of China, despite the proximity and influence of that enormous neighbor.

朝鮮文化（公元前450至公元前108年）

朝鮮半島被多波新石器時(shí)代的人類成功占領(lǐng)，但這個(gè)地區(qū)的文化長期以來沒有什么進(jìn)展，直到公元前九世紀(jì)到八世紀(jì)才有青銅器具開始使用，這給朝鮮帶來了巨大變化。出土的青銅矛尖和箭頭表明此處戰(zhàn)爭的廣泛。被土墻保護(hù)的城鎮(zhèn)出現(xiàn)，葬洞（有巨大的巖石巖蓋覆蓋的坑洞）表現(xiàn)除政治和社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)的形成。朝鮮的青銅時(shí)代持續(xù)到公元前四世紀(jì)，公元前450年左右，大型政治集團(tuán)的城墻保護(hù)的城邦形成，這是古朝鮮最為先進(jìn)的形式。

位置

古朝鮮的位置位于遼河和丹東河的河谷，位于現(xiàn)在北朝鮮的西南方，朝鮮原來占領(lǐng)了丹東河的大部分流域，并向朝鮮半島的大片區(qū)域逐漸蔓延。

首都

朝鮮的首都是王宮桑，也就是現(xiàn)在的平壤（北朝鮮的首都）

發(fā)展壯大

古朝鮮的力量在公元前450年至四世紀(jì)末成長，朝鮮可能因?yàn)楦玫霓r(nóng)業(yè)和人口的增長而擴(kuò)張，后來有了新的鐵制武器、更好的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人或上述所有，當(dāng)中國的燕國遇到古朝鮮文明時(shí)，古朝鮮被認(rèn)為是傲慢而殘酷的，這表明古朝鮮人是強(qiáng)大的戰(zhàn)士。盡管古朝鮮在公元前四世紀(jì)末有明顯的實(shí)力，但是他們?cè)谶|河遇到燕國時(shí)卻受挫。中國在后來的世紀(jì)中，遼東半島的控制者更換了幾次，這促進(jìn)了中國的政治、軍事、經(jīng)濟(jì)力量進(jìn)入古朝鮮。一個(gè)名叫衛(wèi)滿的難民在其他難民中建立了一個(gè)有力的基地，逐漸并最終于公元前190年將古朝鮮國王從王座上趕下臺(tái)，新的王國稱為衛(wèi)滿朝鮮，是朝鮮和中國影響的混合體，由于其優(yōu)越的軍事和經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力，其向北向東向南征服了許多較小的朝鮮國家。這將衛(wèi)滿朝鮮置于后來占主導(dǎo)地位的漢朝和南方其他朝鮮國家之間，使其能夠控制兩地之間的貿(mào)易，三代以來，衛(wèi)滿朝鮮主導(dǎo)朝鮮的中北部。

經(jīng)濟(jì)

青銅和早期鐵器時(shí)代，朝鮮的主要經(jīng)濟(jì)來源是農(nóng)業(yè)。大米是朝鮮地區(qū)主要的糧食作物，畜牧業(yè)（牛、馬、豬、狗）在北方更為重要?；巨r(nóng)業(yè)單位是由小頭目自由農(nóng)民和少數(shù)奴隸組成的村莊。農(nóng)民和奴隸主要在公共農(nóng)場工作。還有一些農(nóng)民是自耕農(nóng)。自耕農(nóng)被大量征稅，向國家提供勞力。他們不被允許在軍隊(duì)中服役，當(dāng)時(shí)的中國人認(rèn)為，朝鮮的農(nóng)民是農(nóng)奴。

宗教文化

朝鮮的早期圍墻城鎮(zhèn)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人也發(fā)揮了政治和宗教功能。這些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的權(quán)威是由他們承認(rèn)的太陽神降臨而得到加強(qiáng)的。隨著聯(lián)邦規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大，政治和宗教力量逐漸分裂成兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的功能。儀式此后由專門的人指導(dǎo)。史前朝鮮的原始宗教基于萬物有靈論和薩滿教理論，牧師是魔法師，試圖通過引誘來移動(dòng)神。在古朝鮮時(shí)代，牧師們謙卑的祈禱神來討好。古朝鮮人相信靈魂不朽，用精心的儀式來埋葬他們的精英。他們也進(jìn)行占卜。一年中最重要的兩個(gè)節(jié)日都與生長和季節(jié)有關(guān)。在春天，他們祈求豐盛，在秋天，他們慶祝感恩。

政府

村莊社區(qū)由統(tǒng)治精英統(tǒng)治，統(tǒng)一管理，分配土地資源，征收稅款，提供安全保護(hù)。各個(gè)社區(qū)以軍事和經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)合在一起。當(dāng)時(shí)，古朝鮮人以Wang（國王）稱呼領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，在附近的中國也采用了一樣的頭銜。

軍事

對(duì)于朝鮮軍隊(duì)的了解甚少，只知道他們是征兵制而不是通過征稅雇用。馬和戰(zhàn)車的證據(jù)不普遍，只有最富有的戰(zhàn)士才能負(fù)擔(dān)。后來發(fā)現(xiàn)包括青銅匕首和獨(dú)特風(fēng)格的矛、鐵匕首和鐵矛尖。匕首表示除了矛兵之外，短武器也被步兵用于近距離作戰(zhàn)。朝鮮軍隊(duì)的實(shí)力可以從其擴(kuò)張和主權(quán)，以及中國鄰國的記錄評(píng)論中推斷出來。

衰落與滅亡

衛(wèi)滿朝鮮對(duì)于東方貿(mào)易的增長和控制使得漢朝對(duì)其并不滿意，且漢朝擔(dān)心衛(wèi)滿朝鮮和匈奴（后來從蒙古擴(kuò)張到滿洲的野蠻人）聯(lián)盟的可能性。最終，侵略性的皇帝漢武帝在與之結(jié)盟的外交行動(dòng)失敗后發(fā)動(dòng)了對(duì)衛(wèi)滿朝鮮的攻擊。衛(wèi)滿朝鮮是一個(gè)強(qiáng)大難纏的對(duì)手，但是卻由于貴族之間的叛變和對(duì)立而削弱。公元前108年，衛(wèi)滿朝鮮的首都陷落，王國走向盡頭。

遺產(chǎn)

朝鮮，朝鮮半島最古老的王朝，后來在公元1390年被再次使用作為國名，統(tǒng)治了朝鮮半島，直到1910年被日本吞并為止。朝鮮是朝鮮人心中最偉大古老的王朝。朝鮮的遺產(chǎn)是朝鮮文化，盡管受到中國這個(gè)巨大鄰國的接近和影響，卻始終保持分離。