TED演講者：Heidi Hammel / 海蒂·哈默爾

演講標(biāo)題：The marvels and mysteries revealed by the James Webb Space Telescope / 詹姆斯·韋伯太空望遠(yuǎn)鏡揭露的奇觀與奧秘

內(nèi)容概要：From favorite moons to the search for alien life, astronomer Heidi Hammel discusses the latest in astronomy and the breakthrough innovations behind her work with NASA's James Webb Space Telescope. In conversation with science journalist Nadia Drake, Hammel shares how scientists are studying objects that are farther away and older than ever before, searching for answers to how our universe evolved -- and what else might be out there.

從對(duì)衛(wèi)星的喜好到對(duì)外星生命的搜尋，宇航員海蒂·哈默爾談?wù)撝煳膶W(xué)的最新消息和她為 NASA 詹姆斯·韋伯太空望遠(yuǎn)鏡工作背后的那些突破性創(chuàng)新。與記者納迪婭·德雷克，哈默爾分享著科學(xué)家們?nèi)绾窝芯繌奈锤爬虾瓦b遠(yuǎn)的的物體，尋找著關(guān)于我們宇宙演化方式的答案——以及那外面還能有什么。

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【1】Nadia Drake: Well, I do want to ask you about the sharpest new shiny space telescope in the shed which happens to be here, the James Webb Space Telescope, or JWST.

納迪婭·德雷克:那么, 我想從你那兒知道關(guān)于 裝備庫(kù)里最先進(jìn)和時(shí)髦, 且富有光澤的太空望遠(yuǎn)鏡的事情; 而它正好在這兒, 詹姆斯·韋伯太空望遠(yuǎn)鏡, 縮寫(xiě)為 JWST。

【2】Heidi Hammel: We already knew back then in the late 80s, 1990s, that the universe was expanding.

海蒂·哈默爾:我們當(dāng)時(shí) 在 80,90 年代晚期就已經(jīng)知道 宇宙是持續(xù)膨脹的。

【3】And we knew that to see the very first galaxies and maybe even the first stars that ever formed in the universe --

我們也清楚,為了能夠 看到宇宙里最初形成的 星系,甚至是最初的恒星——

【4】Because of the expansion of the universe, the light from those galaxies is likewise expanded, and it's shifted from blue wavelengths to longer wavelengths, red wavelengths.

因?yàn)橛钪娴某掷m(xù)膨脹, 那些星系發(fā)出的光線也相應(yīng)拉長(zhǎng)了, 并從藍(lán)色的波長(zhǎng)范圍 移到了紅色的波長(zhǎng)范圍。

【5】And so the concept then for the next generation space telescope was to build an advanced telescope that really focused on the infrared part of the spectrum, because that's where we could see the first stars and the first galaxies.

所以當(dāng)時(shí)對(duì)新一代 太空望遠(yuǎn)鏡的概念 就是建造一臺(tái)收集光譜 紅外線部分信息的 進(jìn)階望遠(yuǎn)鏡, 因?yàn)槟菢游覀儾拍?見(jiàn)到最初的恒星和星系。

【6】I knew that this telescope that was being built to find it, to probe the light from the first galaxies, would also be a fabulous tool to study Neptune and Uranus.

我知道這望遠(yuǎn)鏡是為了找到它, 探究最初星系的光線 而被建造的, 它也會(huì)是一把研究 天王星與海王星的利器。

【7】I mean, I just knew that because I knew it would be big enough.

我是說(shuō),我就是心里清楚, 因?yàn)樗w型足夠大。

【8】I knew that because it was a space telescope, the images would be stable and pristine.

我也意識(shí)到因?yàn)樗翘胀h(yuǎn)鏡, 得到的照片將會(huì)是 穩(wěn)定而無(wú)瑕疵的。

【9】And I knew that these wavelengths of light in the infrared had all sorts of interesting molecular signatures so that we could learn about the upper atmospheres of these planets.

我也知道在紅外范圍的波長(zhǎng) 帶著各種有趣的分子特征, 于是我們可以了解 這些星球的高空大氣層的組成。

【10】And so I’m like, “I’m in. I’ll do this.” So in 2002, I wrote a proposal saying I would like to be an interdisciplinary scientist for this program to ensure that this telescope will be able to do solar system observations when it is launched.

于是我這樣表態(tài),“我加入。 我會(huì)做這項(xiàng)任務(wù)?！?然后在 2022 年, 我寫(xiě)了一份申請(qǐng), 上面有著我想為了在望遠(yuǎn)鏡發(fā)射后 它能進(jìn)行太陽(yáng)系的觀測(cè)而成為一名 跨領(lǐng)域科學(xué)家的意愿。

【11】And in 2003, my proposal was accepted, and that was how I formally became involved in this telescope.

然后在 2003 年, 我的申請(qǐng)被接受了; 這就是我怎么 被正式邀請(qǐng)加入此項(xiàng)目的。

【12】So Webb -- It's different than Hubble.

那么韋伯—— 它與哈勃不同。

【13】It's a different kind of telescope for a number of reasons.

有很多原因使它成為 種類(lèi)不同的望遠(yuǎn)鏡。

【14】One is it's a lot bigger than Hubble.

第一,它比哈勃體型要大許多。

【15】It’s a six-and-a-half-meter mirror -- the golden mirror, the collecting area -- versus Hubble's two point four.

它的主鏡,金色的反光鏡, 接受區(qū)域直徑是七米半; 而哈勃的相較只有二米四。

【16】ND: It’s so big that it couldn’t be launched looking like that.

德雷克:它是如此的龐大, 以至于發(fā)射時(shí)得做出調(diào)整,

【17】It had to be all folded up.

得把它折疊起來(lái)。

【18】HH: That’s right. It had to be folded up.

哈默爾:是的,它必須被疊起來(lái)。

【19】And that's why the mirror is segments.

而這也是為什么鏡面是分區(qū)塊的。

【20】ND: Yeah. HH: So that it could be folded up.

德雷克:嗯。哈默爾: 使它能被疊起來(lái)。

【21】ND: Like a honeycomb. HH: Like a honeycomb, exactly.

德雷克:像個(gè)蜂窩。 哈默爾:的確,像個(gè)蜂窩。

【22】ND: But then it had to unfold in space.

德雷克:但在太空里 得重新展開(kāi)來(lái)。

【23】And I remember how nervous people were about this process because it really was something that everything, every single step had to go right.

我也記得人們之前對(duì) 這一過(guò)程是那么的焦慮, 因?yàn)檫@其中 所有每一步驟都不能錯(cuò)。

【24】HH: Not only did the telescope have to fold up, but we -- if you look at Webb, it's got this huge contraption underneath it, which we call a sunshield.

哈默爾:而且不僅是 望遠(yuǎn)鏡要疊起來(lái), 我們還——如果你觀察一下韋伯, 它的下面有這個(gè)我們稱(chēng)為遮陽(yáng)罩的 巨型裝置。

【25】And that's crucial for this telescope.

這對(duì)望遠(yuǎn)鏡來(lái)說(shuō)是關(guān)鍵的。

【26】ND: How did you feel as you were witnessing the deployment sequence?

德雷克:你在見(jiàn)證望遠(yuǎn)鏡 按時(shí)序展開(kāi)時(shí)心情是怎樣的？

【27】HH: I sure was nervous, just like everybody else.

哈默爾:我肯定也是緊張的, 像所有其他人一樣。

【28】There were several single point failures where if that thing didn't unbolt or unfold, we didn't have a working telescope anymore.

有幾處可能的單點(diǎn)故障, 如果機(jī)械不成功解除固定或展開(kāi), 我們的望遠(yuǎn)鏡將不能順利運(yùn)行。

【29】So it was extremely nerve-racking.

所以是緊繃神經(jīng)的。

【30】But we had many years of testing because we knew that there was no fixing this telescope.

但我們幾年中進(jìn)行了各種測(cè)試, 因?yàn)槲覀冎肋@望遠(yuǎn)鏡無(wú)法被修理。

【31】This telescope's not in low earth orbit like Hubble.

它不像哈勃位于近地軌道,

【32】The James Webb Space Telescope is a million miles away at a point called the L2 Point, and it was put out there deliberately because it needed to be cold.

而是在一百萬(wàn)英里開(kāi)外, 我們稱(chēng)作“L2 點(diǎn)”的位置。 它被部署在那兒, 是因?yàn)樾枰３值蜏亍?/p>

【33】It needed to have the sunshield to protect the telescope from the warmth of the Sun, the warmth of the Earth and even the warmth of our Moon.

它得有遮陽(yáng)罩以保護(hù)自己免受 來(lái)自太陽(yáng),地球, 甚至是月球的熱量。

【34】So the sunshield is designed to be like an umbrella that protects it, a sun umbrella that keeps that telescope super cold.

遮陽(yáng)罩被設(shè)計(jì)成保護(hù)望遠(yuǎn)鏡的傘, 維持它超低溫環(huán)境的陽(yáng)傘。

【35】So we couldn't put it in low earth orbit because it's just too warm in that environment.

所以我們不能把它放于近地軌道, 因?yàn)槟莾旱臏囟冗^(guò)高了。

【36】You can't sense infrared light when it's hot.

在周?chē)^熱的時(shí)候接收不到紅外線,

【37】You have to have it cold.

它必須得是冷的。

【38】By the way, that's also why this telescope is completely exposed to the elements of space.

順便提一句,這也是 為什么這個(gè)望遠(yuǎn)鏡 完全裸露在宇宙的影響下。

【39】Most other telescopes have tubes that enclose them, and this one doesn't.

大多其它望遠(yuǎn)鏡有 包裹著它們的管狀外殼, 但這個(gè)沒(méi)有。

【40】The mirrors are just sitting out there. ND: They're just out there.

它的鏡面露在外面。 德雷克:它直接露在外面。

【41】HH: They're just sitting out there.

哈默爾:它就是露在外面。

【42】ND: So the first deep field from JWST, I think the analogy I heard was that the image itself covers about the amount of space as a grain of rice on a fingertip held at arm's length.

德雷克:那么關(guān)于 韋伯的第一張深空照片, 我聽(tīng)說(shuō)的一個(gè)比喻是整張照片 覆蓋的宇宙區(qū)域 就像是手臂伸直后指尖上的 一粒米占的空間。

【43】Is that right?

是這樣的嗎？

【44】HH: I heard a grain of sand, not a grain of rice.

哈默爾:我聽(tīng)說(shuō)的 是一粒沙,不是一粒米。

【45】But it's the same concept, you know, that -- yeah.

但意思是相同的。

【46】If you -- the piece of sky you see in that picture, if you were like standing in your backyard and looking up in the sky, that piece of sky is about the same size as a tiny grain of sand.

你那張照片里看到的那片太空—— 如果你是在后院里仰望星辰, 那片宇宙就好像一粒微小沙子。

【47】If you moved your grain of sand over to the left, you would see more galaxies, and over to the left again, more galaxies.

如果你把沙子往左挪, 就看到更多的星系; 再向左挪,還是更多的星系。

【48】And anywhere you looked in the sky, it is filled with galaxies.

不管你朝天上哪兒看, 它都充滿(mǎn)了星系。

【49】ND: Just thousands and thousands in that one image alone.

德雷克:那一張照片里 就有數(shù)以千計(jì)的星系。

【50】HH: Exactly. What I'm waiting for is the James Webb Space Telescope Deep Field, where we stare for days at a dark spot that we don't know where anything is.

哈默爾:說(shuō)對(duì)了。我在期盼的是 韋伯的深空照片。 我們好幾天觀察著這個(gè) 暗黑區(qū)域,不知道什么在哪里。

【51】What are we going to see?

我們會(huì)看到什么？

【52】And then, think about that, going to be all over the whole sky.

而這將在天空每一處重現(xiàn)。

【53】Our universe is going to mentally expand at that moment when we get that deep field from James Webb Space Telescope.

我們對(duì)宇宙的認(rèn)知, 將在我們收到韋伯望遠(yuǎn)鏡的 深空照片的那一刻膨脹。

【54】It's going to be mind-blowing.

這將是震驚世人的。

【55】ND: I just think about it.

德雷克:我感覺(jué)就是

【56】Peering so far back in time to the beginning of the primordial cosmic murk.

看向之前的時(shí)光, 回到宇宙原始的混沌。

【57】HH: Yeah.

哈默爾:對(duì)啊。

【58】ND: When stars and galaxies are just starting to turn on and how different the universe was and the fact that we humans on this one little planet Earth can craft an instrument that has the capability to let us see that, 13.5 billion years ago, or whatever it ends up being, is really phenomenal.

德雷克:當(dāng)恒星和星系 才剛開(kāi)始形成的時(shí)候, 那時(shí)宇宙是多么的不同; 還有我們?nèi)祟?lèi)在 這小小的星球,地球上 能夠造出一件器具讓我們看到 135 億年前的, 或按測(cè)出來(lái)的時(shí)間為準(zhǔn), 那段時(shí)期的模樣; 這都是非同尋常的。

【59】HH: Yeah.

哈默爾:是的。

【60】I view it as an example of what humanity can do when we work for the greater good, when we work as teams and we have a goal.

我將這作為人類(lèi)為了 崇高理想而奮斗時(shí), 在我們以團(tuán)隊(duì)為組織工作, 并有著清晰的目標(biāo)時(shí) 能達(dá)成什么的例子。

【61】This project required thousands of people in multiple countries, multiple states, to take this vision and turn it into a concrete thing, this telescope.

這個(gè)項(xiàng)目需要涉及 在眾多不同國(guó)家和地域的人 以將此愿景,這個(gè)望遠(yuǎn)鏡, 轉(zhuǎn)化為現(xiàn)實(shí),

【62】And then launch it on a rocket, and then have the ability to use it, to probe from right in our local neighborhood all the way to the edge of the known universe and everything in between.

并將它裝在火箭上發(fā)射, 并能夠操作它,以探查 我們這塊的社區(qū) 到已知宇宙的邊緣, 以及位于中間的所有事物。

【63】ND: Yeah. HH: It's amazing to me.

德雷克:嗯。哈默爾: 這對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)是不可思議的。

【64】And everybody had a role to play.

而且所有人都被賦予了各自的角色:

【65】The beryllium miners who mined the beryllium we used to make the mirrors and the cable wrappers who wrapped the cables to allow this thing to move, and the people who built the different instruments.

那些把我們用來(lái)做成鏡面的鈹 挖出來(lái)的礦工, 還有那些使這個(gè)望遠(yuǎn)鏡得以移動(dòng)的 纜線包裝工, 以及那些制造出不同儀器的人。

【66】We have a suite of four different instruments, cameras and spectrographs.

我們?cè)谶@里以及歐洲 都有一組四只器具,

【67】Both here, in Europe.

包括攝像頭和攝譜儀。

【68】You know, we all worked -- in Canada.

你知道,我們都在 加拿大一起干過(guò)。

【69】Canada made the fine guidance sensor that allows us to point this thing.

加拿大制造了使我們得以 調(diào)節(jié)這機(jī)器朝向的精細(xì)制導(dǎo)傳感器。

【70】I mean, it's a truly international effort and it all comes together to create this revolution in how we see the cosmos.

我是說(shuō),這真的是全球大合作。 這些所有加起來(lái)導(dǎo)致了 我們觀察宇宙方式的革命。

【71】ND: Do you have a favorite among the images that have been released so far?

你在到目前為止被公布的照片中 有個(gè)人最?lèi)?ài)的嗎？

【72】HH: Well, they all have special aspects about them that make me go, “Wow!” In the case of the “Cosmic Cliffs” image, it’s beautiful, it’s blue in the dark and orange in the bottom.

這樣說(shuō)吧,它們都有 各自獨(dú)特的方面, 使我驚呼,“哇哦”。 拿“宇宙峭壁”這張照片來(lái)說(shuō), 它很美,暗中生藍(lán),下邊染成橙色。

【73】And, you know, I get excited about images like that because not only are they tremendously beautiful and evocative in a poetic way, but those are places where stars are being born.

你懂得,我對(duì)這類(lèi)照片感到興奮, 不僅是因?yàn)樗鼈兎浅Ｃ? 像詩(shī)歌般地喚起對(duì)過(guò)去的沉思, 而且因?yàn)檫@些是星星誕生的地方。

【74】And some of the little pokey things that stick out, that give it some of its dramatic structure, you know, those are -- that’s star birth in the making.

還有些原本不起眼 的東西也突顯出來(lái), 并也促成了它最后令人震撼的結(jié)構(gòu)。 你懂得,這是——那是 正在發(fā)生的星體誕生啊。

【75】And I think that's just so cool.

所以我就覺(jué)得這太酷了。

【76】And particularly when we use our infrared cameras, we can look inside some of those knobs and see the stars that are being born.

而且特別是我們用紅外相機(jī)的時(shí)候, 我們可以看到那些團(tuán)狀 區(qū)域里面星星正在生成。

【77】And in some places, like the Orion Nebula -- there was just an image released of the Orion Nebula -- that’s places where planetary systems are forming.

而在有些地方,像獵戶(hù)座星云—— 剛剛有張獵戶(hù)座 星云的照片被放出來(lái)—— 這其中好多位置 都是行星系在成形。

【78】We aren't seeing the planets, but we're seeing the swirling disks of dust and gas where those planets are being born.

我們還見(jiàn)不到行星, 但我們看到了由塵埃 和氣體組成的圓盤(pán)在 那些星系將出現(xiàn)的地方回旋。

【79】And even some of these galaxy images, while they may be static, like the "Stephan's Quintet" image, which is five galaxies -- one of which is an interloper, it’s a foreground galaxy.

即使有些星系的照片, 他們也許是靜止的, 像“史蒂芬的五重奏“的照片, 上面是五個(gè)星系—— 有一個(gè)是闖入者,是前景星系,

【80】It’s not part of the other crew.

與其它的根本沒(méi)關(guān)系。

【81】ND: Just wanted to be in the shot.

德雷克:它想被同框拍到。

【82】HH: It's just photobombing the other ones.

哈默爾:它就是來(lái)?yè)岀R的。

【83】But the four that are part of a cluster, what you learn from James Webb Space Telescope is that in the regions where they are interacting and overlapping, those regions light up in the infrared.

但其余的四個(gè)是某個(gè)星團(tuán)的一部分; 而你通過(guò)韋伯學(xué)到的就是, 在它們重疊和互相干涉的空間, 在紅外圖像上顯示為高亮。

【84】Those are places where the dust and the gas and the existing stars of those other galaxies, when they are interacting, they are forming new stars.

那地方就是塵埃,氣體 和其它星系的現(xiàn)存星體, 在它們相互作用時(shí)產(chǎn)生新的星星。

【85】They are creating new realms of star formation, and they just light up in the infrared in that image.

它們開(kāi)辟著星體形成的新領(lǐng)域, 并在紅外圖像上被標(biāo)亮。

【86】ND: Yeah. And I just wonder, like, what's missing from that picture?

嗯。我也想,這其中還缺少什么？

【87】What can JWST fill in?

有什么空白韋伯還能填補(bǔ)的？

【88】I mean, how much more color can it add?

我是說(shuō),它還可以增添哪些色彩？

【89】HH: What JWST adds to our ongoing story is it adds new wavelengths of light that we haven't had the sensitivity to study, and different wavelengths of light tell you different parts of this story.

哈默爾:韋伯為 我們的探究旅程補(bǔ)充的, 是那些我們沒(méi)有足夠 精密的技術(shù)以研究的 而不同波長(zhǎng)的光能給予你不同信息。

【90】And we also use tools in astronomy called spectrographs, and that is where we don't just take pictures, but we actually take the light and we spread it out into its rainbow of colors.

我們?cè)谔煳膶W(xué)中還用 這種叫做攝譜儀的器具, 就是我們不止是拍照片, 而是收到光束后 將其拆散成像彩虹里的各類(lèi)單色光。

【91】And what we do is we look for what we call fingerprints in that light, if you will.

然后我們就尋找那些光里的特征。

【92】Certain atoms and molecules tend to absorb specific colors of light, just by the very nature of their construction, and their motion and vibration.

不同原子與分子會(huì)吸收 相應(yīng)色段的光波, 這是它們的結(jié)構(gòu)性質(zhì), 運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡和振動(dòng)頻率決定的。

【93】They absorb certain colors of light.

它們吸收特定顏色的光線。

【94】So by spreading the light out into a rainbow and looking for patterns in what light is missing, that tells you what molecules are there.

所以是通過(guò)光的色散, 找出缺失的光線頻率, 讓你得以知道存在著什么分子。

【95】And not only does it tell you [which] are there, it tells you their temperature.

而且不僅是告訴你有哪些分子, 還包括它們的溫度,

【96】It can tell you their pressures.

以及它們的壓強(qiáng)。

【97】By tracking carefully these lines in the spectrum, you can determine the motions of this material.

細(xì)心研究光譜里的線條, 你還能得出此物質(zhì)的運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)。

【98】And so we don't just have a static picture.

所以我們并不只有靜像,

【99】We can actually do three-dimensional tomography of astrophysical objects by using this spectral light information.

我們其實(shí)可以利用 這類(lèi)光譜圖的數(shù)據(jù)得出 天體物理物體的三維層析成像。

【100】But as an astronomer, it's not just the pictures.

作為天文學(xué)家, 關(guān)心的不止是那些照片;

【101】It is spreading that light out and looking into its constituents, that’s where the real, deep science takes place.

是將光色散后細(xì)究它的組成單位, 這才是真正的,深層次的科學(xué)。

【102】That’s where you get what stars are actually made of.

而這樣也是你得出 星體元素構(gòu)成的途徑。

【103】Like, helium, and the helium and hydrogen, and beryllium and even iron and nickel.

像氦和氫, 鈹,甚至是鐵和鎳。

【104】How do you know that? You can't go there and weigh it.

這你怎樣了解到？ 你總不能去給它們稱(chēng)重吧。

【105】You learn it from the light.

你從光線中得出這些。

【106】ND: Can you tell us about that instrument and what it might be able to show us about Uranus and Neptune and some of the other giant planets that we haven't been able to see before?

德雷克:你能跟我們講講, 這個(gè)望遠(yuǎn)鏡 能向我們展示天王星和海王星的, 或者是其它我們之前無(wú)法看到 的巨型行星的哪些方面嗎？

【107】How is this telescope going to help us understand these worlds?

它能怎么樣幫助我們 理解這些外星世界？

【108】HH: Let's say you wanted to study Jupiter's rings, right?

哈默爾:那么假設(shè)你想 研究木星光環(huán),行嗎？

【109】We know Jupiter has rings. Voyager saw them.

我們知道木星有著光環(huán)。 這是旅行者衛(wèi)星拍到的。

【110】But we know most planetary rings change with time.

但我們也知道大多行星的 光環(huán)隨著時(shí)間變化。

【111】Trying to image the faint ring of Jupiter next to the incredibly bright planet of Jupiter is extraordinarily difficult.

試圖給耀眼的木星周?chē)?微弱光環(huán)造影是極其困難的。

【112】The rings are a million times fainter than the planet, and they're right next to it.

那些光環(huán)比星球本身要 暗一百萬(wàn)倍還不止, 并且與它貼得很近。

【113】But James Webb Space Telescope, the sensitivity is so good and the imaging capability is so good that the scattered light from Jupiter does not spread even out to the local place where the rings are.

但韋伯望遠(yuǎn)鏡是那么的精密, 成像能力是那么的優(yōu)異, 以至于來(lái)自木星的散射光 甚至都未擴(kuò)散到光環(huán)的區(qū)域。

【114】So in our first images, engineering images of Jupiter, that were taken just to test the scattered light on the camera -- they took a couple of sharp, short images of Jupiter

那么在我們最初的圖片, 為測(cè)試散射光線在相機(jī)上的 效果而拍的調(diào)試圖片里—— 他們快速地拍了幾張 短時(shí)曝光的木星圖片,

【115】and moved Jupiter closer and closer to the fine guidance sensor to see if it would screw up our guiding -- even in those short engineering images, the rings are right there.

并將靈敏的制導(dǎo) 傳感器慢慢轉(zhuǎn)向木星, 以檢查這是否會(huì)讓制導(dǎo)失靈。 但即使是在那些調(diào)試 照片里,光環(huán)清晰可見(jiàn)。

【116】Beautiful.

很完美。

【117】Just totally resolved right next to the planet a million times brighter.

在亮一百萬(wàn)倍的星球 邊兒輕松解決了。

【118】ND: Well, can we talk about planets outside the solar system, too?

德雷克:那么,我們能 談?wù)勌?yáng)系以外的行星嗎？

【119】HH: Sure. Yeah. What's your favorite?

哈默爾:非常樂(lè)意。 你最喜愛(ài)的是什么？

【120】ND: What's your favorite?

德雷克:那你呢？

【121】HH: Oh, I don't know. I've got a couple of favorites.

哈默爾:嗯,我不清楚。 我有好幾個(gè)喜歡的。

【122】ND: Yeah?

德雷克:那比如？

【123】HH: I think a lot of astronomers’ ... favorite system right now is the TRAPPIST-1 system.

哈默爾:我覺(jué)得很多天文學(xué)家 目前最為之著迷的星系是 TRAPPIST-1 系。

【124】ND: Yeah. Tell me about it.

德雷克:嗯,你詳細(xì)說(shuō)說(shuō)。

【125】HH: TRAPPIST-1 is -- that's the name of the star.

哈默爾:TRAPPIST-1 是... 那是這顆恒星的名字。

【126】TRAPPIST is the name of the survey, right?

TRAPPIST-1 是家喻戶(hù)曉,不是嗎？

【127】But it looked at this star and it discovered that there are at least seven planets orbiting this star.

韋伯望向這顆恒星,并發(fā)現(xiàn) 至少有七顆行星在 圍繞這顆恒星運(yùn)行。

【128】And most of those planets seem to be Earth-sized.

而且它們大多數(shù)與地球大小相近。

【129】In the TRAPPIST-1 system, several of the planets are the right distance from the host star that water could be liquid on the surface of them.

在 TRAPPIST-1 系中, 數(shù)個(gè)行星與主星的距離合適, 使液態(tài)水在上面得以存在。

【130】We call that the habitable zone.

我們稱(chēng)這些為宜居帶。

【131】And you and I could have a long talk about what habitability actually means.

關(guān)于“宜居”的定義 我們之間也能談很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。

【132】But in our solar system, at least on our Earth, the only place that we know life exists, there's a lot of water.

但反正在我們的太陽(yáng)系, 至少在我們的地球, 我們知道的唯一存在 生命的地方,那兒有許多水。

【133】And so when we're talking about looking for habitable planets, we look at planets that are at the right distance from their host star that they could have water on them.

所以當(dāng)我們講到 尋找適合居住的星球, 我們會(huì)去找到主星距離正好的恒星, 并且上面得有水。

【134】So that TRAPPIST system that we know that there are planets in potentially habitable region, and that those planets are roughly Earth-sized, they are everybody's favorite right now for JWST to take a look at with our spectrographs.

所以 TRAPPIST-1 星系我們知道包含 一些在可存活生命的區(qū)域的星球, 并且和地球體型差不多; 這目前符合所有人的口味 讓韋伯來(lái)利用攝譜儀研究研究。

【135】ND: Yeah.

德雷克:嗯。

【136】Do you think there is life beyond Earth somewhere?

你覺(jué)得地球之外還會(huì)有生命嗎？

【137】And if so, where?

如果有,在哪里？

【138】HH: OK, so let me answer the second question first.

哈默爾:好的,那我 先來(lái)回答第二個(gè)問(wèn)題。

【139】This question of, “is there alien life out there?” I usually break it up into two things.

這個(gè)是否有外星人存在的問(wèn)題, 我一般會(huì)分成兩部分。

【140】One is a thought experiment about the size of the universe, the scale of the universe, just how many stars there are in our galaxy.

一個(gè)是關(guān)于宇宙大小,宇宙規(guī)模的 思想實(shí)驗(yàn)。 即我們的銀河系里有多少顆恒星。

【141】And then how many galaxies?

那么又有多少個(gè)星系呢？

【142】There's billions of stars just in our local galaxy.

我們所處的銀河系就有 多達(dá)幾十億顆恒星,

【143】And there's billions of galaxies out there.

而外面更是有幾十億個(gè)星系。

【144】And we talk about whether or not life could have formed over the billions of years that our universe has existed with these billions of galaxies, each of which has billions of stars.

所以我們?cè)谔接懺谖覀冇钪娉掷m(xù)的 幾十億年的時(shí)間段里,在幾十億個(gè) 各自囊括了幾十億顆恒星的星系里, 生命是否可能形成。

【145】I say life has to exist somewhere out there.

我覺(jué)得生命在外面某處必然存在。

【146】Somewhere. [It] has to be out there.

在某個(gè)地方肯定是有的。

【147】Does that mean that aliens have come to Earth and visited us?

這是否意味著外星人 會(huì)來(lái)地球造訪我們？

【148】No, that's a totally separate question.

不,那完全是一個(gè)另外的問(wèn)題。

【149】I just -- it's not a related question.

就——這個(gè)問(wèn)題并不相關(guān)。

【150】That's a more psychological question.

這更像是個(gè)心理學(xué)上的議題。

【151】I'm more interested in the science aspect of the question.

而我更對(duì)這個(gè)科學(xué)的方面感興趣。

【152】I think we need to start with terrestrial-sized planets that are the right distance to have water on them, because those are the conditions required to create life as we know it on Earth.

我覺(jué)得找到類(lèi)地行星大小的, 并且公轉(zhuǎn)半徑恰好使得上面 有水存在的行星是第一步。 因?yàn)樵谀欠N情況下才能 產(chǎn)生類(lèi)似我們地球上的生物。

【153】And the only kind of life that we'll initially recognize is going to be life like ours, I think.

而且我們一上來(lái)會(huì)認(rèn)同的生物, 我覺(jué)得就是像我們世界的這種。

【154】ND: So JWST is one tool that we can use in the search for life beyond Earth.

德雷克:那么韋伯是我們能 用來(lái)搜尋地外生物的一樣工具。

【155】But there are others, including within our own solar system: some of the rovers that are on Mars, currently looking for signs of ancient biosignatures or ancient signs of alien life in the rocks there,

但還有其它的,包括在 我們太陽(yáng)系這兒的器具: 有些火星上的探測(cè)器 正在巖石中尋找 古老的生物標(biāo)志物 或外星生物的痕跡;

【156】but also some of the missions that are being planned to the outer solar system, and specifically some of the moons there.

還有部分正在計(jì)劃中的 前往外太陽(yáng)系, 具體來(lái)說(shuō)是那里的一些衛(wèi)星的任務(wù)。

【157】I'm curious about whether you think it's possible that life exists here in our local neighborhood, but beyond Earth.

我很好奇,你覺(jué)得 是否有可能有生物存在于 我們地球以外的 鄰近星系。

【158】HH: Hey, anything is possible.

哈默爾:什么都有可能嘛。

【159】I've learned in my career never to deal in absolutes because the universe is great at throwing curveballs at you.

我在我的事業(yè)里學(xué)到了 永遠(yuǎn)不要極端地看待問(wèn)題, 因?yàn)橛钪婧苌瞄L(zhǎng)對(duì)你施“障眼法”。

【160】You know, when we have our rovers on Mars and our orbiters that are doing really exquisite orbital imaging, it's clear that there's evidence that at one time there was liquid water on the surface of Mars.

比如我們?cè)诨鹦巧嫌刑綔y(cè)器, 還有軌道飛行器 在進(jìn)行很棒的軌道成像, 那么很明顯地有證據(jù)指出 火星表面曾經(jīng)有過(guò)液態(tài)水。

【161】There’s sedimentation, there’s a chemical evidence, there's, you know, actually water trapped in the ices in the poles of Mars right now.

包括沉積物, 化學(xué)證據(jù), 還有現(xiàn)在鎖在火星 兩極冰蓋里的水。

【162】And so it could very well be that at some time in the past that planet had liquid water and may have had the conditions for life to form.

所以很可能地, 過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)段這個(gè)星球有液態(tài)水, 并且也許有著允許生命形成的條件。

【163】We don't know.

但我們無(wú)法確定。

【164】It could be that life formed there first and transmitted itself inward to us. We could be Martians.

也有可能是生命先在那里出現(xiàn), 然后往中心傳到了我們這里。

【165】ND: We could be Martians.

德雷克:我們可能是火星人。

【166】HH: I don't know. We don't know the answer to that.

哈默爾:我不清楚。 我們不知道這個(gè)答案。

【167】Using our definition of looking at places where there's liquid water, you know, people sort of initially confined it to a certain distance from the host star -- sort of from the Earth just barely out to Mars and maybe inward a little bit, not quite as inward as Venus, but they kind of limited it to that region, saying, “Well, Earth is the Goldilocks zone.

利用我們尋找液態(tài)水的守則, 人們最開(kāi)始受限于 離主星一定距離內(nèi)的范圍, 即從地球向外輻射, 剛好能夠到火星, 或許也往太陽(yáng)那兒去, 但并沒(méi)有遠(yuǎn)到金星。 反正人們把它局限于這個(gè)區(qū)域, 宣稱(chēng),“可居住地帶 正好就在地球這兒,

【168】That's why it's not too hot, not too cold.

這便是為什么地球不冷不熱,

【169】That’s why life is here.” But we've learned more about our solar system with the spacecraft and telescopes.

也是為什么生命在此持續(xù)。” 但我們通過(guò)航天器與望遠(yuǎn)鏡 更多地了解了我們的太陽(yáng)系。

【170】And one of the things that we have learned with our missions to the Jupiter system and the Saturn system is that some of the larger moons in those systems do have evidence of liquid water in their interiors.

我們從這些派到木星與土星 系統(tǒng)的任務(wù)中學(xué)到的東西之一 就是這些系統(tǒng)里的有些較大衛(wèi)星 也有液態(tài)水存在于內(nèi)部的證據(jù)。

【171】More water on Jupiter's moon, more water inside Jupiter's moon, Europa, that we have on the surface of the Earth, which is kind of crazy. Think about it.

木星衛(wèi)星上的水—— 木星衛(wèi)星,木衛(wèi)二里面的水 比我們地球表面的水還要多。 這簡(jiǎn)直是難以置信。

【172】ND: It’s mind-boggling to think about.

德雷克:確實(shí)是挺不可思議。

【173】HH: The question is, could life form in that water?

哈默爾:那么問(wèn)題是, 那樣的水里會(huì)有生物嗎？

【174】And it gets back to what are the ingredients you need for life?

所以又回到了產(chǎn)生生物的必需因素。

【175】You need water, but you also need some kind of an energy source.

你得有水,但也要某種能量源;

【176】You need some kind of a surface on which life can do its chemical thing to form.

你得有某種生物依附著它 并在化學(xué)層面形成的“表面”。

【177】I'm not an astrobiologist, so I don't know what the right lingo is, but you need to have a surface for stuff to happen.

我不是天體生物學(xué)家, 所以我也不清楚術(shù)語(yǔ)是什么; 但反正你需要一類(lèi)平臺(tái)使反應(yīng)發(fā)生。

【178】And does Europa have those things?

那么木衛(wèi)二上有這些嗎？

【179】Well, it doesn't have them on its surface.

它的表面肯定是沒(méi)有的。

【180】Its surface is just ice.

那兒只有冰。

【181】But we know from our various flybys of this -- we were able to map out its structure, its internal structure, by looking at the magnetic field and how it interacts with it, by looking at gravitational deflection -- we know that it probably has a solid core, and we also know that Europa is warm.

但我們通過(guò)我們?nèi)嗽?衛(wèi)星的幾次飛越得出—— 我們得以通過(guò)分析那兒的 磁場(chǎng)以及其與地質(zhì)的的聯(lián)系, 和研究光線的引力偏轉(zhuǎn), 來(lái)繪制出它的結(jié)構(gòu),內(nèi)部的結(jié)構(gòu)—— 它大概有個(gè)實(shí)心內(nèi)核, 也知道了木衛(wèi)二氣候溫暖。

【182】Now, why would this moon out there at Jupiter's distance, why would it be warm, right?

那么,這個(gè)在木星那種距離的衛(wèi)星, 為什么會(huì)是暖的呢？

【183】Why would Jupiter’s other moon, Io, have active volcanoes?

為什么木星的另一衛(wèi)星, 木衛(wèi)一會(huì)有活躍的火山呢？

【184】That's really warm. That's crazy warm.

那是非常暖和了, 超乎想象的“溫暖”。

【185】And the answer is these moons actually interact with one another.

那么答案就是這些 衛(wèi)星其實(shí)在相互作用。

【186】They do like a little resonant dance with each other as they orbit Jupiter.

它們每天環(huán)繞木星時(shí) 都在跳一支“共振之舞”。

【187】And as they orbit one another and interact with one another, the gravity of these moons makes very tiny flexes in the shape of the moons, but the flexes repeat over time and that repeating warms the planet.

那么在它們互相糾纏,互相影響時(shí), 這些衛(wèi)星的引力場(chǎng)出現(xiàn)形狀像衛(wèi)星自身的微小波動(dòng)。 但這些波動(dòng)隨著時(shí)間重復(fù), 便使得衛(wèi)星升溫。

【188】I used to illustrate this for kids with old credit cards.

我曾經(jīng)這樣為小孩來(lái)描述:

【189】If you take an old credit card and you bend it, bend it, bend it, bend it, and you feel where you're bending, it's warm.

你拿一張待丟棄的信用卡, 不停地把它折來(lái)折去, 然后去感受彎折的地方, 那里是熱的。

【190】It's really the same process.

這其實(shí)是相同的原理。

【191】It's that flexing is what warms these.

是波動(dòng)伸縮在使它們升溫。

【192】So for Europa in orbit around Jupiter, we have the water, we have the rocky surface deep inside.

那么關(guān)于環(huán)繞木星的木衛(wèi)二, 那兒有水和位置很深的巖石層,

【193】We have warmth.

還有適宜溫度。

【194】We've got this energy source thing.

能量來(lái)源也不缺。

【195】So is it possible that life has formed there?

那么是否有概率生命已在那兒形成？

【196】Sure.

是有可能。

【197】Who am I to say no?

我怎么能給出否定呢？

【198】I mean, what do I know?

我是說(shuō),我又知道什么呢？

【199】I mean, the universe is much more complex than I can imagine.

我的意思是,整個(gè)宇宙比我 想象的要復(fù)雜得多。

【200】So we are building a spacecraft called the Clipper spacecraft, which is going to go to the Jupiter system and it's going to orbit Jupiter, but it's going to do multiple flybys of the moon Europa.

那么我們正在制造一架名為“歐羅巴快帆” （Europa Clipper）的航天器。 它將飛向木星系統(tǒng) 并環(huán)繞木星, 但將有機(jī)會(huì)對(duì)木衛(wèi)二進(jìn)行多次飛越。

【201】ND: So, Heidi, word on the street is that you have a favorite moon.

德雷克:那么,海蒂, 聽(tīng)說(shuō)你有個(gè)格外珍愛(ài)的衛(wèi)星。

【202】What is it?

是哪個(gè)？

【203】And there's only one right answer to this question.

只可以有一個(gè)答案。

【204】HH: My favorite moon is Triton.

哈默爾:我的最?lèi)?ài)是海衛(wèi)一。

【205】ND: It's a pretty good one. HH: It's not the right one, though?

德雷克:這也挺不錯(cuò)。 哈默爾:但并不是“正確”的那個(gè)。

【206】ND: I was going to say Iapetus.

德雷克:我本來(lái)猜是土衛(wèi)八。

【207】HH: No, no, no, no.

哈默爾:不,不,不是的。

【208】We're going to have a long conversation about that.

我們得好好交流一下。

【209】ND: Tell me why Triton is better.

德雷克:那么告訴我, 為什么海衛(wèi)一更好。

【210】HH: Triton is such a cool moon.

哈默爾:海衛(wèi)一 這個(gè)衛(wèi)星是如此之酷。

【211】It goes in a retrograde orbit backwards around the planet.

它沿著一條逆行軌道 反向環(huán)繞海王星。

【212】We think it was actually a Kuiper Belt object that got too close to Neptune and was captured by Neptune.

我們覺(jué)得這原先是 一個(gè)柯伊伯帶天體, 后來(lái)離海王星太近而被其引力捕獲。

【213】And it's a big moon.

而且這個(gè)衛(wèi)星體型不小。

【214】I mean, if you want Pluto to be a planet, I don't know where you stand on that issue, but Triton is twin to Pluto.

我是說(shuō),如果你認(rèn)為 冥王星該被算作一個(gè)行星, 我不清楚你是怎么想的。 但海衛(wèi)一與冥王星是孿生關(guān)系。

【215】So it's like a planet in orbit around another planet.

所以就像一個(gè)行星在 環(huán)繞另一個(gè)行星似的。

【216】ND: But it’s going backwards.

德雷克:不過(guò)是反向的。

【217】HH: But it's going backwards around the planet.

哈默爾:除了它是反著環(huán)繞的。

【218】And when Voyager flew by in 1989, it actually flew kind of close, so we got a good view of one half of it.

并且當(dāng)旅行者在 1989 年飛越時(shí), 它飛得還挺近, 于是我們清楚地看到它的半邊。

【219】And it's got remarkable terrain and it has active cryovolcanoes on it.

它上面有著獨(dú)特的 地形和活躍的冰火山。

【220】There are volcanoes, ice volcanoes, erupting on Triton, like, in real time.

海衛(wèi)一上有火山 與冰火山都實(shí)時(shí)噴發(fā)著。

【221】So that's pretty amazing.

這讓人眼前一亮。

【222】I mean, it's got an atmosphere, right?

而且,它還有個(gè)大氣層,不是嗎？

【223】And it could have a liquid water ocean inside it.

也有可能內(nèi)部是 液態(tài)水構(gòu)成的海洋。

【224】So it may be an ocean world.

所以也許它是遍布海洋的世界。

【225】And since we know it's active, because we saw it with Voyager, that may be another abode for life.

而且既然我們從旅行者的 圖片知道它是活躍的, 這也許是生命的另一個(gè)家園。

【226】ND: So, Heidi, how did you become interested in astronomy?

德雷克:那么,海蒂, 你是怎么對(duì)天文學(xué)感興趣的？

【227】What was it that lit that fire for you?

是什么點(diǎn)起了你的 這把“求知之火” 呢？

【228】HH: It's kind of a goofy story, but I think in one sense, I became an astronomer because I used to get carsick.

哈默爾:這可能聽(tīng)起來(lái) 有點(diǎn)憨,但反正從某個(gè)角度, 我是因?yàn)橐郧皶?huì)暈車(chē) 而成為天文學(xué)家的。

【229】ND: Seriously?

德雷克:認(rèn)真的嗎？

【230】HH: My family would go on road trips and, you know, I would be in the back of the car and I'd be so sick and I couldn't read.

哈默爾:我們一家會(huì)去自駕游, 然后,你懂得, 我在汽車(chē)后座,難受得無(wú)法閱讀。

【231】I couldn't do anything except stare out the window.

我除了看向窗外什么也不能做。

【232】And at night, staring out the window, I started to recognize star patterns like the Big Dipper and Orion.

在夜晚,往窗外看時(shí), 我開(kāi)始認(rèn)出像北斗 七星和獵戶(hù)座的星圖,

【233】And I became more familiar with them because that's all I could do is to stare out at the sky.

然后越來(lái)越習(xí)慣它們, 因?yàn)槲椅ㄒ荒茏龅木褪嵌⒅巴狻?/p>

【234】And so, you know, I think that sort of kindled an interest for me.

所以,我覺(jué)得這算是 為我培養(yǎng)了興趣。

【235】But I had a math teacher who one day took her class of four students aside and said, "Where are you young people planning to go to college?"

另外我有個(gè)數(shù)學(xué)老師, 并問(wèn)道,”你們年輕人 打算去哪所大學(xué)？“

【236】And when it came to my turn, I said, "Penn State."

輪到我時(shí),我說(shuō), ”賓夕法尼亞州立?！?/p>

【237】She said, "Why?"

她問(wèn),”為什么？“

【238】And I said, “Well, my dad went to Penn State and I live in Pennsylvania.” She said, "I think you should apply to MIT."

我回答說(shuō),“嗯,我爸在那兒 讀的書(shū),況且我也住那兒?！?她便說(shuō),“我覺(jué)得你該申請(qǐng) MIT?！?/p>

【239】ND: Wow.

德雷克:哇噻。

【240】HH: And I said, "I don't even know what that is."

哈默爾:我回答說(shuō), ”我都不知道那是什么。”

【241】So she encouraged me and I applied.

最后在她的鼓勵(lì)下我去申請(qǐng)了。

【242】When it came time for letters of recommendation, I asked my chemistry teacher to write me a letter, and he said no.

當(dāng)需要寫(xiě)推薦信的時(shí)候, 我去找我的化學(xué)老師, 但他沒(méi)有答應(yīng)。

【243】And I said, "Why not?"

于是我說(shuō),”為什么不呢？”

【244】He said, "You'll never get into MIT."

他回答,”你怎么也進(jìn)不了 MIT 的?！?/p>

【245】So I asked my history teacher instead, and she did write a letter and I did get into MIT.

所以我去問(wèn)了我的歷史老師, 而她為我寫(xiě)了推薦信, 我也成功被 MIT 錄取。

【246】And when I brought back my acceptance letter and showed it to my chemistry teacher -- “Look, I got into MIT.” -- he said, "It's only because you're a woman.

而當(dāng)我拿著錄取信回來(lái) 給我的化學(xué)老師看, 他說(shuō),“只是因?yàn)槟闶桥?/p>

【247】They have quotas to fill."

他們要達(dá)到一定的配額?！?/p>

【248】This is in 1978 when people said things like that to your face.

那是 1978 年,人們?cè)?你面前毫不掩飾地這樣說(shuō)。

【249】That made me angry more than anything.

這使我異同尋常地憤怒,

【250】So I was determined to go to MIT and -- graduate, you know.

所以我下定決心要去 MIT 并… 你懂得,畢業(yè)。

【251】ND: What are some of the most nagging unanswered questions in your mind that exist in astronomy?

德雷克:你腦海中那些 最放不下的,天文領(lǐng)域的 未解之謎是什么？

【252】Any field in astronomy, could be anywhere in the universe, close to home, far away.

天文學(xué)的任何分支, 可以涉及宇宙的任何部分, 離家不遠(yuǎn)或是天涯海角。

【253】What bugs you? What keeps you up at night?

什么占據(jù)著你？ 什么使你夜不能寐？

【254】HH: How did the first stars and galaxies form in the universe?

哈默爾:宇宙最初的恒星 和星系究竟是怎么形成的？

【255】We have lots of models and theories, but to be able to make actual observations as early as we can, to tie together some of the disparate observations we have with a coherent story.

存在許多模型與理論, 但要在我們這會(huì)兒 就做出實(shí)質(zhì)性的觀察, 將我們互不相干的觀測(cè)結(jié)果 用一條邏輯清晰的脈絡(luò) 聯(lián)系起來(lái);

【256】I think that is an area that is very, very interesting right now.

這我認(rèn)為是目前 非常值得嘗試探索的。

【257】And of course, that's why James Webb Space Telescope was built, to add a piece to that story.

當(dāng)然了,這也是韋伯望遠(yuǎn)鏡的初衷, 填補(bǔ)這宇宙歷史拼圖的一小塊。

【258】ND: Uh-huh.

德雷克:嗯...

【259】HH: I think I'm also interested in how our planetary system that we live in, how did it in particular come to be and how did it come to be habitable?

哈默爾:我還對(duì)我們 所處的行星系統(tǒng)感興趣, 它是怎么形成的, 而什么使它充滿(mǎn)生機(jī)？

【260】We know this is the only one ...

我們知道這是僅有的,無(wú)二的

【261】the only system that we know is inhabited, right, is our solar system.

我們所知在太陽(yáng)系里滋養(yǎng)生命的系統(tǒng)。

【262】HH: Is it required that you have giant planets in the outer system and small planets in the inner solar system to make habitability?

是否必須在外太陽(yáng)系存在巨型行星, 內(nèi)太陽(yáng)系存在較小的 以迎合生命的需求？

【263】Or is it just by happenstance?

還是說(shuō)這都是碰巧呢？

【264】Did you have to have a Jupiter to make it habitable?

必須得有木星才讓其變得宜居嗎？

【265】Did you have to have a Neptune to sweep out through the Kuiper Belt and deliver volatiles to the inner solar system, water and stuff?

得有海王星在柯伊伯帶捕獲 易揮發(fā)物,如水之類(lèi)的, 并送至內(nèi)太陽(yáng)系嗎？

【266】I mean, that's so interesting. And ...

這是那么的催生興趣,并且...

【267】And it touches us as humans.

它與我們?nèi)祟?lèi)息息相關(guān)。

【268】Like, how did we come to be?

比如,我們?cè)趺闯霈F(xiàn)的？

【269】It's part of our story, it's part of our life story.

這也是我們的故事, 我們的生死之書(shū)的一部分。

【270】So I'm very interested in that question as well.

于是我也對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題很感興趣。

【271】And we still have so many observations left to make, both within our solar system and in the greater universe.

我們還得做許多觀測(cè), 在太陽(yáng)系內(nèi),以及在更浩瀚的宇宙。

【272】I think astronomers will be busy for a long time to come.

我覺(jué)得天文學(xué)家 離歇息的時(shí)間還早著呢。