亨利八世最大的成就是進(jìn)行了宗教改革。改革的原因主要有三個(gè)：改革教會(huì)的渴望已有多年，現(xiàn)在又 受馬丁·路德成功的鼓舞，許多人認(rèn)為時(shí)機(jī)已到；人們痛恨教職人員的特權(quán)和財(cái)富；亨利需要錢。

Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the Church. There were 3 main causes: a desire for change and reform in the church had been growing for many years and now, encouraged by the success of Martin Luther (1483-1546),many people believed its time had come; the privilege and wealth of the clergy were also resented;and Henry needed money.

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改革以一場(chǎng)離婚案開始，以脫離教皇而告終。亨利八世欲與阿拉貢的凱瑟琳離婚，因?yàn)樗龥]有生下男 嗣。但教皇克萊蒙七世拒絕取消亨利與凱瑟琳的婚姻，因?yàn)樗ε律袷チ_馬皇帝、西班牙的查爾斯--他恰巧是凱瑟琳的侄子。 亨利改革的目的是使英國(guó)教會(huì)與教皇脫離聯(lián)系，成立獨(dú)立的英格蘭教會(huì)。1529 年至 1534 年間逐漸地與羅馬脫離了關(guān)系。他解散了所有英國(guó)的修道院和修女院，因?yàn)楹笳邔?duì)教皇比對(duì)英國(guó)國(guó)王更忠誠(chéng)。使改革得以進(jìn)行的法律(如 1534 年的《繼位法》和 1535 年的《至尊法案》)有三大影響：強(qiáng)調(diào)君 主權(quán)力，自然加強(qiáng)了亨利的地位(亨利于 1535 年獲"英格蘭教會(huì)最高首腦"之稱號(hào))；議會(huì)以往從未做過如此

漫長(zhǎng)而重要的工作，結(jié)果是議會(huì)的重要性也有所加強(qiáng)；盡管亨利只是想擺脫教皇干涉而不想在任何方面改 變神學(xué)，但他對(duì)教皇權(quán)力的打擊鼓舞了許多人批評(píng)指責(zé)天主教會(huì)，并希望從天主教轉(zhuǎn)向新教。

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The reform began as a struggle for a divorce and ended in freedom from the Papacy. Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon because she could not produce a male heir for him. But Pope Clement VII refused to annul his marriage to Catherine for he was living in fear of Charles of Spain, the Holy Roman Emperor, who happened to be Catherine's nephew. Henry's reform

was to get rid of the English Church's connection with the Pope, and to make an independent Church of England. He made this break with Rome gradually between 1529 and 1534. He dissolved all of England's monasteries and nunneries because they were much more loyal to the Pope than to their English kings. The laws (e. g. the Act of Succession of 1534 and the Act of Supremacy of 1535 which made his reform possible had three important effects: they stressed the power of the monarch and certainly strengthened Henry's position (Henry took the title supreme

Head of the Church of England in 1535); Parliament had never done such a long and important piece of work before. Its importance grew as a result to; and although Henry simply wanted to get rid of Papal interference and did not want to alter theology in any way, his attack on the Pope's power encouraged many critics of the abuses of the Catholic Church to expect some movement away from Catholicism towards Protestant ideology.

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亨利八世之后是他的兒子愛德華六世( 1547-1553) ，女兒瑪麗·都鐸(1553-1558)和伊莉莎白一世 (1558-1603)。真正的宗教變革發(fā)生在兒子愛德華統(tǒng)治時(shí)期，人們把他向新教神學(xué)的轉(zhuǎn)變稱為"宗教改革"。 但瑪麗·都鐸和她的西班牙母親、阿拉貢的凱瑟琳一樣，是虔誠(chéng)的天主教徒。她在愛德華后當(dāng)上女王， 后嫁給西班牙的菲力普二世，并試圖強(qiáng)迫人們重新皈依羅馬天主教。許多人因堅(jiān)持新觀點(diǎn)被處死，至少有 300 名新教徒被當(dāng)作異教徒燒死。人們稱她為"血腥瑪麗"。人們記住瑪麗還因?yàn)樗莵G失法國(guó)港口加萊的君主， 加萊本是英國(guó)在歐洲大陸的最后屬地，但在又一次對(duì)法戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中失去。多虧碼麗，新教主義和民族主義現(xiàn)在

成了永久同義詞。伊麗莎白一世是信奉新教的女王，她的統(tǒng)治很受歡迎，人們都感到放心，民族主義浪潮更加高漲。從此，英國(guó)一直是新教國(guó)家。

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Henry VIII was followed by his children Edward VI (1547-1553), Mary Tudor (1553-1558) , and Elizabeth I (1558-1603) . Real religious change came in his son Edward's time. People call his switch to Protestant theology "The Reformation". Mary Tudor, however, was still a devout Catholic like her Spanish mother Catherine of Aragon. When she became Queen after Edward she married Philip I of Spain and attempted to forcibly reconvert England to Roman Catholicism. Many people were persecuted for their Protestant religious views. At least 300 Protestants were burnt as heretics. People call her "Bloody Mary" . Mary is also remembered as the monarch who lost the French port of Calais, the last British possession on the Continent, during a renewed war with France. The reign of Elizabeth I, a Protestant Queen, was greeted with relief and a high tide of nationalism. England has been Protestant ever since.

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Ⅲ.伊麗莎白一世(1558-1603)?Elizabeth I (1558-1603)

伊麗莎白 25 歲時(shí)登基。她是被絞死的安·波林所生的亨利八世的女兒。

她統(tǒng)治英格蘭、威爾士和愛爾蘭 45 年，一直獨(dú)身。她對(duì)西班牙的菲力普二世和其他人的求婚加以政治利用。伊麗莎白統(tǒng)治時(shí)期人民自 信，民族主義高漲，在文學(xué)和其他藝術(shù)方面、在探險(xiǎn)和對(duì)外戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)方面都取得了巨大成就。

Elizabeth was 25 ?when she came to the throne. She was Henry VIII's daughter by Ann Boleyn whom he beheaded. She reigned England, Wales and Ireland for 45 years and she remained single. She made political use of the offers of marriage made by Philip II of Spain and others. Elizabeth's reign was a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle.

1.伊麗莎白的宗教改革 Elizabeth's Religious Reform

伊麗莎白的宗教改革是各種觀點(diǎn)的妥協(xié)。她中斷了瑪麗女王與羅馬建立的關(guān)系，恢復(fù)了父王建立的獨(dú) 立的英格蘭教會(huì)，也就是說她保持天主教的教條及做法，但不受教皇控制。伊麗莎白渴望英國(guó)人"對(duì)國(guó)教 應(yīng)有表面的順從，但觀點(diǎn)應(yīng)是自由的"。她的宗教和解政策既不被極端的新教徒(即清教徒)所接受，也不為虔誠(chéng)的天主教徒所接受。

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Elizabeth's religious reform was a compromise of views. She broke Mary's ties with

Rome and restored her father's independent Church of England, i.e. keeping to Catholic doctrines and practices but to be free of the Papal control. Elizabeth desired "that there should be outward conformity to the Established religion(國(guó)教), but that opinion should be left free. "Her religious settlement was unacceptable to both the extreme Protestants known as Puritans and to ardent Catholics.

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伊莉莎白花了近 20 年與天主教徒要推翻她或暗殺她的企圖作斗爭(zhēng)。一些天主教徒希望讓她的天主教徒表妹--蘇格蘭女王瑪麗·斯圖亞特--坐上王位，使英國(guó)重回天主教。

Elizabeth I spent nearly 20 years resisting Catholic attempts to either dethrone or assassinate her. Some Catholics wished to put her Catholic cousin Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, on the throne and return to Catholicism.

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蘇格蘭的瑪麗在 1568 年逃往英格蘭，但在途中被伊麗莎白扣留，在監(jiān)獄中飽受折磨，此時(shí)正醞釀著多起陰謀，大多受西班牙支持。長(zhǎng)期猶豫不決及推遲之后，伊麗莎白在 1587 年審判并處死了瑪麗，這就去除了陰謀 者們的焦點(diǎn)。次年西班牙無敵艦隊(duì)被打敗，徹底結(jié)束了天主教針對(duì)伊麗莎白的陰謀活動(dòng)。

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On fleeing to England, however, Mary of Scotland?was detained by Elizabeth in 1568 and languished in prison while plots were fermented , mostly involving the assistance of Spain.Elizabeth tried and executed Mary,after much delay and hesitation, in 1587, thus removing the conspirators' focal point.The defeat of the Spanish Armada the following year put an end

to Catholic conspiracies against Elizabeth.

2.伊麗莎白的外交政策 Elizabeth's Foreign Policy

在將近 30 年中，伊麗莎白成功地使兩大天主教強(qiáng)國(guó)法國(guó)和西班牙互相爭(zhēng)斗，從而避免了英國(guó)卷入任 何歐洲大國(guó)的沖突。通過她從未實(shí)現(xiàn)的聯(lián)姻計(jì)劃，伊莉莎白設(shè)法與法國(guó)維持友好關(guān)系，因此英國(guó)能面對(duì)來自西班牙的危險(xiǎn)。

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For nearly 30 years Elizabeth successfully played off against each other the two great

Catholic powers, France and Spain, and prevented England from getting involved in any major European conflict. Through her marriage alliances, which were never materialized, Elizabeth managed to maintain a friendly relationship with France. So England was able to face the danger from Spain.

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1587 年，蘇格蘭女王瑪麗被處死后，西班牙的菲力普二世在教皇支持下，1588 年 7 月企圖入侵英國(guó)。 其目的一是推翻異教的英國(guó)女王，使英國(guó)重歸天主教；二是阻止英國(guó)支援荷蘭，當(dāng)時(shí)的荷蘭新教徒正在起義反抗西班牙統(tǒng)治者。

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After Mary Queen of Scots was executed in 1587, Philip II of Spain, with the blessing of

the Pope, made an attempt to invade England in July, 1588, to overthrow the heretical Queen of England, to bring England back to Catholicism and to stop English assistance to the Netherlands where Protestant rebels were in revolt against their Spanish masters.

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菲力普派遣一支 130 只船組成的艦隊(duì)入侵并征服英國(guó)，西班牙的無敵艦駛向英吉利海峽，但它們不能與英國(guó)比較靈活的小型船只匹敵，遭受重創(chuàng)后一陣強(qiáng)風(fēng)刮散。被刮得越來越向北，無敵艦隊(duì)被迫繞過蘇格 蘭北部后再沿愛爾蘭海岸南下，但許多船只在航行時(shí)失事，只有 53 艘回到西班牙港口。

Philip dispatched a fleet of 130 vessels to land in and conquer England. The Armada (the Spanish fleet) sailed up the English Channel. But they proved no match for the more maneuverable smaller British ships and, having suffered heavy losses, they were dispersed by a strong gale. Driven further and further north, they were forced to sail round the North of Scotland and down the coast of Ireland. Many of the ships, however, were wrecked in their passage, and only 53 returned to their home ports.

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西班牙無敵艦隊(duì)的滅亡表明了英國(guó)作為海上強(qiáng)國(guó)的優(yōu)勢(shì)。英國(guó)的勝利決定性地遏制了天主教欲重新控 制北歐各國(guó)的瘋狂企圖，同時(shí)使英國(guó)在隨后能成為強(qiáng)大的貿(mào)易國(guó)和殖民國(guó)。

The destruction of the Spanish Armada showed England's superiority as a naval power. The English victory meant a decisive check to the formidable (counter-Reformation;) attempt of Catholicism to re-cover the northern countries of Europe, and it also enabled England to become a great trading and colonizing country in the years to come.

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1603 年 3 月，伊商莎白無嗣而終，由遠(yuǎn)親蘇格蘭國(guó)王詹姆斯六世繼位，他是蘇格蘭女王瑪麗·斯圖亞特之子。這樣蘇格蘭國(guó)王詹姆斯六世就兼任英國(guó)國(guó)五，稱詹姆斯一世，他是英國(guó)斯圖亞特王朝的首位君主。

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When Elizabeth I died without an heir in March, 1603, she was succeeded by her kinsman King James VI of Scotland, son of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots. King James VI of Scotland was also James I of England, where he was the first of the Stuarts to take the throne.

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