本貼的原文來自reddit論壇，作者brbEightball，是位在培醫(yī)生。

原帖地址為：https://www.reddit.com/r/anime/comments/8z6vpb/hataraku_saibou_ep_1_doctors_notes/

我在這里只是翻譯作者的原文，順便標注下專業(yè)的生物單詞。

喜歡看‘工作細胞’和喜歡生物的小伙伴可以讀一下，本文絕對硬核科普。

Episode 1 - Pneumococcus
第一集：肺炎球菌

主角介紹：
Red blood cell (erythrocyte)
紅血球（紅細胞）
Red blood cells are the fundamental oxygen-carrying unit of blood. They are normally quite small (7.5 microns), and have a characteristic biconcave disc shape, which allows them to squeeze through tiny capillaries.
紅血球運送血液中的氧氣。它們非常非常?。?.5微米），它有特別的凹造型技巧，兩則都凹下去，這種形狀讓她們能擠過狹窄的毛細血管

They are extremely numerous—on the order of 20 to 30 trillion cells in the average 70kg adult—and very simplistic in structure. Essentially, they are sacs filled with hemoglobin (a protein which famously contains an iron atom for the binding of oxygen) as well as a few other enzymes and cytoskeletal elements. They do not even contain nuclei, which almost all cells in the human body otherwise do. A downside of this feature is that red cells are generally unable to repair themselves or really respond to any sort of stressors, as nuclei house the DNA and transcriptive mechanisms necessary to express proteins.
它們個數(shù)超多，在一個70kg的成年人身體里，有大約20萬億~30萬億個紅血球。它們的結構也很簡單，就是個包著血紅蛋白的袋子(血紅蛋白里含有鐵元素，可以用來結合氧氣)，還含有一些酶和細胞質(zhì)骨架。和人體內(nèi)其他細胞不一樣，紅血球沒有細胞核。這讓它極其弱雞，它無法自我修復，也沒法回應任何外界反應，因為必須要有細胞核里的DNA，才能產(chǎn)生表達。

Once a red cell is formed, its fate is sealed. The average red blood cell survives between 100-120 days in circulation, and is eventually removed from circulation by macrophages, usually in the spleen.
紅血球的命運才出生那刻就決定了。紅血球的血液循環(huán)壽命大概是100-120天，最終會被巨噬細胞（通常在脾里）清理走。

We can infer a few things about her from the first episode. She is obviously new at her job; perhaps it is more accurate to call her a reticulocyte. These are the immature form of red blood cells which still contain some fragments of nuclei from their hematogenesis. So at the very least, we should get a season or two out of her ??.
第一集里可以看出幾點。紅細胞是個新手，也許應該叫她‘網(wǎng)織紅細胞’，就是紅血球的未成熟模式，還殘留著一些造血過程中產(chǎn)生的細胞核。所以咧，我們至少能看她出場1季或2季呢。

Additional catch:

另：

Red blood cells jacket are reversible, one side is lighter red, one side is darker red. They change to darker red when carrying CO2, and to lighter red while carrying O2. In reality, this also stands true: blood rich in oxygen is more brightly colored than those with CO2.

紅血球的外套可以正反兩面穿。一面是淺紅，一面是深紅。當紅血球運送二氧化碳時，顏色是深的，運氧氣時變成淺的?，F(xiàn)實中，這也是對的：富含氧氣的血比含CO2的血顏色要淺

Episode 1 - Pneumococcus

第一集：肺炎球菌
We open to the body of some John (or Jane) Doe. There are 37.2 trillion cells in the body? Sounds about right1.
人類身體里有37.2萬億個細胞？答對了。

A bacterial invasion suddenly takes hold! A colony of pneumococcus invades a vessel. More on them shortly. I want to note that the vessels are represented by structures here, but in reality vascular endothelium is also made of cells (people?). It probably seemed too horrifying to walk through a hallway made of your colleagues however.
忽然，細菌來犯！肺炎球菌的菌落進入血管。一會兒再說它們。我想說的是，盡管動畫里用建筑物代表血管，實際上血管內(nèi)壁也是用細胞（人？?。┳龅?。不過，讓你穿過由同事組成的通道，有點恐怖

RBC’s hat reads AE-3803. No idea what that means. I guess I’ll refer to her as that from now on.
紅血球的帽子上寫的是AE-3803，不知道是啥意思。我以后就這么叫她了。

About pneumococcus. Pneumococcus, also known as Streptococcus pneumoniae, is one of the most common bacterial pathogens. They are gram-positive bacteria. Gram staining is a laboratory technique used in the identification of microbes, using a series of chemical treatments that color the bacteria depending on the chemical composition of their cell walls. “Gram-negatives” stain red, while “Gram-positives” stain blue. Perhaps that’s why these guys are blue.
關于肺炎球菌，也叫肺炎鏈球菌，是最常見的細菌病原體。它們也是‘革蘭氏陽性’細菌。革蘭氏染色是一種實驗方法，用來區(qū)分微生物的。它根據(jù)細胞壁的化學組成，來給細菌染色。‘革蘭氏陰性’是紅色，‘革蘭氏陽性’是藍色?？赡苓@就是為啥這家伙是藍的。

The neutrophil makes a heroic appearance! His hat simply reads “white blood cell”, but given that he is first on the scene to arrive, we can immediately intuit that he is a neutrophil. Neutrophils are part of the active, non-adaptive immune response. They respond to just about any perceived abnormality, usually attracted by molecular “scents” left by foreign pathogens or by inflammatory chemicals secreted from adjacent cells as a sort of distress signal.
‘嗜中性粒細胞’華麗登場！他帽子上只寫著‘白血球’，但是想到他是第一波來的人，就可以肯定它是中性粒細胞。中性粒細胞屬于主動的，非適應性免疫反應。它們對任何異常情況都會做反應，它們會追蹤病原體留下的‘味道’，或者是追蹤細胞發(fā)炎時釋放出的化學物質(zhì)。




They exert their bacteriotoxic effects by a complex chemical process known as the respiratory burst. More on that in his character highlight next time. Oh, this guy is called U-1146. One bone to pick: The crunchyroll sub suggests that neutrophils attack bacteria and viruses…in reality they are generally incapable of attacking viruses. Anyways, wtf are these bacteria bleeding? Cytoplasm? lol
它們會釋放細胞毒素，這是個復雜的化學過程，叫‘呼吸爆發(fā)’。等他下回戲份多時再細講。哦，這個‘中性粒細胞’叫U-1146。挑個小毛?。鹤帜焕镎f，中性粒細胞會攻擊細菌和病毒。實際上他們基本無法攻擊病毒。還有，這些細菌他喵的流的是啥？細胞質(zhì)？？

AE-3803 gets stuck by numerous venous valves. Indeed, your veins have a series of one-way valves that are meant to prevent the retrograde flow of venous blood. Unlike arterial blood, which is vigorously propulsed by your heart’s contraction, venous blood returns at a meandering pace. You may have heard that standing with your knees locked for too long can promote fainting. Indeed, blood can pool down there, and contracting your legs actually squeezes the veins, forcing blood back to your heart thanks to the effect of these valves. When the valves eventually become insufficient (as they do in old age), varicose veins result.
紅細胞卡在了靜脈瓣上。你的血管里的確有一系列單行道一樣的瓣膜，它們阻止靜脈血液回流。和動脈血液不一樣（它們由心臟收縮推進，流動猛烈），靜脈血液就是在閑庭漫步。你也許聽說過，如果站著、繃著膝蓋的時間太長，就可能導致眩暈。血液會在那里匯集，但是，收縮你的腿會擠壓血管，在這些瓣膜的幫助下，迫使血液流回心臟。瓣膜老化后，它們就工作不能了，導致靜脈曲張。

Stumbling into the spleen is a very tense scene if you recall that macrophages normally eliminate old or abnormal red blood cells. Look what they do to these red blood cells in a condition known as G6PD deficiency. These are called “bite cells”, because macrophages have literally torn out a chunk of the abnormal red cells.
不小心跑進脾臟很危險??！還記得吧，巨噬細胞會清理老化或者異常的紅血球?？纯催@些家伙對紅血球做了些啥！這個病情叫‘G6PD缺失’。這些紅血球叫‘被咬掉的細胞’，因為巨噬細胞真的吃掉了一部分異常的紅血球。

I am personally unaware of why a killer cell is stopping AE-3803 from entering lymphatics. They normally should never end up there, but that is mostly due to structure (the lymphatics drain the interstitial tissue spaces, not blood vessels) and not immune effect. However, the lymphatics are a sensitive site for immune surveillance.
我不太了解為什么殺手T細胞會阻止AE-3803?進入淋巴。紅細胞一般絕對會在那里出現(xiàn)，這主要是因為位置問題，淋巴是在組織之間，而不是血管之間。但不管怎樣，淋巴是重要的免疫監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)。

Why does AE-3803 get lost so easily? I’m not sure. RBC distribution is driven by laws of fluid dynamics. She does need to make it back to the lungs to deliver her CO2 payload—but this is an artistic license, as red blood cells actually carry very little CO2. Most carbon dioxide is dissolved directly in plasma, usually with the help of an enzyme called carbonic anhydrase. That’s the other major protein that is found in red blood cells.
為啥紅細胞這么容易迷路呀我的媽。紅血球的流動，是受流體力學推動的（所以不會隨意走失）。她的確需要回到肺部送走CO2，但其實紅血球只能帶一點點、一點點的CO2。大部分的二氧化碳直接溶解在血漿里，這個過程通常需要一種叫‘ 碳酸酐酶’的酶。這是紅血球里另外一種重要的蛋白質(zhì)。

Pneumococcus busts out a special trick—a polysaccharide capsule. Many bacteria express such capsules (staph aureus, anthrax, E. coli) and the medical microbiology textbook I’m scrambling to reference alludes to it as the “most important virulence factor” (feature that facilitates human disease). These layers shield bacteria from immune and phagocytic response, and “acts like a slimy football jersey”2, in that it is hard to grasp and tears away when grabbed by a phagocyte. Furthermore, capsular material can contribute to the formation of biofilms, which make infections extremely difficult to eliminate.
肺炎球菌發(fā)動特殊技能 - 多糖莢膜。許多細菌都有這種樣子的莢膜（金黃色葡萄球菌，炭疽菌，大腸桿菌），我翻的這本教科書上說它是‘最重要的毒力因子’（即讓人染病的東西）。這些膜保護細菌、讓它不受免疫系統(tǒng)和病原反應的影響。它就像‘黏黏的美式足球隊服一樣’，讓吞噬細胞很難抓住或者破壞掉它們。另外，莢膜的材質(zhì)是生物薄膜，這使得感染不好被清除。

U-1146 emphasizes that pneumococci can cause more than just pneumonia. Indeed, they are the most common cause of otitis media (middle ear infection), well really just about any bacterial head & neck infection. They also can alarmingly cause meningitis, a true medical emergency that can kill rapidly due to compression of the central nervous system. Pneumococcal bacteremia, however, is a relatively innocuous term, and simply refers to the presence of the bug in the blood stream. Bacteremia is happening right then, and can be transient and harmless as the pathogen is eventually dealt with. This is known to happen after routine dental procedures, for example.?Sepsis is another story, however, and is more like what he is describing.?It seems right that “white blood cell HQ” is not sending backup for one lone organism.
U-1146強調(diào)說，肺炎球菌不單單能導致肺炎。的確，它們也是中耳炎最常見的原因?；旧?，所有和細菌相關的頭部、頸部感染里，它都可以摻和下。它們還可以造成非常嚴重的腦脊膜炎（由于壓縮中樞神經(jīng)導致快速死亡）。但‘肺炎菌血癥’就沒那么嚴重，它只是指血液中存在這種細菌?！Y’可以是暫時性的、無害的，因為病原體會被干掉。比如常規(guī)的牙醫(yī)檢測后就可能有這種癥狀。但是‘壞血癥’是另一碼事，那要嚴重的多。所以‘白血球總部’沒有派出后援來對付這個單獨的細菌。

U-1146 has a receptor that helps him detect the bug. This could refer to one of many different pathogen pattern receptors, or PRRs. There are many, which we can go into later.
U-1146自帶查細菌的檢測器。這可以指某種的‘病原體模式識別受體’。受體有許多種，我們以后再說。

**** platelets! Probably right that they’re ****s children, they are the smallest cells in the body, even smaller than red blood cells. Their chief role is in hemostasis, or clotting. This is an extremely complex and highly-regulated process which merits further discussion later. In short, any damage to vessels (which exposes underlying proteins like collagen and von Willebrand factor) attracts the function of platelets. The fact that they can’t seem to access their calcium stores is very interesting, it may suggest that the host has a storage release disorder. More on that later…
蘿莉血小板~ 畫成小蘿莉挺對的，因為它們是身體里最小的細胞，比紅血球還小。它們最主要的作用是止血。這個過程很復雜，需要以后再細說。簡單來說就是，一旦血管破損（暴露出下面的膠原蛋白質(zhì)等），就會吸引血小板運作。它們夠不到裝“鈣”的箱子也很有意思，可能表示主人有storage release disorder（一種血液病，會導致流血時間變長）。以后再說吧。。。

Oh, the Helper T-cell. He is one of the main coordinators of the adaptive immune response, recognizing pathogens and coordinating immune responses. He will famously get taken out by the HIV virus, if that happens later.
哇哦，輔助T細胞。他是適應性免疫反應的重要協(xié)調(diào)人，可以辨認病原體，并調(diào)節(jié)免疫反應。他最有名的事跡，就是會被艾滋病病毒除掉。

Cytotoxic T-cells are right to be made so intimidating. They provide immunity especially in destruction of viruses, and will often destroy host cells that they perceive to be infected. Same for natural killer cells, which we will perhaps meet later.
殺傷性T細胞就是該這么嚇人。他們殺掉病毒，為人體提供免疫。通常在這個過程中，順便殺掉被感染的宿主細胞。這個原則也適用于自然殺手細胞（就是御姐‘NK細胞’）


They’re also right, that pneumococcus (and many bacterial organisms) do exhibit hemolysis (destroys RBCs for nutrients), and we can rely on the specific pattern of hemolysis to distinguish different strep species.
肺炎球菌（以及其他許多細菌）的確會‘溶血’（破壞紅血球搶奪養(yǎng)分）。我們可以根據(jù)溶血的類型，判斷鏈球菌的種類。

The capillaries of the lungs are an extremely tight squeeze, same as the capillaries in systemic circulation. Indeed, RBCs will move single-file here.
肺部的毛細血管超級狹窄，和體循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的毛細血管一樣。紅血球的確只能挨個通過。

Pneumococcus hides in AE-3803’s payload.They take up residence inside RBCs . This image is very telling:
肺炎球菌藏在了AE-3803的箱子，它們的確會藏在紅血球之內(nèi)。從這個圖里可以明顯看出來。

Neutrophils extravasate (leave the blood vessel) through a very organized and well-described series of mechanisms known as diapedesis. Basically they marginate out to the edge of vessels, then rely on several adhesion molecules to "stick" to the walls of the vessel and then squeeze through.
中性粒細胞需要非常有組織有紀律地離開血管，這個離場過程叫“血細胞滲出”。簡單的說，他們貼到血管邊緣，利用一些粘性的分子‘粘’到血管壁上，然后擠出去。

The respiratory mucosa, essentially that which lines your airways, features a unique antimicrobial defense—the mucociliary escalator. Basically, pneumocytes contain cilia (tiny hairs) which push mucus and debris up and out of the airway where they can be coughed (or sneezed!) out. I guess the mechanical arms/hands represent the cilia.
呼吸道黏膜，尤其是你氣管上的那些，有獨特的抵抗微生物的技巧 —— "黏膜纖毛活動梯"。肺細胞上有纖毛（細細的毛），它把肺里的臟東西上推，讓人咳嗽/打噴嚏，清理呼吸道。我琢磨著這些機械手臂代表的就是纖毛。

Pneumococcus has the ability to invade through not only blood stream, but also across some type of cell wall due to two enzymes it possess: Pneumolysin, which acts on bronchial cells (which probably get used on this anime), and Hyaluronate lytase, which hydrolizes hyauloran in connective tissue, breaking them down and allowing the germ entry. Bonus animation fact: if you focus on the the last wall that broke, you can see that the edges does not seems like it was only broken, but rather like it was melted too. (18:29 for those want to check).
肺炎球菌不僅可以入侵血管，還可以穿透一些細胞膜，因為它自帶兩種酶：一種是肺炎球菌自溶酶，作用于支氣管上（動畫里用的大概就是這種）；一種是透明質(zhì)酸水解酶，它會溶解掉在結締組織中的透明質(zhì)酸，破壞結締組織，使細菌能夠進入其中。如果你仔細看動畫的話，會發(fā)現(xiàn)有部分墻是融化掉的（見下圖）。

It's shown in the later chapter that indeed, inside that box were four cylinders of O2 in a steel frame. (hemoglobin is a tetrameric protein consisting of two pairs of identical peptide chains, each of which binds oxygen. So under normal full oxygen circumstances, one molecule of hemoglobin carries four molecules of oxygen)
后面的劇情里可以看到，AE-3803拿的箱子里是4個氧氣罐（血紅蛋白是‘四’聚體蛋白質(zhì)，包括兩個相同的肽鏈，每個都可以結合氧氣）。也就是，氧氣正常的情況下，一個血紅蛋白會攜帶4個氧氣分子。

Summary

總結

So, to summarize, this was a pretty humdrum transient bacteremia caused by streptococcus pneumoniae. It seems likely that the host would have manifested no noticeable symptoms from this, and business continues as normal, thanks to our heroes diligent efforts. This probably happens within you on a very regular basis without you ever knowing. Someone asked my opinion of the show--I honestly really like it so far. It doesn't seem like the cast or plot are intended to be incredibly deep, but the creator is clearly passionate about the subject and stays true to form. And it's got people excited about human biology, so I'm sold.


總結下，肺炎球菌短暫入侵了血液。主人應該沒有任何明顯癥狀。因為主角們的努力，身體一切正常。這種事八成在你身上很常見，你自己都沒意識到。有人問我覺得這部動畫怎樣，我真挺喜歡的。雖然角色和劇情都不深刻，但是主創(chuàng)們很明顯喜歡這個題材，盡量還原真實世界。還讓大家喜歡上生物，我愛了愛了。

生物相關單詞

Red blood cell 紅細胞，又叫‘erythrocyte 紅血球’

biconcave? 雙凹的

hemoglobin 血紅蛋白

enzyme? 酶

nuclei 細胞核（復數(shù)形式）

macrophages? 巨噬細胞

spleen 脾

reticulocyte? 網(wǎng)織紅細胞

hematogenesis? 造血過程

Pneumococcus? 肺炎球菌

pathogen? 病原體

Gram staining? 革蘭氏染色。區(qū)分細菌種類的一種染色方法，革蘭氏陽性為藍色（通常是單層膜），陰性是紅色（雙層膜）

neutrophil? 嗜中性粒細胞

non-adaptive immune response? 非適應性免疫反應

cytoplasm 細胞質(zhì)

venous valve? 靜脈瓣

venous blood? 靜脈血

arterial blood 動脈血

varicose vein? ?靜脈曲張

lymphatics? 淋巴

plasma? 血漿

carbonic anhydrase? ?碳酸酐酶

pneumonia? 肺炎

platelet? 血小板

hemostasis? 止血

adaptive immune response? 適應性免疫反應

Helper T-cell? 輔助T細胞

Cytotoxic T-cells? ?殺手T細胞

virus 病毒

infect? 感染

capillary 毛細血管

diapedesis? 血細胞滲出

cilia? 纖毛