眾包 / Crowdsourcing


「釋義」
眾包指的是一個(gè)公司或機(jī)構(gòu)把過去由員工執(zhí)行的工作任務(wù),以自由自愿的形式外包給非特定的(而且通常是大型的)大眾志愿者的做法。眾包的任務(wù)通常是由個(gè)人來承擔(dān),但如果涉及到需要多人協(xié)作完成的任務(wù),也有可能以依靠開源的個(gè)體生產(chǎn)的形式出現(xiàn)。在美國《連線》雜志2006年的6月刊上,記者Jeff Howe首次提出了眾包的概念。
“眾包”這一概念實(shí)際上是源于對(duì)企業(yè)創(chuàng)新模式的反思。傳統(tǒng)的產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新方法是,首先由生產(chǎn)商對(duì)市場進(jìn)行調(diào)查,然后根據(jù)調(diào)查結(jié)果找出消費(fèi)品的需求,最后再根據(jù)需求設(shè)計(jì)出新產(chǎn)品,但這種創(chuàng)新的投資回報(bào)率通常很低,甚至血本無歸。而如今,隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的愈發(fā)普及,消費(fèi)者的創(chuàng)新熱情和創(chuàng)新能力愈發(fā)彰顯出更大的能力和商業(yè)價(jià)值,以“用戶生成內(nèi)容”(user-generated content)為代表的創(chuàng)新民主化正在成為一種趨勢。
「應(yīng)用場景」
眾包已迅速崛起,成為企業(yè)的主流創(chuàng)新渠道。集體的力量似乎能夠解決所有類型的創(chuàng)新問題——既能提出新玩具的創(chuàng)意,又能為緊迫的科學(xué)難題提供解決方案。從理論上講,群體擁有無窮的潛力:一大群各種各樣的人,其中有來自全球各地、各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的專家,他們聚在一起應(yīng)該會(huì)有全新的視角,能夠?yàn)榧榷▎栴}提供突破性的深入洞察。
Crowdsourcing is fast emerging as a mainstream innovation channel for companies. It seems like the crowd has an answer to all sorts of innovation problems – they can come up with ideas for new toys and generate solutions to pressing scientific challenges. In theory, the crowd holds tremendous potential: A large, diverse group of people, consisting of experts and others from all over the world, should have fresh perspectives to bring about breakthrough insights on a given problem.
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然而在實(shí)踐中,大多數(shù)眾包行動(dòng)最后都無疾而終,只帶來一大堆毫無用處的建議。BP公司的眾包行動(dòng)就是一例。2010年,深水地平線鉆井平臺(tái)爆炸,引發(fā)有史以來最大規(guī)模的漏油事故,BP在迫切無奈之中轉(zhuǎn)向公眾,尋求清理漏油的良策。僅幾周內(nèi),該公司就從100多個(gè)國家收到大約12.3萬個(gè)建議。梳理這些建議耗費(fèi)了巨大的時(shí)間和精力,而公司最終發(fā)現(xiàn),大多數(shù)建議根本完全無用——這個(gè)過程被描述成“付出大量努力卻收效甚微”。
In practice, however, most crowdsourcing initiatives end up with an overwhelming amount of useless ideas. Consider BP’s crowdsourcing initiative. When a 2010 explosion on the Deepwater Horizon rig caused the largest oil spill in history, a desperate BP turned to the public to find ways to clean it up. The company received around 123,000 ideas from more than 100 countries within just a few weeks. Sifting these ideas was an enormous undertaking, and most of them turned out to be completely unusable – it was described as “a lot of effort for little result.”
《眾包因何無效?》
奧古斯·阿卡
2020年2月刊
“Why Crowdsourcing Often Leads to Bad Ideas”
by Oguz A. Acar
編輯:馬冰侖?