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The 11 greatest children’s books

11本最偉大的兒童圖書

How to define a classic for kids

如何定義兒童文學(xué)經(jīng)典

What are the greatest children’s books ever? In search of a collective critical assessment, BBC Culture’s Jane Ciabattari polled dozens of critics around the world, including NPR’s Maureen Corrigan; Nicolette Jones, children’s books editor of the Sunday Times; Nicole Lamy of the Boston Globe; Time magazine's books editor Lev Grossman; Daniel Hahn, author of the new Oxford Companion to Children's Literature; and Beirut-based critic Rayyan Al-Shawaf. We asked each to name the best children’s books (for ages 10 and under) ever published in English. The critics named 151. Some of the choices may surprise you. A few books you might think would be contenders to top the poll didn’t even make the top 20. (For a full list of the runners-up visit our Twitter feed @BBC_Culture.) The titles that follow appeared over and again from the critics we polled and will continue to inspire children for many years to come.

歷來最偉大的童書有哪些？為了尋找評論界公認(rèn)的評定，BBC文化欄目的簡·賽亞巴塔里對世界各地數(shù)十位評論家進(jìn)行了一次投票，其中包括美國國家公共電臺（NPR）的莫琳·里根；《星期日泰晤士報》兒童圖書編輯妮可萊特·瓊斯；《波士頓環(huán)球時報》的妮可·拉米；《時代雜志》圖書編輯列弗·格羅斯曼；新《牛津兒童文學(xué)指南》作者丹尼爾·哈恩；賴揚(yáng)·阿爾-沙瓦夫。我們請他們提名認(rèn)為以英文出版的最佳兒童圖書（專為10歲以下兒童的書）。評論家們提名了151本書。有些選出的書可能會驚著你，而你可能認(rèn)為得票最高的幾本書并未進(jìn)入前20名。（查看完整決賽書單請看推特@BBC_文化欄目。）下列書目一次次出現(xiàn)在評論家口中，并將在未來許多年里繼續(xù)啟發(fā)孩子們。

11. Laura Ingalls Wilder, Little House on the Prairie (1935)

十一.《大草原上的小房子》，勞拉英·格爾斯·懷爾德著（1935年）

Wilder’s nine classic frontier novels were inspired by her own 19th Century childhood. She was raised in a pioneer family, and traveled through the Midwest by covered wagon. Wilder writes with authentic detail of a little girl living “in the Big Woods of Wisconsin, in a little gray house made of logs" with her parents, two sisters and their dog, Jack. "As far as a man could go to the north in a day, or a week, or a whole month, there was nothing but woods. There were no houses.” Wilder’s accounts have made daily life on the frontier vivid for generations.

懷爾德的九本經(jīng)典邊疆小說靈感來源于自己19世紀(jì)的童年。她在一個拓荒者家庭長大，乘著篷車游遍了美國中西部。懷爾德用真實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)寫作：一個小女孩和父母、兩個姐姐跟狗狗杰克住在“威斯康辛州大森林中”用“原木搭建的”灰色小房子里?！耙粋€人朝北方走上一天、一星期或者一個月也只能看見森林。沒有房子?！睉褷柕逻厼閹状松鷦用枋隽诉吔娜粘Ｉ睢?br/>
10. Madeleine L’Engle, A Wrinkle In Time (1962)

十.《時間的皺紋》，瑪?shù)铝铡だ矢駹栔?962年）

Meg Murry’s father, a time traveling physicist, has disappeared. One night she, her precocious younger brother Charles Wallace and her mother – “a scientist and a beauty as well” – have an unexpected visitor. "Wild nights are my glory," the strange Mrs Whatsit tells them. "I just got blown off course.” She refers to a tesseract, a fifth dimension that allows travel through time and space. With her brother and a high school friend, Calvin, Meg sets out across the universe to find her father. Their confrontation with IT, the disembodied conformist intelligence that casts a shadow over the universe, is a noirish Cold War touch. L’Engle’s Newbery Award-winning book was an early foray into science fiction for younger readers, inspired in part by Einstein’s theory of relativity. Meg was a first in literature: a nerdy girl whose intelligence was matched by her powerful love for her family.

麥格·莫里的爸爸，一位時間旅行物理學(xué)家，失蹤了。一天夜里麥格早熟的小弟弟查爾斯·華萊士和“即是科學(xué)家也是大美人”的媽媽見到了一位意外的訪客。這位奇怪的那啥啥夫人告訴他們：“荒野之黑夜乃我榮耀。我剛偏離了航線?！彼傅氖且粋€能穿越時空的第五維超立方體。麥格和弟弟還有高中的朋友卡爾文一起穿過宇宙去尋找她爸爸。他們對抗“它”——令宇宙蒙上陰影、沒有肉體、墨守成規(guī)的智慧生命——的故事帶著一絲黑色的冷戰(zhàn)格調(diào)。朗格爾的紐伯瑞兒童文學(xué)獎獲獎書籍是早期為年輕讀者涉足科幻小說領(lǐng)域的作品，部分靈感來源于愛因斯坦的相對論。麥格第一個在文學(xué)上付諸行動：對家人強(qiáng)大的愛意讓一個呆呆的女孩兒擁有了與之相稱的智慧。

【注】：紐伯瑞兒童文學(xué)獎（Newbery Medal），又稱紐伯瑞獎。以兒童文學(xué)之父紐伯瑞命名。該獎項(xiàng)每年頒發(fā)一次，專門獎勵上一年度出版的優(yōu)秀英語兒童文學(xué)作品。

9. Ursula K Le Guin, A Wizard of Earthsea (1968)

九.《地海巫師》，厄休拉·K·勒奎恩著（1968年）

8. Roald Dahl, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (1964)

八.《查理與巧克力工廠》，羅爾德·達(dá)爾著（1964年）

The critics’ poll nominated five of Roald Dahl’s children’s books – the most by any author. Poet and book critic Tess Taylor calls his work “rollicking, funny, scary, humane and magical.” New York Times columnist Carmela Ciuraru says, “It seems impossible to choose just one favourite by Dahl, arguably the greatest children's book author of all time, but he is at his most delightful, imaginative and mischievous in this 1964 classic.” Dahl’s most popular among the five nominated is the story of Charlie Bucket, his Grandpa Joe, the Oompa-Loompas and the five golden tickets that take Charlie inside the factory of Willy Wonka, “the most amazing, the most fantastic, the most extraordinary chocolate maker the world has ever seen!” “Something crazy is going to happen now, Charlie thought. But he wasn’t frightened. He wasn’t even nervous. He was just terrifically excited.”

評論家的投票提名了五本羅爾德·達(dá)爾的兒童圖書——評論者里提及最多的書目。詩歌與書籍評論家苔絲·泰勒稱羅爾德的作品“歡鬧、滑稽、可怕、充滿人情味、不可思議。”《紐約時報》卡梅拉·說，“要從達(dá)爾的書里挑一本最喜歡的簡直不可能，他可以說是歷來最偉大的兒童圖書作家，不過他最讓人愉快、最富有想象力、最淘氣的作品還要數(shù)1964年的經(jīng)典之作。”五本提名作品中最受歡迎的是查理·巴基特、他的爺爺喬、奧帕倫帕人和、帶查理進(jìn)入威利·旺卡巧克力工廠的五張金券的故事，“世界上有史以來最神奇、最夢幻、最非凡的巧克力制造商！”“瘋狂的事兒要發(fā)生了，查理心想?？伤缓ε?，甚至一點(diǎn)兒不緊張，就是激動得不得了。”

7. AA Milne, Winnie-the-Pooh (1926)

七.《小熊》，AA·米爾恩著（1926年）

Milne named the characters in his classic children’s book after his own son Christopher Robin, his cuddly teddy bear, his stuffed animals Piglet, Tigger, the donkey Eeyore and others. Christopher and Pooh wander through the Hundred Acre Wood not unlike the forest near Milne’s home in East Sussex. His first adventure sends him up a tree buzzing with bees, singing a little song to himself: “Isn’t it funny how a bear likes honey…” And the adventures continue, narrated with sweet grace by a father who includes his son and his son’s world in every new plot twist. A playwright and contributor to Punch Milne will be forever known as the creator of the perfect read-aloud nursery tale.

米爾恩的經(jīng)典兒童圖書作品以他的兒子克里斯多夫·羅賓、討人喜愛的泰迪熊、毛絨動物玩具小豬、玩具老虎、驢子屹耳和其他東西命名。克里斯多夫和小熊漫步穿過百畝林，百畝林跟東蘇塞克斯郡的米爾恩家附近的森林可不一樣。第一次冒險他爬上了一棵有蜜蜂嗡嗡直響的樹，唱一首歌給自己聽：“小熊喜歡蜂蜜啊多么的有趣……”冒險繼續(xù)著，言語中帶著一位父親將兒子和兒子的世界融入每次故事新曲折中的甜蜜慈愛。身為劇作家、同是英國老牌幽默雜志《笨拙》貢獻(xiàn)人的米爾恩，將作為完美朗讀童話的創(chuàng)作者被人永遠(yuǎn)銘記。

6. Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, The Little Prince (1943)

六.《小王子》，安東尼·圣-?？诵跖謇镏?943年）

This parable, written and illustrated by an aviator disappeared with his plane in 1944, encapsulates the meaning of life in an encounter between a pilot who crash lands in the Sahara and a young prince visiting from a small planet. “It is only with one’s heart that one can see clearly,” Saint-Exupéry writes, in one of dozens of illuminating life lessons. “What is essential is invisible to the eye.”

這本寓言由一名1944年和飛機(jī)一并失蹤的飛行員編繪，注入了迫降在撒哈拉沙漠的飛行員和一位來自某顆小星球的年輕王子邂逅中的生命意義。圣-埃克絮佩里留給人們幾十條頗具啟發(fā)性的生活教導(dǎo)，其中一條寫到“真心之人才能看透，本質(zhì)上的事物是肉眼看不見的。”

“Discovered in childhood, this story of leaving home brings the hope and promise of a world opening up to the little prince,” says Shelf Awareness children’s editor Jennifer M Brown. “As we return to the book at later points in our lives, we experience the story from the pilot's point of view, sadder yet richer, and heartened because we are not alone on life's journey.”

“童年接觸過這本書，書里離家的故事給小王子帶去了世界向他敞開胸懷的希望和諾言，”書架注意網(wǎng)兒童圖書編輯珍妮弗·M·布朗說到。“長大些再看這本書，對故事的理解更傷感卻也更豐富了，還因?yàn)槿松猛局胁⒎枪律硪蝗硕鴼g欣鼓舞?！?br/>
5. Louisa May Alcott, Little Women (1868)

五.《小婦人》，路易莎·梅·奧爾科特（1868年）

4. Lewis Carroll, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865)

四.《愛麗絲夢游仙境記》，劉易斯·卡羅爾著（1865年）

“Alice was beginning to get very tired of sitting by her sister on the bank, and of having nothing to do: once or twice she had peeped into the book her sister was reading, but it had no pictures or conversations in it, ‘a(chǎn)nd what is the use of a book,’ thought Alice, ‘without pictures or conversation?’ Suddenly a White Rabbit with pink eyes ran close by her.” Charles Dodgson’s Victorian fantasy was an instant sensation when published 150 years ago under the pseudonym Lewis Carroll. To this day Alice’s trip down the rabbit hole and her encounters with the Cheshire Cat, the White Rabbit, the Queen of Hearts, the Mad Hatter and the rest, are fresh fodder for the literary imagination. Alice is now in the public domain, and the versions and variations continue to multiply. “Alice will always be my favourite because I love her curiosity and bravery,” says Library Journal columnist Barbara Hoffert.

“愛麗絲開始厭倦了坐在姐姐身邊無事可做：有那么一兩次她偷瞄姐姐看的書，可書上既沒圖片也沒對話，‘沒有圖片和對話的書有什么用？’愛麗絲心想。突然，一只雙眼粉紅的白兔從她身邊跑了過去?！?50年前，這本查爾斯·道奇森以筆名劉易斯·卡羅爾出版的維多利亞時代風(fēng)格奇幻作品立刻引起了轟動。時至今日，愛麗絲的兔子洞之旅和與柴郡貓、白兔先生、紅心皇后、瘋帽子等角色的相遇都是文學(xué)想象力的新鮮素材?，F(xiàn)在愛麗絲屬于公有領(lǐng)域作品，各種版本和變異版仍在增加。“愛麗絲永遠(yuǎn)都是我最喜歡的，我愛她的好奇心和勇敢，”《圖書館雜志》專欄作家芭芭拉·霍弗特說到。

【注】：公有領(lǐng)域指當(dāng)專有權(quán)利期間屆止，作品便進(jìn)入公有領(lǐng)域。公有領(lǐng)域作品由于沒有專屬權(quán)利人，因此公眾有權(quán)自由使用。范圍包括人類的一部分作品與一部分知識的總匯，可以是文章、藝術(shù)品、音樂、科學(xué)、發(fā)明等。對于領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的知識財產(chǎn)，任何個人或團(tuán)體都不具所有權(quán)益（如版權(quán)或?qū)＠?br/>
3. Maurice Sendak, Where the Wild Things Are (1963)

三.《野獸家園》，莫里斯·森達(dá)克著（1963年）

In Sendak’s Caldecott Medal-winning picture book young Max, sent to bed without supper by his mother, escapes into his imagination, “where the wild things are”. “It's a concise, eloquent, moving depiction of a child learning to master his own emotions, which is the chief task of all children everywhere,” writes Time magazine book critic Lev Grossman.“This is one of those books that has everything: beautiful, rich and surprising text, matched with beautiful, rich and surprising illustration,” says Daniel Hahn, author of the new Oxford Companion to Children's Literature. “But more than that… it’s how the words and the pictures and the page design combine to tell a story that is both simple and full of psychological insight, wisdom and truth. As close as it’s possible to come to a perfect book.”

凱迪克大獎榮獲金獎的森達(dá)克繪本里，小男孩馬克斯沒吃晚飯就被媽媽趕上了床，于是他逃進(jìn)了自己的想象之中?！短┪钍繄蟆窌u家列弗·格羅斯曼寫到：“《野獸家園》描寫了一個小男孩學(xué)會掌控自己情緒的歷程，簡潔、感人而富有表現(xiàn)力。而這種學(xué)習(xí)也是世上每個孩子的首要任務(wù)?！毙隆杜＝騼和膶W(xué)指南》作者丹尼爾·哈恩說：“這本書可謂內(nèi)容應(yīng)有盡有的書之一：字句優(yōu)美動人、豐富多彩又光怪陸再離配上同等優(yōu)秀水準(zhǔn)的插畫。但更可貴的是文字、圖畫和頁面設(shè)計結(jié)合來講故事，既樸實(shí)又充滿對心靈的洞悉，飽含智慧與真理。這本書幾近完美?！?br/>
【注】：凱迪克大獎1938年設(shè)立，評選著重作品的藝術(shù)價值、特殊創(chuàng)意，尤其每一本得獎作品都必須“寓教于樂”。該獎項(xiàng)是美國最權(quán)威的繪本獎，被視作繪本的奧斯卡獎。

2. CS Lewis, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1950)

二.《獅子、女巫與衣櫥》，CS·劉易斯著（1950年）

【注】：本書后改編為電影《納尼亞傳奇》。

Lewis’ high fantasy classic drew high praise in our critics’ poll. “CS Lewis’ perfect fable The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is subtitled 'a story for children',” says author and critic David Abrams. “But The Chronicles of Narnia are stories for everybody. They can be read as Christian allegory or as a magical fable about four children who stumble across a magic wardrobe and, pushing their way through mothballed fur coats, enter a land of snow and forests and fauns and lampposts and a white-skinned, black-hearted Queen who dispenses turkish delight like deadly heroin.”

評論家投票中劉易斯的經(jīng)典嚴(yán)肅奇幻之作獲得了極高的稱贊。“CS·劉易斯所著的童話《獅子、女巫與衣櫥》堪稱完美。盡管書的副標(biāo)題寫著‘獻(xiàn)給孩子們的故事’，但《納尼亞傳奇》的故事卻屬于每個人，可以當(dāng)成基督教寓言或者魔法童話看。故事里四個孩子偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個魔法衣櫥，他們擠過樟腦味兒的毛皮大衣，踏入一片大地：這里有冰雪、有森林、有半人半鹿的牧神、有街燈柱子，還有一位雪白皮膚、烏黑心腸的女王，她把土耳其軟糖當(dāng)致命的海洛因一樣驅(qū)逐?！?br/>
“This enchanting story combines unsettling magic, psychological realism and a deep sense of beauty,” notes critic Roxana Robinson, president of the Authors Guild. “Lewis is wonderful at descxtions of the physical world. It is both thrilling and comforting to read, intelligent, compassionate and graceful.”

美國作家協(xié)會會長羅克珊娜·魯濱遜在筆記中寫到：“這個引人入勝的故事結(jié)合了令人不安的魔法、心理現(xiàn)實(shí)主義和深沉的美感。劉易斯對現(xiàn)實(shí)世界的描寫相當(dāng)美妙，讀起來既刺激又溫馨，機(jī)智精明，富有憐憫而不失優(yōu)雅?！?br/>
【注】：嚴(yán)肅奇幻（high fantasy），又譯作高度奇幻，指奇幻作品中人物、環(huán)境、故事等完全出自幻想，沒有現(xiàn)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。可理解為“完全架空”。

1. EB White, Charlotte’s Web (1952)

一.《夏洛特的網(wǎng)》，EB·懷特著（1952年）

“One day when I was on my way to feed the pig, I began feeling sorry for the pig because, like most pigs, he was doomed to die,” writes White. Charlotte’s Web topped our critics’ poll. “If I were asked to put one book in a space capsule to send to some far-off galaxy to evoke life in all its complexity, I would send White's masterpiece about friendship, loss, resignation and mortality,” notes NPR’s Maureen Corrigan. “It was the first book in which I encountered mortality, legacy and love that transcended differences,” writes author and critic Rigoberto González. “Those were huge lessons from a book that, at its core, was about an adorable friendship between a spider and a pig.”

“有一天正要去喂豬時，我開始為豬感到難過了，因?yàn)橄翊蠖鄶?shù)同類那樣，他也注定會死掉，”懷特寫到。評論家投票里《夏洛特的網(wǎng)》位居榜首?！叭绻以谔张摾锓乓槐緯盟徒o某處遙遠(yuǎn)星系來喚醒各種復(fù)雜的生命形式，我會送懷特這本關(guān)于友情、失落、放棄和生死的杰作?！泵绹鴩夜搽娕_（NPR）的莫琳·里根的筆記如是說到。身為作家兼評論家里戈韋托·岡薩雷斯寫到：“這是第一本讓我遇見超越了不同種族間生死、遺贈和愛的書。這本書的精髓在于一頭豬和一只蜘蛛的可愛友誼，它賦予人們寶貴的一課?！?br/>
“The complex emotions that emerge from the barnyard in EB White’s masterpiece never cloy, but feel true and important,” writes novelist and critic Meg Wolitzer. “Who can forget the opening: Fern in her damp sneakers wrestling to save the life of the runt Wilbur?” asks Karen R Long, who manages the Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards. “Not just about loyalty and friendship, this perfect book is an introduction to metaphor – the barnyard as life,” says Chicago Tribune literary editor-at-large Elizabeth Taylor. Author and critic Joan Frank calls it “sturdy and deeply wise.” “White managed to write a children’s book that encompasses mortality, friendship, and the power of the written word — amazing”, adds critic Heller McAlpin. According to our poll, Charlotte’s Web is the greatest children’s book of all time.

小說家兼評論家梅格·沃利茨寫到：“對EB·懷特杰作里谷場上浮現(xiàn)的復(fù)雜情感從未讓人覺得厭煩，而是真實(shí)、寶貴?！卑材菟狗茽柕?沃爾夫圖書獎管理人凱倫·R·朗說：“誰會忘記書的開頭：弗恩踩著潮乎乎的運(yùn)動鞋跌跌撞撞地跑去救小豬威爾伯？”《芝加哥論壇報》文學(xué)特約編輯伊麗莎白·泰勒說：“不僅是忠誠和友誼，這本可謂完美的書還帶入了隱喻——生活就是谷場?！弊骷壹嬖u論家瓊·弗蘭克稱其“耐讀、智慧深沉。”“懷特成功塑造了一本包含生死、友誼和文字力量的兒童圖書——太棒了，”評論家海勒·麥克阿爾普林補(bǔ)充說。根據(jù)投票，《夏洛特的網(wǎng)》當(dāng)選史上最偉大兒童圖書。

【注】：安妮斯菲爾德-沃爾夫圖書獎，美國文學(xué)獎項(xiàng)，專為給種族關(guān)系和人類文化多樣性作出貢獻(xiàn)的作品授予榮譽(yù)。