Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage. ?

African American soul music's commercial influence gradually declined during the early 1970s as newer styles such as funk and disco began to dominate the airwaves and other, larger changes occurred?within the American music industry. After the Second World War, African American popular music?had largely been the province of independent record labels. By the 1970s, though, these labels were?either going out of business or, to an increasing degree, coming under the control of major corporations. This shift had dire consequences for the production of soul music, whereas independent labels had ?achieved success through a skillful balance of commercial and artistic considerations, the emphasis now ?became fixed upon marketing a product, resulting in the more individualized voices in African American popular music being quelled.?

1. According to the passage, which of the following is true about the independent record labels??

A. They focused entirely African American popular music.?

B. They refused to produce disco music, viewing it as too commercial.?

C. They preferred going into bankruptcy to losing their creative autonomy.?

D. They accounted for both artistic quality and popular appeal in producing soul music.?

E. They reacted to the decline of soul music by emphasizing more individualized voices.?

2. The passage suggests which of the following about “the more individualized voices”? ?

A. They were speaking out against corporate control of the music industry in the 1070s. ?

B. They were less likely to be promoted by major corporations than by independent labels. ?

C. Their number grew significantly between the end of the Second World War and the 1970s.?

D. They were largely responsible for the emergence of new musical styles in the 1970s. ?

E. Their lack of concern for business led to the decline of independent music labels.?

Questions 3 to 6 are based on this passage:?

Since Earth is the only habitable planet known to humankind, the orbital and physical characteristics of Earth are used to define a habitable planet. In other words, habitability is the?characteristic of an environment which has similar properties as those of Earth, and the capability of?developing and sustaining Earthly life. ?

The statement above implies that the fact that the only habitable planet we know is Earth has strongly biased our understanding of the conditions required for life. From the astronomers’ point of ?view, and owing to the essential role that water plays on life on Earth, the definition of a habitable ?planet is tied to the presence of liquid water. However, as simple this definition might be, it has strong ?connections to a variety of complex interdependent processes that need to be unraveled and understood ?to make predictions on which planets could be habitable. The basic principle is that the surface?temperature and pressure of a planet should allow for liquid water. This is determined by the amount of irradiation that the planet receives from the star, and the response of the planet’s atmosphere. The?latter delicately depends on the composition of the planet, and that in turn determines the heat transport mechanism, cloud presence, and many other atmospheric properties.?

The irradiation from the star is contingent on the type of the star and the planet’s orbital ?parameters. The atmospheric composition, on the other hand, depends on the in-gassing, outgassing,?and escape histories of the planet. The in-gassing and out-gassing accounts are intrinsically connected ?to the interior dynamics of the planet, while atmospheric escape is related to a variety of thermal and ?non-thermal processes, which themselves are linked to the presence of a magnetic field. It is not clear how delicate the balance between these different processes could be. Nor is it evident if there are different pathways that could yield a habitable planet. However, the fact that Earth has succeeded in developing life indicates that our planet might have followed one of perhaps many evolutionary paths ?that resulted naturally in a complex system by the series of steps and bifurcations that it encountered. ?It is important to note that the complexity and interdependence of these processes cannot be taken as?evidence for the uniqueness of life on Earth. The road ahead is to understand which planetary?characteristics are indispensable, which are facilitating, and which are a byproduct of evolution. For that ?purpose, and in order to assess the possibility that a planet (e.g., a super-Earth) may be habitable, a deep?understanding of these processes (i.e. interior composition and dynamics, planet’s magnetic field, and?atmospheric characteristics) is required.?

3. The primary purpose of the passage is to?

A. evaluate multiple views of the criteria generally used to judge the habitability of planets?

B. analyze predictions that have been made regarding the habitability of particular planets?

C. show how the bias is favor of Earth-like planets has limited the search for habitable planets?

D. discuss some factors that contribute to the difficulty of assessing the habitability of planets?

E. describe the conditions under which planets are most likely to become habitable?

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

4. The author suggests that the “amount of irradiation that the planet receives from the ?star” is affected by the ?

A. composition of the planet’s atmosphere?

B. planet’s orbital parameters?

C. nature of the star?

5. The author would most likely agree with which statement about liquid water??

A. The conditions allowing for the presence of liquid water on a planet are primarily dependent on the planet’s orbital parameters.?

B. The conditions allowing for the presence of liquid water on Earth are so complex and interdependent as to be unrepeatable elsewhere.?

C. It may be possible for planets with otherwise identical characteristics to differ with regard to the presence of liquid water.?

D. It may be possible for liquid water to form regardless of the amount of irradiation that a planet receives from its star.?

E. It may be possible for liquid water to form on planets whose properties are not identical to those of Earth.?

6. The author’s reference to “different pathways” primarily serves to?

A. substantiate an alternative explanation?

B. rebut a competing account?

C. acknowledge a weakness in a theory?

D. explain an assumption made in a model?

E. indicate a lack of certainty regarding a topic?

Question 7 is based on this passage:?

Tea is rich in compounds called polyphenols, which are similar to certain compounds known to help prevent cancer. Among people in Japan, those who drink over ten cups of tea per day have lower rates of stomach cancer than others. On average, people in Japan drink much more tea than people in ?the United States and have lower rates of lung cancer. It is therefore likely that polyphenols also help ?prevent cancer.?

7. Which of the following, if true, provides the most support for the argument??

A. Smoking, a known cause of lung cancer, is more common in Japan than it is in the United ?states.?

B. Few people in the United States drink more than ten cups of tea per day.?

C. Stomach cancer is much more common in Japan than it is in the United States.?

D. Soy products, which are known to help prevent cancer, are more widely used in Japan than in the United States.?

E. Coffee, which like tea is a source of caffeine, is more popular in the United States?than in Japan.?

Questions 8 to 10 are based on this passage:?

In 1776, the state of New Jersey adopted a constitution that ignored gender in its suffrage clause, ?defining voters simply as adult residents worth at least fifty pounds. After 1776, women routinely participated in the state's electoral process, until, in 1807, the state legislature passed a law redefining?voters solely as adult, White, male, tax-paying citizens. Political historians have been perplexed by New?Jersey's deviation from the established norm of exclusive male suffrage, finding no sign of public ?agitation either for or against the voting rights of women prior to their enfranchisement in 1776 or?disenfranchisement in 1807. Consequently historians, downplaying the extent to which suffrage was the ?result of careless constitutional construction, viewed the 1807 disenfranchisement as a legislative effort ?to remedy this carelessness. Yet examination of revolutionary-era manuscripts indicates that the 1776?suffrage clause underwent close legislative scrutiny that led to several significant changes, thus, the ?absence of gender references in the final version was probably not accidental. Indeed, the evidence ?suggests that New Jersey's legislators believed that all who possessed sufficient net worth were entitled to vote. However, they also saw the net worth qualification as serving to prevent an over-democratization of the voting process.?

8. The author of the passage takes the "significant changes" to be an indication of which of the following??

A. That the suffrage clause was not established without critical examination?

B. That there was little consensus among legislators regarding the final version of the 1776 suffrage clause?

C. That the 1776 suffrage clause was not a deviation from the norm that prevailed in other states?

D. That there was at least some public agitation in favor of voting right for women prior to 1776?

E. That legislators in 1776 were seriously concerned about the over-democratization of the voting process?

9. Which of the following best describes the function of the last sentence of the passage??

A. To suggest that New Jersey legislators in 1776 were insincere in their commitment to voting rights for women?

B. To indicate that there was a lack of consensus among New Jersey legislators regarding the final?version of the 1776 suffrage clause?

C. To indicate that the New Jersey legislators in 1776 did not favor unqualified access to voting rights?

D. To undermine the evidence suggesting that New Jersey legislators in 1776 believed that all who ?possessed sufficient net worth were entitled to vote?

E. To suggest that the absence of gender references in the final version of the 1776 suffrage clause?may have been accidental?

10. The author of the passage suggests that if there had been public agitation regarding voting?rights for women in New Jersey prior to 1776, then this agitation would have?

A. been largely in opposition to voting rights for women rather than in favor of those rights?

B. exerted an important influence on the final version of the 1776 New Jersey suffrage clause?

C. potentially provided historians with an explanation for the New Jersey legislators in 1776 ?regarding voting rights?

D. made New Jersey’s political culture less unusual in comparison to other states?

E. made it less likely that New Jersey would disenfranchise women sometime after 1776?