Positivism

Auguste Comte 1798-1857: System of Positive Politics, or Treatise on Sociology, 1851

Sociology

Charles Lyell 1797-1875: Principles of Geology

James Hutton 1726-1797

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 1744-1829: Zoological Philosophy, 1809; The Natural History of Animals Without Backbones, 1815-1822

Charles Darwin 1809-1882: The Origin of Species Charles Darwin, 1859

Erasmus Darwin 1731-1802: Zoonomia 1794-1796

Evolution

Natural Selection

moved God from the equation entirely

"nature red in tooth and claw"

Social Darwinists:

Herbert Spencer: Social Statistics, 1851; Synthetic Philosophy, ca. 1860- ca. 1890

Walter Bagehot: Physics and Politics, 1872

The Descent of Man, 1879 (Darwin)

Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Louis Pasteur 1822-1895

Robert Koch 1843-1910

Joseph Lister 1827-1912

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen 1845-1923

Feminism

Mary Wollstonecraft 1759-1797

Harriet Taylor 1807-1858

John Stuart Mill: The Subjection of Women, 1869

Amandine Dudevant 1804-1876

Marie Curie 1867-1934

Caroline Norton 1808-1877

National Society for Women's suffrage; Women's Social and Political Union

Emmeline Pankhurst 1858-1928

From romanticism to realism:

Victor Hugo 1802-1885

Johannes Brahms 1883-1897

Honore de Balzac 1799-1850

Gustave Flaubert 1821-1880

Emile Zola 1840-1902

Charles Dickens 1812-1870

George Eliot 1819-1880

Thomas Hardy 1840-1928

Feodor Dostoevsky 1821-1881

Leo Tolstoy 1828-1910

Henrik Ibsen 1828-1906

Gustave Courbet 1819-1877

Jean-Francois Millet 1814-1875

L.J.M. Daguerre ca. 1787-1851

Music: nationalism and depicting the poor

Giuseppe Verdi 1813-1901

Richard Wagner 1813-1883

Antonin Dvorak 1841-1904

Bedrich Smetana 1824-1884

Pyotr Tchaikovsky 1840-1893

impressionism

Secularization

Otto von Bismarck 1815-1898

culture war

Bernadette of Lourdes 1844-1879

Syllabus of Errors 1864

Doctrine of Papal Infallibility 1870