拜占庭帝國大事記(年表)(三)

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備注:以下內(nèi)容將按照年/月份展開,針對原文與譯文的差異,我會適當增加一些補充的內(nèi)容來讓翻譯更通俗易懂。本文有許多專有名詞(如人物名字、地方名字、行政機構專屬名詞等),如有不準確的地方,還請各位大佬海涵與斧正,非常感謝?。?!
其中,紅色字體代表:補充內(nèi)容(原文沒有的)
? ? ? ? ???藍色字體代表:原文打了問號的(例如:? nicknamed ‘Chlorus’ ‘The Pale’)?

第二部分 君士坦丁堡的正式運行?.公元約330-476年
公元330年
East?東羅馬
11 May Dedication ceremony of Constantinople marks official inauguration of the new Eastern capital, with Alexander as Bishop.
? ? ? ? ? 君士坦丁堡的奉獻儀式標志著東羅馬新首都的正式落成,亞歷山大擔任主教。

公元331年
East/West?東/西羅馬
Constantine’s chief minister Ablabius consul.
? ? ? ? ? 君士坦丁的首席大臣是阿布拉比烏斯(執(zhí)政官,實際上,這時的執(zhí)政官只是一個榮譽職位,說明皇帝足夠重視他,但實際權力遠不如以前)。
Constantine confiscates pagan temple treasures.
? ? ? ? ? 君士坦丁沒收了異教神廟的財物。
? Foundation of St Peter’s Basilica, Rome.
? ? ? ? ? ?羅馬圣彼得大教堂的地基
Arius’ supporters, led by Bishop Eusebius of Nicomedia, appeal to Constantine.
? ? ? ? ? 阿里烏斯的支持者在尼科梅迪亞主教尤西比烏斯的帶領下,向君士坦丁呼吁。
6 November Birth of Constantine’s half-brother Julius. Constantius’ second son Julian, later Emperor.
? ? ? ? ? 11月6日 君士坦丁同父異母的兄弟——朱利葉斯·君士坦提烏斯(Julius Constantius,羅馬帝國的政治家,君士坦丁王朝的成員,是君士坦提烏斯·克洛魯斯皇帝與他的第二任妻子弗拉維婭·馬克西米亞娜·西奧多拉的兒子,是君士坦丁大帝同父異母的弟弟,朱利安的父親)的次子朱利安(尤利安)出生了,朱利安后來成為了皇帝。

公元332年
East 東羅馬
Sarmatians (in modern Wallachia) appeal to Constantine for help against Goths on steppes; Constantine and second son Constantius march into steppes to defeat Goths and Greeks in Cherson (Crimea) attack Goths in rear; Goths surrender and hand over hostages including son of ‘King’.
? ? ? ? ? 薩爾馬提亞人(在現(xiàn)代的瓦拉幾亞)向君士坦丁求助,要求幫助他們對付草原上的哥特人;君士坦丁和次子君士坦丁二世(如果是次子的話,應該是君士坦丁二世Flavius Claudius Constantinus)進軍草原,擊敗哥特人,在赫爾松(克里米亞)的希臘人從后方攻擊哥特人;哥特人投降并交出人質(zhì),包括其"國王"的兒子。
Constantine agrees to Arian and Alexandrian ‘Meletian’ faction’s requests for trial of Athanasius on trumped-up charges, he is acquitted.
? ? ? ? ? 君士坦丁同意阿里烏派和亞歷山大' Melitians '派(Melitians ,有時被稱為殉道者教會,是埃及早期的基督教教派。他們由艾斯尤特的主教 Melitius于 306 年創(chuàng)立,并作為一個小團體幸存到 8 世紀)的要求,以莫須有的罪名審判亞他那修,他被無罪釋放了。

公元333年
West/East 東/西羅馬
Constantine’s third son Constans made ‘Caesar’.
? ? ? ? ? 君士坦丁的第三個兒子君士坦斯被封為 "凱撒"。
Constantine’s half-brother Dalmatius consul, then goes to Antioch as ‘Censor’.
? ? ? ? ? 君士坦丁的同父異母兄弟達爾馬提烏斯(弗拉維烏斯·達爾馬提烏斯(Flavius Dalmatius,卒于 337 年),也被稱為監(jiān)察官達爾馬提烏斯( Dalmatius the Censor),他是一名監(jiān)察官(333 年),是 4 世紀初 統(tǒng)治羅馬帝國的君士坦丁王朝的成員)是執(zhí)政官,后來去安提阿擔任 "監(jiān)察官"。

公元334年
East 東羅馬
Constantius sent to Antioch as ‘Vicar’ of Eastern dioceses; Constantine’s eldest son Constantine granted Vicariate of Britain, Gaul, and Spain and Constans of Italy, Africa, and upper Danube.
? ? ? ? ?君士坦提烏斯(二世)被派往安提阿擔任東方教區(qū)的 "代理";君士坦丁的長子君士坦丁(二世Flavius Claudius Constantinus)被授予不列顛、高盧和西班牙的代理權,君士坦斯被授予意大利、非洲和多瑙河上游的代理權。
Constantine campaigns against Sarmatians, but loses nerve and abandons camp to retire by sea as attack threatened by superior enemy force.
? ? ? ? ? 君士坦丁對薩爾馬提亞人發(fā)動戰(zhàn)爭,但由于受到多于己方的敵軍攻擊,他失去了戰(zhàn)斗的勇氣,放棄了營地,從海上撤退了。
Athanasius tried at Caesarea (Palestine) for magic practices and murder, at instigation of ‘Meletian’ faction in Alexandria; he is acquitted after produces a Bishop the charges said had been murdered by him.
? ? ? ? ? 亞他那修在凱撒利亞(巴勒斯坦)因受亞歷山大'Meletian'派的唆使、以魔法行為和謀殺罪受審;在出現(xiàn)了一位被指控的主教后,他被無罪釋放。

公元335年
East/West 東/西羅馬
Constantine makes the younger Dalmatius ‘Caesar’ and destined successor in lower Danube lands; his brother Hannibalianus to rule Pontus and Armenia.
? ? ? ? ? 君士坦丁讓年輕的達爾馬提烏斯成為 "凱撒",并指定其為多瑙河下游地區(qū)的繼承人;他的兄弟漢尼拔亞努斯則統(tǒng)治龐特和亞美尼亞。
Rebellion of Calocaerus, commander of Camel Corps in Cyprus; defeated and killed by Dalmatius.
? ? ? ? ? 駐塞浦路斯駱駝軍團指揮官卡洛卡魯斯叛亂;被達爾馬提烏斯擊敗并殺害。
August Church council at Tyre, where Arian Bishop Eusebius of Nicomedia secures Athanasius’ deposition for acts unworthy of Christian Bishop; he shows Constantine evidence that Athanasius threatened dock-strike at Alexandria to halt grain-supplies to Constantinople; Athanasius exiled to Trier.
? ? ? ? ? 8月,在提爾舉行的教會會議上,尼科美迪亞的阿里派主教尤西比烏斯以不符合基督教主教身份的行為罷免了亞他那修;他向君士坦丁出示證據(jù),證明亞他那修威脅要在亞歷山大碼頭罷工以阻止對君士坦丁堡的糧食供應;亞他那修被流放至特里爾。
Constantine holds inauguration of Church of Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem, with accompanying Church council to reconcile orthodox ‘Nicenes’ and Arians; Bishop Marcellus of Ancyra refuses to attend so he is deposed.
? ? ? ? ?君士坦丁在耶路撒冷舉行了圣墓教堂的落成典禮,同時召開了教會會議,他調(diào)和了正統(tǒng)的 "尼西亞"派和阿里教派;安西拉的馬塞勒斯主教拒絕出席,因此他被廢黜了。
31 December Death of Bishop Sylvester of Rome.
? ? ? ? ?12月31日 羅馬的西爾維斯特主教去世了。
? Constantine settles Sarmatians in Empire.
? ? ? ? ? ?君士坦丁將薩爾馬提亞人安置在帝國內(nèi)。

?公元336年
West?西羅馬
18 January Mark becomes Bishop of Rome.
? ? ? ? ? 1月18日,馬克成為羅馬主教。
East?東羅馬
Hannibalianus, as designated ‘King of Kings’, marches into Armenia and
restores Roman authority.
? ? ? ? ?漢尼拔亞努斯作為 "萬王之王",進軍亞美尼亞,恢復了羅馬的權威。
Early Athanasius deposed by council at Constantinople; Arius is invited to
capital to be reconciled with Constantine and receive communion and dies
suddenly there, according to his enemies in public lavatory.
? ? ? ? ? 亞他那修在早期被君士坦丁堡的議會廢黜;阿里烏斯被邀請到首都與君士坦丁和解,并接受圣餐。但他突然死在那里。據(jù)他的敵人說是死在公共廁所里的。
West?西羅馬
7 October Death of Bishop Mark.
? ? ? ? ? 10月7日,馬克主教逝世。

公元337年
West?西羅馬
6 February Julius elected Bishop of Rome.
? ? ? ? ? 2月6日 朱利葉斯當選為羅馬主教。
East?東羅馬
Paul succeeds Alexander as Bishop at Constantinople.
? ? ? ? ? 保羅接替亞歷山大成為君士坦丁堡的主教。
Shapur II of Persia invades Armenia, deporting and blinding King Diran; Constantine prepares war to take over Armenia and starts to march East to join troops at Antioch.
? ? ? ? ? 波斯的沙普爾二世入侵亞美尼亞,刺瞎并驅(qū)逐了迪蘭國王;君士坦丁為接管亞美尼亞而備戰(zhàn),并開始向東進軍,他在安提阿與部隊會合。
Constantine falls ill in Bithynia, receives baptism from the Arian Bishop Eusebius of Nicromedia at Helenopolis as condition deteriorates, and May dies at a nearby village aged probably 61/63.
? ? ? ? ? 君士坦丁在比提尼亞病倒了,在赫勒諾波利斯接受阿里派主教尤西比烏斯的洗禮,因為病情惡化,在附近的一個村莊去世了,去世時年齡可能是61/63歲。
Constantine’s campaign abandoned and body returned to Constantinople; sons join assembly of leadership in capital for funeral; Bishop Eusebius plots against Constantine’s half-brothers and nephews and spreads rumours.
? ? ? ? ? 君士坦丁的遠征計劃取消了,他的尸體被送回君士坦丁堡;他的兒子們在首都參加領導層集會,并參加父親君士坦丁的葬禮;尤西比烏斯主教策劃反對君士坦丁的同父異母兄弟和侄子,并散布謠言。
June Shapur invades Mesopotamia and unsuccessfuly besieges Nisibis; Bishop James dies during 63-day siege.
? ? ? ? ? 6月,沙普爾入侵美索不達米亞,圍攻尼西比斯未果;詹姆斯主教在63天的圍攻中死亡。
Constantine buried in Church of Holy Apostles at Constantinople, but his sons resist Dalmatius’ claim to lower Danube and Hannibalianus’ to Pontus and Armenia.
? ? ? ? ? 君士坦丁被埋葬在君士坦丁堡的圣徒教堂。他的兒子們抵制達爾馬提烏斯對多瑙河下游的要求、抵制漢尼拔亞努斯對龐都和亞美尼亞的要求。
Imperial guardsmen riot and murder Dalmatius, Hannibalianus, their father Dalmatius, and latter’s brother Julius Constantius together with some sympathetic ministers, probably at Constantius’ initiative – the sons of Constantine are left sole heirs. Julius’ sons Gallus and Julian hidden in church and are spared.
? ? ? ? ? 帝國衛(wèi)兵暴動,謀殺了尤利烏斯·君士坦提烏斯、漢尼拔以及他們的父親達爾馬提烏斯,后者的兄弟朱利葉斯-君士坦丁也死于暴亂之中,還有一些支持他們的大臣也遭殃,這可能是君士坦提烏斯(二世)的計劃—君士坦丁的兒子們被留下作為唯一的繼承人(君士坦丁的三個兒子——君士坦提烏斯二世、君士坦丁二世、君士坦斯一世)。朱利葉斯的兒子加勒斯和朱利安被藏在教堂里,得以幸免。
9 September Constantine’s sons agree to division of Empire in meeting at Viminiacum in Illyricum. Constantius sends Gallus to school at Tralles, and Julian to Nicomedia under Bishop Eusebius.
? ? ? ? ? 9月9日?,君士坦丁的兒子們在伊利里庫姆的維米尼亞庫姆會議上討論了帝國的劃分。君士坦提烏斯將蓋魯斯送到特拉勒斯的學校,將朱利安送到尤西比烏斯主教手下的尼科美迪亞。
Shapur of Persia attacks Nisibis.
? ? ? ? ? 波斯的沙普爾(Shapur)進攻尼西比斯。
Athanasius returns to Alexandria and Marcellus to Ancyra with the acceptance of the Emperors, but they are refused entry by opponents led by Arians; they return to West with other expelled anti-Arian Bishops and Bishop Julius publicly accepts orthodoxy and admits them to communion.
? ? ? ? ? 亞他那修回到亞歷山大,馬塞勒斯回到安西拉,并得到了皇帝的認可,但他們被阿里派領導的反對者拒絕入境;他們與其他被驅(qū)逐的反阿里派主教一起回到西方,朱利葉斯主教對外公開接受這批人,接納他們?yōu)槭ネ健?/p>
公元338年
West/East 東/西羅馬
September Division of Empire confirmed in formal agreement – Constantine II senior and in Spain, Gaul, and Britain; Constans Italy, Africa, Illyricum; Constantius East.
? ? ? ? ?9月,帝國的劃分在正式協(xié)議中得到確認--君士坦丁二世在西班牙、高盧和不列顛;君士坦斯在意大利、非洲、伊利里庫姆;君士坦提烏斯二世在東方。
East?東羅馬
Spring Constantius at Sirmium; he crosses Danube and campaigns successfully against Sarmatians.
? ? ? ? ? 春季,君士坦提烏斯二世在錫爾米烏姆;他穿過多瑙河,成功地打擊了薩爾馬提亞人。

公元339年
East 東羅馬
Constantius returns to Constantinople, deposes Bishop Paul, and replaces him with his Arian adviser Bishop Eusebius of Nicomedia; he starts Eastern tour en route to Persian war, as Persians withdraw to frontier.
? ? ? ? ? 君士坦提烏斯二世回到君士坦丁堡,用他的阿里烏派顧問——尼科梅迪亞的尤西比烏斯主教取代了保羅主教;當波斯人撤到邊境時,他開始在前往波斯邊境的途中進行東方之旅。

公元340年
East 東羅馬
Constantius at Antioch and starts campaigns against Persia. (or 341) Eusebius consecrates Ulfilas as Bishop to convert Goths – to Arianism.
? ? ? ? ? ?君士坦提烏斯二世在安提阿開始了對波斯的作戰(zhàn)行動。(或 341年) 尤西比烏斯任命烏爾菲拉斯為主教,他使哥特人皈依了阿里烏教義。
West 西羅馬
Constantine II attempts to invade Italy, but is ambushed near Aquileia and killed, aged 28; Constans rules all of West and proceeds to Trier to take over.
? ? ? ? ? ?君士坦丁二世試圖入侵意大利,但在阿奎萊亞附近遭到伏擊,被殺,時年28歲。君士坦斯統(tǒng)治了整個西部地區(qū),并前往特里爾接管事務。
Autumn Bishop Julius calls religious council at Rome which backs Athanasius and Marcellus of Ancyra as orthodox; he reproaches their congregations for deposing them without reference to other Bishops, particularly Rome, but Eastern Bishops do not attend or respond.
? ? ? ? ? ?秋季,朱利葉斯主教在羅馬召開宗教會議,會議支持亞他那修和安西拉的馬塞勒斯為正統(tǒng);他指責會眾在沒有征求其他主教,特別是羅馬的意見的情況下就把他們趕走,但東部的主教們沒有出席或作出回應。

公元341年
East?東羅馬
Constantius in Antioch for 6 January dedication of ‘Greek Church’ (cathedral); the accompanying Church Council there supports Eusebius of Nicomedia against Nicene orthodoxy as interpreted by Marcellus of Ancyra, omitting phrase in Nicene creed; Bishop Julius of Rome appeals for general Church Council.
? ? ? ? ? 君士坦提烏斯二世在安提阿為1月6日的 "希臘教堂"(大教堂)獻禮。隨后的教會會議支持尼科美迪亞的尤西比烏斯,反對安西拉的馬塞勒斯所解釋的尼西亞正統(tǒng),省略了尼西亞信條中的一些短語;羅馬的朱利葉斯主教呼吁召開教會總會議。
Death of Bishop Eudoxius of Constantinople; Paul elected after dispute and riots.
? ? ? ? ? 君士坦丁堡主教尤多克斯去世;保羅在爭議與騷亂后當選主教一職。

公元342年
East 東羅馬
? Death of theologian Bishop Eusebius of Nicomedia.
? ? ? ? ? ?神學家尼科美迪亞的尤西比烏斯主教去世了。
Constantius returns to Constantinople to sort out disputed election of Bishop, sacks Paul, and installs Macedonius.
? ? ? ? ? 君士坦提烏斯二世回到君士坦丁堡,解決有爭議的主教選舉問題,罷免了保羅,并扶持了馬塞多尼烏斯。
Western and Eastern Bishops assemble at Sardica/Sofia in Balkans to sort out the correct orthodoxy and the positions of Athanasius and of Marcellus of Ancyra.
? ? ? ? ? 西方和東方的主教們在巴爾干半島的薩迪卡/索菲亞集會,整理出正確的正統(tǒng)觀念以及對亞他那修和安西拉的馬塞勒斯的立場。

公元343年
East/West 東/西羅馬
(or end of 342) General Council at Sardica/Sofia, but it breaks up as Western Bishops insist on Athanasius and Marcellus of Ancyra participating and Easterners refuse, withdraw and anathematize all concerned; two separate Councils follow, and Western majority upholds Athanasius and Nicene orthodoxy and issues revised creed that can admit Marcellus (accused of ‘Sabellianism’) to communion but which East condemns; West also anathematizes pro-Arian Bishop Valens of Mursa.
? ? ? ? ? (或342年底)在薩迪卡/索非亞召開的總會議,西方主教堅持要求亞他那修和安西拉的馬塞勒斯參加;而東方人拒絕,他們退出并詛咒所有相關人員,因此會議破裂;隨后召開了兩個獨立的會議,西方多數(shù)人堅持亞他那修和尼西亞正統(tǒng),并發(fā)布修訂的信條,可以接納馬塞勒斯(被指控為 "薩伯利亞主義"),但東方對此強烈譴責;西方還詛咒穆爾薩的親阿里派主教瓦倫斯。
Constantius campaigns in Adiabene against Persia.
? ? ? ? ? 君士坦提烏斯二世在阿迪亞波納對波斯發(fā)動進攻。

公元344年
East 東羅馬
Stephen, Bishop of Antioch and opponent of Athanasius, discredited for attempt to frame a Bishop with a harlot during Constantius’ church council at Antioch.
? ? ? ? ? ?安提阿主教和亞他那修的反對者斯蒂芬(Stephen),因在君士坦提烏斯二世的教會會議期間試圖陷害主教與妓女而名譽掃地。
Persians invade Roman Armenia across the river Tigris; Constantius II defeated at battle of Singara.
? ? ? ? ? 波斯人越過底格里斯河入侵羅馬亞美尼亞;君士坦提烏斯二世在辛加拉之戰(zhàn)中被擊敗。

公元345年
East 東羅馬
Persians besiege Nisibis, which Constantius II relieves.
? ? ? ? ? 波斯人圍攻尼西比斯,君士坦提烏斯二世解救了它。

公元346年
East 東羅馬
Bishop Macedonius of Constantinople deposed; Paul restored.
? ? ? ? ? 君士坦丁堡的馬其頓(一世)主教被廢黜;保羅復職。
Athanasius visits Constantinople, gains imperial approval, and is allowed to return to Alexandria as Bishop; Gregory expelled.
? ? ? ? ? 亞他那修訪問了君士坦丁堡,他獲得了帝國的批準,并被允許回到亞歷山大城擔任主教;格雷戈里被驅(qū)逐。

公元348年
West 西羅馬
Constans holds Games to celebrate 1100th anniversary of traditional date of Rome’s foundation.
? ? ? ? ? 君士坦斯舉行運動會,慶祝羅馬傳統(tǒng)建城日期的1100周年。

公元350年
West/East 東/西羅馬
18 January Marcellinus the Count of Privy Purse (‘Res Privatae’) hails German general Magnentius as Emperor at his son’s birthday-party at Augustodunum, Gaul, while Constans is out hunting, troops join in and revolt and Constans is killed in flight, aged 33. Magnentius secures control of West, aided by his Arian wife Justina (later married to Valentinian I) and Marcellinus, and sends to Constantius who refuses to recognise him and marches West into Balkans.
? ? ? ? ? 1月18日,樞密院伯爵馬凱利努斯在高盧歐坦舉行的兒子生日宴會上,歡呼日耳曼將軍馬格尼提烏斯為皇帝。當時君士坦斯正外出打獵,他的軍隊加入馬格尼提烏斯并發(fā)動起義,君士坦斯在逃亡中被殺,時年33歲。馬格尼提烏斯在他的阿里安派的妻子賈斯蒂納(后來嫁給瓦倫提尼安一世)和馬塞利努斯的幫助下,確保了對西部的控制,并派人去找君士坦提烏斯二世;君士坦提烏斯二世拒絕承認其合法性,并進軍巴爾干地區(qū)。
Constantia, widow of Constantine I’s half-brother Hannibalianus, raises Vetranio, governor of Illynicum, to throne as her candidate but he refrains from fighting Constantius and assures him of good will.
? ? ? ? ? 君士坦丁一世(父親:君士坦提烏斯·克洛魯斯;母親:海倫娜)同父異母的兄弟漢尼拔亞努斯(父親:君士坦提烏斯·克洛魯斯;母親:弗拉維婭·馬克西米亞娜·西奧多拉)的遺孀君士坦蒂娜(君士坦丁大帝與第二任妻子法烏斯塔),將伊利尼庫姆的總督韋特拉尼奧推上王位作為候選人??偠奖苊馀c君士坦提烏斯二世作戰(zhàn),并向他保證會有好的結果。
3 June Nepotianus, nephew of Constantine I, leads revolt outside Rome and he enters to evict Praetorian Praefect Anicetus, 10 June Marcellinus restores Magnentius’ control of city after fighting, and Nepotianus and his mother Eutropia among the killed.
? ? ? ? ? 6月3日,君士坦丁一世的侄子尼波提安努斯在羅馬城外領導起義,他進城驅(qū)逐禁衛(wèi)軍禁衛(wèi)軍阿尼塞圖斯。6月10日,馬塞利努斯(馬格南蒂烏斯的將軍)在戰(zhàn)斗后恢復了馬格尼提烏斯對城市的控制,尼波提安努斯和他的母親歐特羅皮亞也被殺了。
Persia invades Armenia, deports King Tiridates II, and installs son Arsaces III as ruler. Late Constantius summons nephews Gallus and Julian from Cappadocian exile to Sirmium.
? ? ? ? ? 波斯入侵亞美尼亞,驅(qū)逐亞美尼亞的國王提里達特二世,并讓兒子阿爾薩塞斯三世成為當?shù)氐慕y(tǒng)治者。君士坦提烏斯二世后期將侄子加勒斯和朱利安從卡帕多西亞流放到錫爾米姆。

未? 完? 待? 續(xù)? !