Not black and?white

非黑即白

Why second-generation migrants in Britain report more discrimination

為什么英國第二代移民受到更多歧視

They are twice as likely as their parents to say they have been unfairly treated

他們認為自己受到不公平對待的可能性是他們父母的兩倍

Jan 25th 2020 |

FEW SUBJECTS are more chewed over in Britain than migration and race. The country will finally leave the European Union (EU) next week, a policy supported by many voters to reduce, or gain control over, immigration flows. Its former prime minister, Theresa May, will be remembered in part for her shoddy treatment of the Windrush generation of Caribbean migrants who were asked to prove their citizenship decades after making Britain their home. And Meghan Markle’s decision to leave has prompted introspection in some quarters and defensiveness in others.

在英國，很少有話題比移民和種族問題更受人關注。下周，英國將最終脫離歐盟，許多選民支持這一政策，以減少或控制移民流動。英國前首相特蕾莎·梅(Theresa May)將被人們銘記，部分原因是她對待溫德拉什河區(qū)域那一代加勒比移民的惡劣態(tài)度。這些移民在英國定居數(shù)十年后，才被要求證實自己的公民身份。梅根·馬克爾(Meghan Markle)離開的決定引發(fā)了一些人的反思，也引發(fā)了另一些人的防范。

On January 20th Oxford University’s Migration Observatory added some rare crunch to the discussion, with an analysis of data from the European Social Survey. Marina Fernandez-Reino, a researcher, found that migrants were slightly less likely to say they had been discriminated against in Britain than the average reported by their peers in 14 other European countries. But their children were much more likely to feel such discrimination: 32% of second-generation migrants encountered it, compared with 16% of their parents. The same pattern holds in other countries, but the disparity is much greater in Britain.

1月20日，牛津大學的移民觀察站對歐洲社會調(diào)查的數(shù)據(jù)進行了分析，為討論增添了一些罕見的困難。研究人員瑪麗娜·費爾南德斯-雷納發(fā)現(xiàn)，與其他14個歐洲國家的同齡人相比，移民者稱自己在英國受到歧視的可能性略低。但他們的孩子更有可能感受到這種歧視:32%的第二代移民遭遇了這種歧視，而他們的父母只有16%。同樣的模式在其他國家也存在，但在英國的差異要大得多。

詞匯

?crunch【the crunch】/( 非正式?)?an important and often unpleasant situation or piece of information?緊要關頭；困境；癥結；令人不快的重要消息

It is possible that ethnic minorities do indeed face higher rates of discrimination in Britain than elsewhere. An experiment by the academics Valentina Di Stasio and Anthony Heath, published last year, found that fictitious job-seekers with minority backgrounds had to apply for 60% more jobs to get the same number of interviews as Britons with names not traditionally associated with minorities. Researchers found a similar pattern in Spain, Germany, the Netherlands and Norway, too, but in each case the discrepancy between the two groups was smaller than in Britain. “Discrimination in Britain is remarkably high,” says Ms Di Stasio, of Utrecht University. She says Britain ought to perform better than its neighbours since it has a long history of mass migration and a relatively flexible labour market, which might be expected to reduce the disincentive for employers to take a perceived hiring risk. For half a century, studies have found similar prejudice against potential employees with Pakistani or Caribbean roots.

在英國，少數(shù)民族確實有可能比其他地方面臨更高的歧視率。學者瓦倫蒂娜?迪?斯塔西奧(Valentina Di Stasio)和安東尼?希思(Anthony Heath)去年發(fā)表的一項實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)，虛構的少數(shù)族裔求職者必須多申請60%的工作，才能獲得與那些名字傳統(tǒng)上與少數(shù)族裔無關的英國人同樣多的面試機會。研究人員在西班牙、德國、荷蘭和挪威也發(fā)現(xiàn)了類似的情況，但這兩個群體（普通人和少數(shù)族裔）之間的差異都比英國要小。烏得勒支大學的迪?斯塔西奧表示:“英國的歧視現(xiàn)象非常嚴重。”她表示，英國應該比鄰國表現(xiàn)得更好，因為英國有著長期的大規(guī)模移民歷史，而且勞動力市場相對靈活，這可能會降低雇主在招聘方面的積極性。半個世紀以來，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，人們對有巴基斯坦或加勒比海血統(tǒng)的潛在雇員抱有類似的偏見。

詞匯

ethnic minorities/少數(shù)民族；少數(shù)族裔

fictitious/虛構的；假想的；編造的

?

Yet other evidence suggests minorities fare better in Britain than elsewhere in Europe. For instance, about 20% of Britain’s black population report racial harassment in the past five years, the second-lowest rate of 12 EU countries surveyed in 2016. That figure was 32% in France and 48% in Germany. The same report found a smaller disparity in labour-market participation rates than in most other countries.

然而，其他證據(jù)表明，英國的少數(shù)族裔比歐洲其他地方的少數(shù)族裔過得更好。例如，英國約20%的黑人在過去五年中遭受過種族騷擾，這在2016年接受調(diào)查的12個歐盟國家中排名倒數(shù)第二。法國和德國的這一比例分別為32%和48%。同一份報告還發(fā)現(xiàn)，與大多數(shù)其他國家相比，勞動力市場參與率的差異較小。

詞匯

Disparity/不同；不一致；不等

?

An alternative explanation is that second-generation migrants may be more aware of their rights in Britain. Omar Khan of Runnymede Trust, a racial-equality think-tank, reckons Britain’s relatively large ethnic minority population brings such issues to the forefront. “There are more people within your in-group who are willing and able to talk about it,” he says.

另一種解釋是，第二代移民可能更清楚自己在英國的權利。種族平等智庫——【蘭尼米德信托】的Omar Khan認為，英國相對較多的少數(shù)民族人口將這些問題推到了風口上。他說:“在你的團隊中，有更多的人愿意并且能夠談論它?！?/p>

A paper by Conrad Ziller in 2014 found an association between the strength of a country’s anti-discrimination policies and its citizens’ knowledge of their rights. Sweden was the only European country to rank higher than Britain on both measures. Britain has had anti-racism laws since the 1960s, which are also tougher than elsewhere. “In some countries ethnicity and race are less discussed and people are less aware of [the issues],” says Ms Fernandez-Reino. In Britain “you might be more likely to see inequalities through the lens of discrimination.” Thus the debate generated by Ms Markle’s exit may itself generate greater awareness of future discrimination.

康拉德?齊勒(Conrad Ziller) 2014年的一篇論文發(fā)現(xiàn)，一個國家的反歧視政策力度與其公民對自身權利的認知存在關聯(lián)。瑞典是唯一一個在這兩項指標上排名都高于英國的歐洲國家。英國自20世紀60年代起就有了反種族主義的法律，這些法律也比其他地方更嚴厲。費爾南德斯-雷納表示:“在一些國家，人們很少討論民族和種族問題，也很少意識到(這些問題)?！痹谟?，“你可能更容易透過歧視的鏡頭看到不平等。因此，馬克爾離職引發(fā)的辯論本身可能會讓人們更加意識到未來的歧視。

It is also possible that migrants’ children have higher expectations of their success in Britain than their peers elsewhere. Nine-tenths of British migrants believe they can “get ahead if they work hard”, which could lead to a painful gap between expectations and reality. But even if disillusion is more the result of perception than of reality, it may be impacting migrants’ choices. Britain used to be the preferred destination in Europe for those thinking of moving country, but now it has dropped behind Germany and France.

移民子女在英國取得成功的期望也可能高于其他地方的同齡人。十分之九的英國移民認為他們“只要努力工作就能獲得成功”，這可能會導致期望與現(xiàn)實之間的痛苦差距。但即使幻滅更多是感知而非現(xiàn)實的結果，它也可能影響移民的選擇。英國曾是那些考慮移居歐洲的人的首選目的地，但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)落后于德國和法國。