In the past, the Red and Soviet Army were equipped with flamethrowers Tanks built on the basis of serial technology. In domestic practice, such a technique was created by retrofitting the finished armored vehicle with the necessary units. The jet flamethrower expanded the capabilities of the tank, but its characteristics could be insufficient to effectively destroy some targets. Further development of flamethrower weapons led to the appearance of jet flamethrowers. One of the first samples of this kind was proposed to be used as part of the so-called. assault flamethrower machine.

過去，蘇聯(lián)紅軍曾裝備過一些建立在一系列技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)之上的噴火坦克。在國內(nèi)實踐中，這種技術(shù)是通過對組裝好的裝甲載具進行必要的改裝而制造出來的。壓縮氣體噴射式火焰發(fā)射器擴大了坦克的能力，但它的特性可能（導(dǎo)致其）不足以有效摧毀一些目標。火焰噴射器的進一步發(fā)展導(dǎo)致了壓縮氣體噴射式火焰發(fā)射器的出現(xiàn)。這類最早的試驗車之一被提議發(fā)展為所謂的火焰噴射突擊車。

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In the early sixties, it became clear that existing jet flamethrowers, including those with gunpowder emissions, no longer have a future. The firing range reached maximum values, and its increase was either impossible or required unreasonable complication?weapons. In this regard, the Soviet military, scientists and engineers recalled a different way to deliver flammable liquids to targets. Ognesmes should be sent to the target in a container-projectile with an active or reactive launch method. The container ensured that the entire charge of the mixture was delivered to the target without loss, which ensured the growth of the flamethrower’s power.
在六十年代初，很明顯（當(dāng)時）現(xiàn)有的壓縮氣體噴射式噴火器【譯者注：以下簡稱“JFt”】，包括那些火藥燃氣助推式噴火器【譯者注：以下簡稱“GFt”】，它們的前途一片黑暗。當(dāng)時它們的射程陸續(xù)達到最大值，增加它的射程是不可能的，或者說需要一些不合理且復(fù)雜的武器。在這方面，蘇聯(lián)軍方、科學(xué)家和工程師想到了一些向目標投送易燃液體的不同方法。Ognesmes應(yīng)以主動發(fā)射或被動發(fā)射的方法的將容器彈丸射向目標。該容器彈丸確保了（易燃）混合物的全部裝藥毫無損失地投射到目標，從而提高了火焰噴射器的威力。

New weapon
一款新型的武器

In 1961, the country's military and political leadership launched a research project, the purpose of which was to study the concept of a rocket flamethrower for promising samples of armored vehicles. The program attracted a number of research and development organizations. They had to find the best options for container shells, choose the right fire mix and work out the look of the launcher. In the future, the launcher-flamethrower should have been used on promising models of armored vehicles.
1961年，該國的軍事和政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層啟動了一個研究項目，目的是研究火箭火焰噴射器的理念，并安裝在有前景的裝甲載具之上。該項目吸引了許多研究和開發(fā)組織。他們必須找到容器炮彈的最佳選擇，選擇正確的火力組合，并確定發(fā)射器的外觀。在未來，發(fā)射器火焰噴射器應(yīng)該被用于有前景的裝甲載具中。

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Experimental EPU-180 launcher, left rear view

EPU-180型發(fā)射裝置，左后側(cè)視角

The main contribution to the new research was made by the experts of the VNII-100. Already in the early sixties, they formed the look of a new complex, and also developed several weapon variants. New type of flamethrowers were similar to each other, but differed in caliber, dimensions and characteristics. Of greatest interest was the experimental launcher EPU-180. It was she who was later used in the project of a promising assault self-propelled gun.

VNII-100的專家對這項新研究做出了主要貢獻。早在（20世紀）60年代初，他們就建立了一個新的綜合體外觀，并開發(fā)了幾種武器變體。新型火焰噴射器彼此相似，但在口徑、尺寸和特性上有所不同。最令人感興趣的是實驗性發(fā)射裝置EPU-180。正是她后來被用于一種“前景廣闊”的突擊自行火炮的項目。

The EPU-180 product was a recoilless closed-type weapon with a rifled guide rail. The barrel caliber 180 mm had attachments for mounting a breech with a bolt, as well as pins with which the gun could be mounted on a machine or armored vehicle. Loading ammunition was carried out from the breech. Such a flamethrower could be used on various models of armored vehicles, but its installation along with the standard weapon was excluded. The new EPU-180 differed from the previous powder flame throwers with increased dimensions, which imposed restrictions on its installation and use.

EPU-180產(chǎn)品是一種有膛線且無后坐力的封閉式武器。180毫米口徑的炮管可用于安裝帶螺紋炮閂的后膛附件，（后部）還有用于將炮安裝在汽車或裝甲載具上的銷釘，彈藥從后膛裝填。這種火焰噴射器可以用于各種型號的裝甲載具，但其與標準武器的安裝被排除在外。新的EPU-180與以前的火藥燃氣助推式火焰噴射器（GFt）不同，它的尺寸變大了，（這一特點也）限制了其安裝和使用。

For EPU-180 developed several options so-called. fire shells. First of all, the proposed product of the active type. They represented a kind of artillery shells with a cylindrical thin-walled body and a large internal cavity, which was proposed to fill with a combustible mixture. At different stages, liquid, viscous and metallized compounds were considered. The shell was equipped with a conical warhead with a fuse. On the longitudinal axis of the body was placed the explosive charge, necessary for the effective destruction of the projectile and splashing of the fire mixture in the surrounding space. It was also proposed to use projectile active-reactive type. In this case, at least half the length of the hull was given for the installation of a compact solid-fuel jet engine. The remaining volume occupied a reduced charge of fuel composition.

（研究人員還）對EPU-180開發(fā)了幾個所謂的項目。（第一個是）火焰炮彈（項目）。首先，它是一種發(fā)射型的裝置。它是一種具有圓柱形薄壁體并擁有大內(nèi)腔的炮彈，炮彈內(nèi)部計劃用可燃混合物填充。在不同情況下，設(shè)計師還考慮給內(nèi)部填充液體、粘性和金屬化化合物。炮彈上裝有一個帶引信的錐形彈頭。彈體的中心位置裝有炸藥，這是有效爆破彈丸并向周圍空間拋濺混合燃燒物的必須條件。也有人建議采用彈丸主動-反應(yīng)型（項目）。如果使用了這種項目，那么至少有一半的車體長度會被用于安裝緊湊型固體燃料噴氣專用設(shè)備【譯者注：即噴射型火焰發(fā)射器的改進版，該設(shè)備可大大加長火焰的噴射距離】。剩余的體積也造成了燃燒物的裝載量減少。

Soon began the development of a third ammunition. To expand the range of tasks to be solved, it was proposed to create a high-explosive projectile, in its structure similar to firing. The only difference was the filling of the head of the case: instead of the fire mixture it contained an explosive charge.

（專家們）很快就開始研發(fā)第三種彈藥。為了擴大能執(zhí)行的任務(wù)的范圍，（軍方）建議研制一種結(jié)構(gòu)類似于發(fā)射用的高爆彈（的炮彈）。（它與高爆彈）唯一的區(qū)別是炮彈前部的填充：它并未裝有混合燃燒物，而是將炸藥安置在其中。

An active 180 caliber of shells, mm, was supposed to have a length of 840 mm and a mass of 40 kg, of which 15 kg was in the fire mix. The projectile was larger and had a length of 1100 mm. Its mass increased to 45 kg, but the charge was reduced to 9 kg. The specific design of the projectile was supposed to limit the flight speed and affect the firing range. At reasonable elevation angles of the launcher, the range did not exceed 1000-1200 m. According to calculations, in the summer, an active projectile could hit living force in open areas up to 450 sq. M. In the cold season, the area of the “burning out” area was reduced to 330 sq.m.

這是一枚直徑為180mm的炮彈，長840mm，質(zhì)量40公斤，其中15公斤是混合燃燒物。它的彈丸更大，長度為1100mm，質(zhì)量增加到45公斤，但裝藥量減少到9公斤。炮彈的具體設(shè)計會限制飛行速度并影響射程。在發(fā)射器的合適仰角下，它的射程不超過1000-1200米。根據(jù)計算，在夏季，一枚該型炮彈可以在爆心周圍450m2的開闊區(qū)域中產(chǎn)生威力巨大的殺傷效果。在寒冷季節(jié)，“燃盡”后的區(qū)域的面積減少到了330 m2。

Breech EPU-180

EPU-180的后膛部位

In 1961-62, the VNII-100 manufactured several experimental flame throwers of various types, including an experimental EPU-180. After checking on the stand, this product was installed on the existing armored vehicle. The first carrier of the jet flamethrower was a converted self-propelled gun ISU-152. With it removed the staff gun ML-20, and in its place installed a new weapon. At this stage, it became clear that the rocket flamethrower can not be installed on an existing platform with its standard weapon. Probably, these conclusions soon led to the emergence of a full-fledged project of a promising assault self-propelled installation.

在 1961年至1962 年，VNII-100項目量產(chǎn)了幾種各種類型的實驗性火焰噴射器，包括實驗性的 EPU-180（火焰噴射器）。在經(jīng)過了試驗臺上的檢驗后，該產(chǎn)品便被安裝在現(xiàn)有的裝甲載具上。一輛改裝后的ISU-152自行火炮“光榮”地作為了壓縮氣體噴射式火焰發(fā)射器（JFt）的第一個載體。該車作為底盤，移除了原有的ML-20火炮，并在其位置上安裝了新武器。顯而易見的是，在這個底盤上，火箭彈式火焰噴射器（RFt）不能將其標配武器（也就是火箭助推燃燒彈）安裝在現(xiàn)有平臺上。也許，正是這些結(jié)論很快就導(dǎo)致了一個前景廣闊且（技術(shù)）成熟的突擊自行式裝置項目的出現(xiàn)。

New armored car

The findings after testing experienced MIS-152 led to the start of a new phase of work. Experts of the VNII-100 took up the study of the installation of the EPU-180 product on various armored platforms, both serial and advanced. As the future carriers of such weapons were considered the chassis of medium tanks - T-55, "432 Object" and "167 Object". At the same time, the tank, regardless of its specific type, needed the most serious restructuring of the combat compartment. In fact, it was necessary to create a completely new car based on one of the existing ones.

在經(jīng)過對MIS-152的一系列測試后，一些發(fā)現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致了新階段工作的開始。VNII-100的專家開始研究EPU-180產(chǎn)品在一系列高級裝甲平臺上的安裝。由于此類武器的未來載體被規(guī)定為T-55中型坦克、“432工程”和“167工程”的底盤。同時，無論其特定類型如何，該坦克都需要對戰(zhàn)斗艙室進行最嚴格的重組。事實上，（工程師們）有必要在現(xiàn)有底盤的基礎(chǔ)上創(chuàng)造一個全新的底盤。

An optimal medium tank “Object 167” - the option of further development of the serial T-62 with updated powerplant and chassis - considered the optimal base for future self-propelled guns. It was planned to borrow from the tank most of the hull, powerplant and chassis. The tower and equipment of the fighting compartment were removed; it was also planned to remake the department of management. The front and central parts of the corps were combined into a habitable compartment with the functions of the fighting compartment. It was necessary to enter the styling for ammunition and a new weapon.

最佳的中型坦克——“167工程”是對進一步開發(fā)具有更新動力裝置和底盤的T-62系列坦克的不二之選，同時，它也被認定為是未來自行火炮的最佳基礎(chǔ)（底盤）。它計劃借用該型坦克的大部分車體、動力裝置以及底盤。戰(zhàn)斗艙中的炮塔和設(shè)備被拆除，此外，（官方）還計劃改裝車輛的管控系統(tǒng)。車體的前部和中央部分被組合成一個具有戰(zhàn)斗艙功能的可居住隔間?，F(xiàn)在，開啟彈藥和新武器的造型設(shè)計工作是十萬火急的。

The new project, which did not receive an official designation, provided for the use of the revised tank hull of the “167 Object”. First of all, a new frontal part of a modified form with a gun mount was proposed. No superstructure or chopping over the fighting compartment was used. An interesting consequence of this was a sharp reduction in the size of the car in comparison with the base tank. Its height was determined mainly by the roof of not the tallest building.
盡管新項目沒有得到官方指定，但（有關(guān)部門還是）規(guī)定使用基于“167工程”修改后的坦克車體。首先，（工程師們）提出了一種帶有改良炮架的新型正面部件。車體上沒有加裝炮塔，也沒有對作戰(zhàn)艙進行分劃隔離。這恰巧導(dǎo)致了一個有趣的結(jié)果：與基礎(chǔ)油箱相比，車體的尺寸大幅減小。整車的高度主要是由非炮塔的頂部離地高度決定的。

The aft compartment of the hull accommodates a B-26 diesel engine with 700 horsepower. and manual transmission. From the 167 Object, the assault installation received a landing gear with six road wheels with a torsion bar aboard. Apparently, all units of the chassis without changes should have been borrowed from the base armored vehicles. Among other things, it was supposed to provide a certain similarity in driving performance.

車體的后艙可容納一臺 26 馬力的 B-700 柴油發(fā)動機和手動變速箱。從“167工程”中我們可以看到：它的底盤上安裝了一個帶有六個扭桿懸掛負重輪系統(tǒng)的避震裝置。顯然，底盤的所有單元都沒有變化，這應(yīng)該從基礎(chǔ)的裝甲載具上“借來”的。除其他外，它還在駕駛性能方面（同其它裝甲載具一樣）具有一定的相似性。

Active type fire projectile

主動型火焰炮彈

The front of the case served as a fighting compartment. It was proposed to mount the EPU-180 gun on the frontal installation of the hull. It was possible to provide horizontal guidance in the sector width 20 ° and vertical angles from -5 ° to + 25 °. The designers abandoned the loader, replacing it with automation. Immediately behind the instrument were the aggregates of the automatic loader. Almost the entire central compartment of the hull was a large mechanized installation. All types of shells were placed parallel to the longitudinal axis of the machine on two racks, one after the other. In four horizontal stacking rows placed before 60 shots.

底盤的正面變成了一個戰(zhàn)斗室。也有人提議將EPU-180火炮安裝在車體的前部，這樣就可以在扇區(qū)寬度20°和垂直角度-5°至+25°范圍內(nèi)肆意攻擊地方目標了。似乎，設(shè)計者并未在車上給裝填手預(yù)留有座位，而是將自動裝彈機安裝了上去。緊挨在裝彈機的正后方是它的相關(guān)精密結(jié)構(gòu)。幾乎整個車體中央艙都是一個大型的機械化裝置。所有類型的炮彈都平行于裝彈機的縱軸放置在兩個彈藥架上，一個接著一個。在進行60次射擊前，（它們將被）水平放置在四個（不同的）彈藥架中。

According to calculations, the automatic loader allowed to get the rate of fire to 10 shots per minute. The maximum firing range of the fire projectile was determined in 1200 m. The target of the armored vehicle was to be the enemy's living force in open areas and in unprotected buildings, as well as some types of equipment and structures.

根據(jù)計算，自動裝彈機可以將火炮射速提高到10發(fā)每分鐘。炮彈所能達到的最大射程確定為1200米。該車的目標是在開闊地區(qū)的敵人和未加固房屋中的有生力量，以及某些類型的設(shè)備和建筑。

The crew of the assault self-propelled installation included only two people - the commander-gunner and the driver. The crew members were in front of the car, on the sides of the gun. Above them were hatches with viewing devices. All the necessary controls for driving or using weapons were placed in the workplace. Crew reduction was facilitated by the use of automatic loader and other design innovations.

突擊自行火炮的車載人員僅包括兩個人——駕駛員，車長兼炮手。兩名坦克乘員全坐在車體前部，分布在火炮的兩側(cè)。在他們上方是帶有觀察裝置的艙口。駕駛控制裝置和武器操縱裝置的都安裝在在工作區(qū)域（也就是車體前部）。自動裝載機和其他創(chuàng)新的設(shè)計使得乘員數(shù)目降低。

As you can see, the total length of the assault installation, taking into account the gun, exceeded 9-9,5 m. Width - 3,3 m, height - only 1,76 m. Combat weight was reduced to 28 t. ". The latter on the highway accelerated to 167 km / h, had a cruising range of 60 km, and could overcome various obstacles. There is reason to believe that the flamethrower self-propelled gun could show greater speed and mobility. At the same time, the protruding trunk seriously restricted the maneuverability on rough terrain.
正如你所看到的，算上炮管長度的話，該車的總體長度超過了9m—9.5m。寬度為3.3m，高度僅為1.76m。戰(zhàn)斗重量降至28噸。后者可以在高速公路上加速至167公里/小時，巡航距離為60公里，可以克服各種障礙。軍方也有理由相信，噴火式自行火炮可以表現(xiàn)出更大的速度和機動性。同時，那修長的車身也嚴重限制了其在崎嶇地形上的機動性。

According to some sources, the project of an assault flame thrower was brought to the construction and testing of the prototype. The available tank chassis was re-equipped as required, and then sent to the landfill. During the tests, it was planned to check all the basic qualities of the resulting sample and draw conclusions about its prospects and future.

據(jù)一些消息來源稱，突擊噴火車項目曾被納入原型的建造和測試。根據(jù)需要重新配備了可用的坦克底盤，然后將其送往了廢品填埋場。在整個測試過程中計劃檢查所得樣品的所有基本質(zhì)量，并就其前景和未來得出結(jié)論。

Jet ammunition for EPU-180

適用于EPU-180火炮的火箭噴氣式彈藥

Tests of the experimental machine passed in the early sixties. During inspections, her gun made an 53 shot at targets. The conclusions drawn from the test results can be judged only by other data on the development of domestic rocket flame throwers. Apparently, the presented sample did not suit the designers and the military. Further development of the concept implemented in the new project did not make sense. New weapons should be used in a different way.

原型車的測試在60年代初就通過了。在測試期間，她的火炮共向目標發(fā)射了53發(fā)火焰炮彈。從試驗結(jié)果中得出的結(jié)論只能通過國內(nèi)火箭彈式火焰發(fā)射器（RFt）發(fā)展的其他數(shù)據(jù)來判斷。顯然，所提供的樣品不適合設(shè)計師和軍方。在新項目中實踐的概念的進一步發(fā)展（以此來看）沒有意義。新武器應(yīng)該以不同的方式投入使用。

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Results and consequences
結(jié)局

The proposed project of a new flamethrower cannon and a self-propelled artillery installation under it was of some interest, but could not find a place in the army. With all its advantages, these systems had a number of significant drawbacks that prevented their effective use on the battlefield. However, the project experience did not disappear, and soon found application in the development of new artillery and flame-throwing systems.

一門新的火焰噴射炮及其下的自行火炮裝置的擬議項目引起了（軍方的）一些興趣，但是它絕對不可能在軍隊中出現(xiàn)。盡管這些系統(tǒng)有其獨特的優(yōu)點，但也有許多顯著的缺點，這也就自然而然地阻礙了它們在戰(zhàn)場上的有效使用。然而，研究該項目所獲得的的經(jīng)驗并沒有消失，而是很快就在新型火炮和火焰噴射設(shè)備的開發(fā)中得到了應(yīng)用。

One of the main problems of assault self-propelled guns was associated with the type of used chassis. It was based on the experienced medium tank "Object 167", which never reached the series. The basic elements of the self-propelled gun could be transferred to another chassis, but this would lead to delays in the work, as well as the need for a new test cycle. It is unlikely that the customer could arrange such features of the project.
突擊自行火炮的主要問題之一與其所用底盤的類型有關(guān)。它以閱歷豐富的“167工程”中型坦克為基礎(chǔ)，但從未進入到該系列中。自行火炮的基本部件可以轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個底盤上，但這將導(dǎo)致工作延遲，并需要新的測試周期?？蛻舨惶赡馨才旁擁椖康拇祟惞δ軠y試。

However, the fate of the project was primarily affected by the features of the proposed weapons. EPU-180 was a completely new specialized system without any unification with other weapons of the ground forces. At the same time she had a specific ratio of basic combat qualities. The shells of the new types combined a relatively short firing range with high power.

然而，該項目的命運主要受到擬議中的武器的特性的影響。EPU-180 是一種全新的專用型（武器）系統(tǒng)，它自身與地面部隊的其他武器沒有任何相似之處。同時，她還具備特定比例的基本作戰(zhàn)品質(zhì)。新型炮彈也結(jié)合了相對較短的射程和強力的殺傷效果。

It should also be borne in mind that fire-projectiles can only be used against specific targets, and this reduced the overall potential of the self-propelled gun. In particular, she could not effectively deal with armored vehicles having good protection. Thus, the prospective model needed not only further improvement, but also the search for methods of its combat use. He needed to find a place in the structure of the ground forces.

還應(yīng)牢記的是，該炮彈只能用于對付特定目標，這降低了該自行火炮的整體潛力。特別強調(diào)，它甚至無法有效地對付有良好防護的裝甲車。因此，該預(yù)期模型不僅需要進一步改進，還需要摸索出其專門的作戰(zhàn)方法。它需要在地面部隊的組成結(jié)構(gòu)中找到一個屬于自己的位置。

Scheme assault flamethrower machine

突擊噴火坦克方案

With a special combination of technical characteristics and combat qualities, the assault flame-thrower installation from the VNII-100 failed to interest potential customers. By the mid-sixties, work on this project was halted due to the lack of real prospects. However, the developments on the new flamethrower systems have not disappeared. In the very near future, new projects were launched with real results.

憑借技術(shù)特性和戰(zhàn)斗品質(zhì)的特殊組合，VNII-100型突擊噴火坦克未能引起潛在客戶的興趣。到（二十世紀）六十年代中期，由于缺乏真正的前景，該項目的工作停止了。然而，新型火焰噴射系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展并沒有停下腳步。不久以后，新項目成功啟動并取得了實際成果。

According to the results of the pilot project, the military and the designers came to the conclusion that it was necessary to abandon active-rocket shots in favor of full-fledged rockets. Such products could show increased flight range and carry an increased charge of the fire mixture. To enhance the impact on the target, it was proposed to use the principles of a volumetric explosion. With the further development of these ideas, the appearance of a new combat vehicle called the “heavy flamethrowing machine” was formed. Later, based on this concept, the Buratino TOC-1 combat vehicle was created.

根據(jù)試點項目的結(jié)果，軍方和設(shè)計者得出的結(jié)論是：有必要現(xiàn)役的火箭彈發(fā)射方案，轉(zhuǎn)而使用成熟的火箭彈設(shè)計項目。這樣以來就可以擴大火箭彈的飛行距離，還能攜帶易燃混合物。為了增強對目標的沖擊，（專家還）建議使用體積爆炸【譯者注：可能是指“粉塵爆炸”】的原理。隨著這些思想的進一步發(fā)展，一種名為“重型噴火坦克”的新型坦克橫空出世。后來，基于這一概念，布拉蒂諾?TOS-1噴火坦克便應(yīng)運而生。

* * *

結(jié)語：

By the early sixties, flamethrowers with different throwing methods had exhausted their potential, and the growth of their characteristics had stopped. It took the search for new ideas and solutions, soon yielding real results. The first results of the work were an experimental jet-thrower EPU-180 and a self-propelled gun carrying this weapon. These samples, like many other early designs of their classes, were not without flaws, and therefore did not leave the test stage. Nevertheless, in the framework of the new projects, the foundation was laid for the further development of flamethrowing weapons. With it, new models were created, which are still in service.

到了六十年代初，使用不同噴射方法的火焰發(fā)射器的潛力已經(jīng)快被開發(fā)完了，其特性的增加也已經(jīng)停止。（研究者們）需要尋找新的想法和解決方案，很快，真正的結(jié)果就產(chǎn)生了。這項工作的第一個結(jié)果是一個實驗性的EPU-180噴火器和一輛攜帶這種武器的自行火炮。這些樣品，就像他們同類的許多早期設(shè)計一樣，并非沒有缺陷，因此該車也從來沒有離開過測試階段。然而，在新項目的框架內(nèi)，這些摸索為進一步發(fā)展火焰拋射類武器奠定了基礎(chǔ)。正因為有了它，新的噴火坦克才得以誕生，這些“新兵”們目前仍在軍隊中為國家服役。

譯者說：天馬行空的想象換不來天衣無縫的設(shè)計，但工程師們從未放棄過任何可能。盡管這輛“突擊噴火坦克”從一開始就注定失敗，可面對科研路上的種種困難，沒有人向它們低頭??！這就是工匠精神的內(nèi)核所在，精益求精，一絲不茍。同時也告誡著人們：只有努力做好每件分內(nèi)的事，我們才能有所發(fā)展、成就。VNII-100可能是失敗的，而背后千千萬萬辛苦工作的研究人員絕對是成功的?！安徽摤F(xiàn)實怎么劈砍我，吾都坦然面對”，正是VNII-100的研制工作為后輩又鋪墊了一條道路，也正是科研人員的此般精神，才能支撐起這份獨一無二的研究。

參考書目：

Solyankin A. G., Pavlov M. V., Pavlov I. V., Zheltov I. G. Domestic armored vehicles. XX century. - M .: Zeihgauz, 2010. - T. 3. 1946 – 1965.
Pavlov, M.V., Pavlov, I.V. Domestic armored vehicles 1945-1965 // Technique and weapons, 2011. No.11.

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