TED演講者：Vaitea Cowan / 瓦伊塔·考恩

演講標(biāo)題：How green hydrogen could end the fossil fuel era / 綠色氫能將如何結(jié)束化石燃料時(shí)代

內(nèi)容概要：As climate change accelerates, finding clean alternatives to fossil fuels is more urgent than ever. Social entrepreneur Vaitea Cowan believes green hydrogen is the answer. Watch as she shares her team's work mass producing electrolyzers -- devices that separate water into its molecular components: hydrogen and oxygen -- and shows how they could help make green, carbon-free fuel affordable and accessible for everyone. "This is how we end the fossil fuel era," Cowan says.

隨著氣候變化加速，尋找化石燃料的綠色替代品比以往任何時(shí)候都更加緊迫。 社會(huì)企業(yè)家瓦伊塔 · 考恩 （Vaitea Cowan） 認(rèn)為答案是綠色氫能。 敬請(qǐng)觀看她分享她的團(tuán)隊(duì)大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)電解器的工作——將水分離為它的分子成分：氫和氧的設(shè)備——并展示它們會(huì)如何幫助使每個(gè)人都能負(fù)擔(dān)得起和使用綠色、零碳燃料。 “這就是我們結(jié)束化石燃料時(shí)代的方式，” 考恩說。

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【1】We're going on a field trip together.

我們現(xiàn)在要踏上一個(gè)旅程。

【2】We're going back to middle school, to chemistry class.

我們將回到初中, 回到化學(xué)課堂。

【3】Do you remember this?

還記得這個(gè)么？

【4】It was an experiment we did with salt water, a battery and two pencils.

這是一個(gè)用了鹽水、 電池和兩支鉛筆的實(shí)驗(yàn)。

【5】Guess what?

你肯定猜不到。

【6】The reaction you witnessed then is a key to tackling climate change.

你當(dāng)時(shí)所看到化學(xué)反應(yīng) 是解決氣候變化問題的關(guān)鍵。

【7】Yes, at 14 years old, we already knew.

是的,我們十四歲的時(shí)候 就知道這個(gè)知識(shí)了。

【8】And today, we have the means to replace fossil fuels with green hydrogen.

如今,我們有了用綠色氫能 代替化石燃料的辦法。

【9】Let's walk through this.

讓我來詳細(xì)解釋一下。

【10】The experiment I'm alluding to is called water electrolysis.

我剛提到的實(shí)驗(yàn)叫做 水電解實(shí)驗(yàn)。

【11】And it is a way to create hydrogen.

這是一個(gè)制造氫氣的方法。

【12】On Earth, hydrogen is found in the greatest quantities in water: H2O.

在地球上, 氫含量最多的地方,是水: 一氧化二氫 （H2O）。

【13】And when you use renewable electricity to split water into H and O, that's green hydrogen.

當(dāng)你用可再生能源 把水分成氫和氧的時(shí)候, 就得到了綠色氫。

【14】And the device creating this reaction is called an electrolyzer.

產(chǎn)生這種反應(yīng)的裝置, 叫做電解槽。

【15】There are other colors of hydrogen out there, but they use fossil fuels.

世界上還有別的“顏色“的氫, 但那些都是用化石燃料生成的。

【16】So we're not going to talk about those today, they'll only make climate change worse.

所以我們今天說的不包括那些氫, 它們只會(huì)讓氣候問題更加嚴(yán)重。

【17】We are talking about green hydrogen, which is 100 percent clean.

我們要說的是綠色氫, 是絕對(duì)零污染的。

【18】And the quickest path to scaling green hydrogen is by mass producing electrolyzers.

而最快的擴(kuò)大綠色氫規(guī)模的方法, 就是大批量生產(chǎn)電解槽。

【19】But first, why do we need green hydrogen?

但首先,我們?yōu)槭裁?需要綠色氫呢？

【20】When we look at our global energy consumption today, only 20 percent comes in the form of electricity or electrons.

如果我們看一下 當(dāng)今的全球能源消耗, 只有 20% 是電力或是以電子為載體。

【21】This means the remaining 80 percent of our world's energy use is in the forms of molecules.

也就是說, 其余 80% 的全球能耗 都是以分子為載體的。

【22】And while the world is making rapid progress in greening our electricity, we need to look towards our molecules as well.

當(dāng)世界正在迅速推進(jìn) 綠色電力的同時(shí), 我們也得看看分子能源。

【23】Think about your industry, transport, heating and cooling sectors.

想想工業(yè)、運(yùn)輸業(yè)、供暖和制冷業(yè)。

【24】They're all powered by molecules.

這些靠的都是分子能源。

【25】And yes, this means largely by fossil fuels: coal, oil and gas.

是的,也就是主要靠化石燃料: 煤、石油和燃?xì)狻?/p>

【26】We won't be able to electrify all of our sectors.

我們沒辦法讓所有行業(yè)都用上電能。

【27】And here's why.

我來告訴你為什么。

【28】Let's start with an example from the industrial sector.

我來先舉個(gè)工業(yè)的例子。

【29】Molecules create the reaction, not electrons.

產(chǎn)生能量反應(yīng)的,是分子, 不是電子。

【30】To make steel the old way we first mine iron ore, then burn coal to remove the oxygen from the iron mix.

煉鋼的舊方法是,先開采鐵礦石, 然后要燃燒煤礦 來去除鐵混合物中的氧氣。

【31】Seven to nine percent of our world's CO2 emissions come from this process.

全世界有 7% 到 9% 的碳排放 來自于這個(gè)過程。

【32】It's the coal that provides the molecule, creating the reaction to get rid of the oxygen.

是煤礦的分子, 產(chǎn)生了去除氧氣的反應(yīng)。

【33】Electrons can't do that.

這是電子做不到的。

【34】But what they can do is power the device that creates green hydrogen.

但電子可以做的是 給產(chǎn)生綠色氫的設(shè)備供能。

【35】And this clean molecule will create the reaction, attract the oxygen and emit only water in the process.

而這零排放的氫分子 就可以發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng), 來吸引走氧氣, 而且全程只排放出水。

【36】So by changing the process, we can eliminate up to 95 percent of our CO2 emissions.

所以通過改變生產(chǎn)工藝, 我們可以消除 高達(dá) 95% 的二氧化碳排放量。

【37】And today, major European steel manufacturers are already building green hydrogen-based steel production processes.

而如今主要的歐洲鋼鐵廠 已經(jīng)在建立綠色氫能為主的 鋼鐵生產(chǎn)工藝了。

【38】(Applause) That's just one of the countless industrial processes, small and big, that need a molecule.

（掌聲） 這只是無數(shù)或大或小的 需要分子能源的 工業(yè)生產(chǎn)工藝中的一種。

【39】Another example, let's say, that we can't use electricity for everything-everything is weight.

另一個(gè)例子,就是說, 不是所有東西都能用電供能—— 任何東西都有重量。

【40】Take the aviation sector.

拿航空業(yè)舉個(gè)例子。

【41】An 80-passenger aircraft flying on batteries.

一個(gè)客載八十人的、 電池供能的飛機(jī)。

【42】Kind of impossible.

不太可能吧。

【43】One would need more batteries just to fly the battery.

僅僅讓電池飛起來, 你就得需要更多的電池。

【44】Hydrogen planes, though, they're taking off emission-free.

然而氫能飛機(jī), 它們可以零碳排放飛行。

【45】This is a 20-seater aircraft, and its commercial flights are scheduled two years from now.

這是一架載客二十人的飛機(jī)。 兩年之后, 它就能投入民航使用了。

【46】And by 2026, we'll be welcoming the 80-seater.

2026 年之前, 我們就能見到載客 80 人的型號(hào)了。

【47】And these are just two examples of how we can end our reliance on fossil fuels.

而以上只是兩個(gè) 有關(guān)我們可以如何 不再依靠化石燃料的例子。

【48】The world is turning to green hydrogen because it is effectively coupling those hard-to-decarbonize sectors with green electricity.

整個(gè)世界都在開始使用綠色氫能, 因?yàn)樗行У貙⒛切?很難脫碳的行業(yè)與綠色電力結(jié)合。

【49】An electrolyzer connected to solar and wind power generation is transforming green electrons into green molecules.

一個(gè)由太陽能和風(fēng)力供能的電解槽, 會(huì)把綠色電子轉(zhuǎn)化為綠色分子。

【50】Green hydrogen is transforming our renewable electricity into an energy carrier that is extremely versatile.

綠色氫能正在把可再生電力 變成一種用途廣泛的能量載體。

【51】And today, this clean molecule is already being used in a wide range of applications.

如今,這零污染的氫分子 已經(jīng)被用在很多地方了。

【52】It can be combusted directly as a fuel and emits zero carbon emissions.

它可以作為燃料直接燃燒, 而且碳排放量為零。

【53】It's also being turned into hydrogen-derived fuels like green ammonia, green methanol, which can fuel global shipping.

它還被轉(zhuǎn)化為氫衍生燃料, 如綠色氨、綠色甲醇, 可為全球航運(yùn)提供燃料。

【54】Green hydrogen is being stored across seasons without losing energy, like here in the Alps.

綠色氫氣可以跨季節(jié)儲(chǔ)存 還不會(huì)損失能量, 就像在阿爾卑斯山脈這兒。

【55】And it can then be used in a fuel cell to create electricity emitting only water, like in this remote village in Malaysia.

它還可以被放在燃料電池中, 來產(chǎn)生僅排放水的電力, 比如在馬來西亞這個(gè)偏遠(yuǎn)的村莊。

【56】Hydrogen is one of the most energy-dense molecules, and by mass it contains three times as much energy than diesel.

氫是能量密度最高的分子之一, 按質(zhì)量計(jì)算, 它所含的能量是柴油的三倍。

【57】So you might be wondering, well, why aren't we using this already everywhere?

所以你可能會(huì)想了,那, 為什么我們還沒有 到處都在用這個(gè)呢？

【58】And so previously, the reason was the cost of green electricity.

在此之前的原因, 是綠色電能的成本。

【59】But that's no longer the bottleneck.

但那不再是瓶頸了。

【60】So what's the challenge?

所以問題在哪兒呢？

【61】It's the speed, scale and cost of making these green hydrogen generators.

在于制造這些生產(chǎn)綠色氫能的設(shè)備的 速度、規(guī)模和成本。

【62】Luckily, people are already working on making green hydrogen a reality.

好消息是, 人們已經(jīng)在努力 實(shí)現(xiàn)綠色氫能了。

【63】Because to make green hydrogen the fuel source of the future, it needs to be cheaper than fossil fuels.

為了讓綠色氫能 成為未來的主要能量源, 它得比化石燃料便宜。

【64】And this means electrolyzers are going to need to be really, really cheap.

也就是說, 電解槽的成本得非常、非常便宜。

【65】We started Enapter in 2017 with this one goal in mind and urgency in our hearts.

帶著這個(gè)目標(biāo)和迫切的心態(tài), 我們在 2017 年成立了 Enapter。

【66】And so we chose a means that is a bit different from how others in the industry proceed.

我們用的方法 和行業(yè)里別人用的有點(diǎn)不太一樣。

【67】We turned to economic history for approaches that scaled fast and reduced prices significantly.

我們?nèi)ソ?jīng)濟(jì)史里尋找到了一個(gè) 快速拓展又大力降低成本的方法。

【68】And the answer was clear.

答案就很清楚了。

【69】If you want to take a solution around the globe as quickly as possible, you need to make it a standardized, mass-produced commodity.

如果你想要盡快在全球 推廣一個(gè)方案, 就需要把它變成一種 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)的商品。

【70】A product that's easy to make and use.

一個(gè)制造和使用都很方便的產(chǎn)品。

【71】And so some believe we need larger machines.

有的人覺得我們需要 尺寸大一點(diǎn)的生產(chǎn)機(jī)器。

【72】But we believe the electrolyser should be a standardized, mass-produced commodity.

但我們覺得電解槽得是一個(gè) 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、大批量生產(chǎn)的商品。

【73】A product that can make green hydrogen anywhere for anyone.

一個(gè)可以在任何地方都可以給任何人 制造綠色氫能的產(chǎn)品。

【74】So to better understand our approach, let me draw an analogy.

為了更好地解釋我們的方法, 我來打個(gè)比方。

【75】Up until the ’80s, mainframe computers, they were considered the future of computing.

直到 80 年代,大型計(jì)算機(jī) 都被認(rèn)為是計(jì)算的未來。

【76】They were huge and complex equipment, and they were designed for businesses only.

它們都體型巨大而復(fù)雜, 而且是專為企業(yè)使用而設(shè)計(jì)的。

【77】Then came the PC, and at first people laughed and wondered: Why would we ever need such a tiny computer?

然后個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)出場了。 剛開始 大家都在邊笑邊覺得奇怪: 我們怎么會(huì)用得上 這么小的電腦呢？

【78】But ultimately, it disrupted the industry.

但最終,它徹底改變了整個(gè)行業(yè)。

【79】And today, data centers, they use blade servers, which is PC technology.

如今,數(shù)據(jù)中心都在使用刀鋒服務(wù)器, 這是個(gè)人電腦用的技術(shù)。

【80】Why?

為什么？

【81】Because the PC became a compact, standardized and mass-producible product that was cheap to make, easy to build, and that could be used in any kinds of context.

因?yàn)閭€(gè)人電腦成為了一個(gè) 結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化且可量產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品, 而且生產(chǎn)成本低,制造技術(shù)簡單, 還可以在任何情境下使用。

【82】It's time to do this with green hydrogen.

是時(shí)候把綠色氫能 也變成這樣的產(chǎn)品了。

【83】To this end, Enapter is designing all of its electrolyzers as products and not projects.

為此, Enapter 把所有的電解槽 當(dāng)作一個(gè)產(chǎn)品去設(shè)計(jì), 而不是當(dāng)作項(xiàng)目。

【84】At the heart of our electrolyser is an electrolysis core generating green hydrogen, and it is the foundation for all of our products.

我們電解槽的核心是 產(chǎn)生綠色氫的電解核, 而它是我們所有產(chǎn)品的基礎(chǔ)。

【85】And we're taking these core stacks and other components of our electrolyzers into mass production.

我們正在將這些電解核的模塊堆 和電解槽的其他組件投入批量生產(chǎn)。

【86】And so instead of building larger electrolyzers, we're building compact ones that can be combined to achieving any hydrogen quantity needed.

所以與其建造大型的電解槽, 我們造的是結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊的、 可以組合起來 以生產(chǎn)任何氫能需求量的電解槽。

【87】And we believe this is the quickest way to scale green hydrogen and drive down its price.

我們認(rèn)為這是 擴(kuò)大綠色氫能規(guī)模 并降低成本的最快的方式。

【88】And the next step is going into mass production.

而下一步就是, 大批量生產(chǎn)。

【89】This is our campus.

這是我們的生產(chǎn)基地。

【90】And it's going to be fully powered by renewables, of course, and that's where we'll be tackling speed, scale and cost.

當(dāng)然, 它將完全由可再生能源供能。 這也是我們將攻克 速度、規(guī)模和成本的難題的地方。

【91】By focusing on one single core size, we can leverage massive economies of scale and drive down the price of green hydrogen.

通過統(tǒng)一核心模塊的尺寸, 我們可以利用大型的規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)效益, 并降低綠色氫能的價(jià)格。

【92】Because that’s what it’s all about: making green hydrogen cheaper than fossil fuels.

因?yàn)檫@就是一切的關(guān)鍵: 讓綠色氫能比化石燃料更便宜。

【93】We have the means to make green hydrogen the fuel source of the future.

我們已經(jīng)有了讓綠色氫能 成為未來的能量源的方法了。

【94】It's time to listen to our 14-year-old selves and the 14-year-olds of today.

是時(shí)候傾聽當(dāng)初我們十四歲的自己, 和如今十四歲的孩子們了。

【95】Our generation has a unique opportunity.

我們這一代人有著獨(dú)特的機(jī)會(huì)。

【96】It's time for the next industrial revolution.

是時(shí)候開始 下一次的工業(yè)革命了。

【97】We can build our world's energy supplies sustainably, made of a lot of green electricity and a wave of green hydrogen molecules.

我們可以建立 一個(gè)可持續(xù)的、由大量綠色電力 和綠色氫分子組成的, 世界能源供應(yīng)鏈。

【98】This is how we end the fossil fuel era.

這就是我們結(jié)束化石燃料時(shí)代的方式。

【99】Thank you.

謝謝。

【100】(Applause)