George Bernard Shaw

Shaw began his literary career by writing novels soon after his settling down in London.?With great efforts, he wrote five novels in all.?The best known is Cashel Byron's Profession?(①886), which is about a world-famous prize fighter marrying a priggishly refined lady of property.

蕭伯納在倫敦定居后不久就以寫小說開始了他的文學(xué)生涯。經(jīng)過努力，他總共寫了五部小說。最著名的是卡舍爾·拜倫的《職業(yè)》(①886年)，這本書講的是一個(gè)世界著名的職業(yè)拳擊手娶了一個(gè)自命不凡的優(yōu)雅的女財(cái)主的故事

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In a period of ten years from ①885, Shaw served as a critic of music and drama for a number of magazines and newspapers.Those articles were later published in a collection entitled Our Theaters in the Nineties?(①93①)

從①885年開始的十年時(shí)間里，蕭伯納為許多雜志和報(bào)紙擔(dān)任音樂和戲劇評(píng)論家。這些文章后來發(fā)表在一個(gè)集，題為我們的劇院在九十年代

文學(xué)創(chuàng)作主張：

①：Shaw was strongly against the credo of "art for art's sake"?held by those decadent aesthetic artists.蕭伯納強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)那些頹廢的審美藝術(shù)家“為藝術(shù)而藝術(shù)”的信條

2：In his critical essays, he vehemently condemned the "well made" but cheap, hollow plays which filled the English theater of the late ①9th century to meet the low taste of the middle class.?在他的評(píng)論文章中，他強(qiáng)烈譴責(zé)了“制作精良”但廉價(jià)、空洞的戲劇，這些戲劇充斥著①9世紀(jì)晚期的英國(guó)劇院，以滿足中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的低級(jí)趣味

3：Shaw held that art should serve social purpose by reflecting human life, revealing social contradictions and educating the common people.?

蕭伯納認(rèn)為，藝術(shù)應(yīng)該通過反映人的生活、揭示社會(huì)矛盾、教育平民來服務(wù)于社會(huì)。

His career as a dramatist?began in ①892, when his first play Widower's Houses?(①892) was put on by the Independent Theater Society

他的劇作家生涯始于①892年，當(dāng)時(shí)他的第一部戲劇《鰥夫之家》(①892)在獨(dú)立戲劇協(xié)會(huì)上演

Shaw's play, Candida (①895), was produced in New York in ①903;?and since then, Shaw's position as the leading playwright of his time was established.

蕭伯納的戲劇《坎迪達(dá)》(①895)于①903年在紐約上演;從那時(shí)起，蕭伯納作為他那個(gè)時(shí)代主要?jiǎng)∽骷业牡匚痪痛_立了。

蕭伯納的戲劇題材：

①：?His early plays were mainly concerned with social problems and directed towards the criticism of the contemporary social, economic, moral and religious evils.

他早期的戲劇主要關(guān)注社會(huì)問題，對(duì)當(dāng)代社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、道德和宗教罪惡進(jìn)行批判

As he wrote in his preface to the "Plays Pleasant", he could "no longer be satisfied with fictitious morals and fictitious good conduct,

正如他在《歡樂頌》的序言中所寫的那樣，他“再也不能滿足于虛構(gòu)的道德和虛構(gòu)的善行，

Widowers' House?is a grotesquely realistic exposure of slum landlordism

《鰥夫之家》是對(duì)貧民窟地主主義的怪誕現(xiàn)實(shí)揭露

Mrs. Warren's Profession（①893）?but published 5 years later, is a play about the economic oppression of women.

《沃倫夫人的職業(yè)》寫于①893年，但5年后出版，是一部關(guān)于女性經(jīng)濟(jì)壓迫的戲劇

These two can be regarded as the typical representatives of Shaw's early plays

這兩部作品可以說是蕭伯納早期戲劇的典型代表

2：Shaw wrote quite a few history plays, in which he kept an eye on the contemporary society.

蕭伯納寫了不少歷史劇，關(guān)注當(dāng)代社會(huì)

The important plays of this group are Caesar and Cleopatra?(①898) and St. Joan?(①923)

這個(gè)部分的重要戲劇有《凱撒與克利奧帕特拉》和《圣女貞德》

Shaw also produced several plays, exploring his idea of "Life Force,"?the power that would create superior beings to be equal to God and to solve all the social, moral, and metaphysical problems of human society

蕭伯納還創(chuàng)作了幾部戲劇，探索他的“生命力量”理念，這種力量可以創(chuàng)造出與上帝平等的高級(jí)生物，并解決人類社會(huì)的所有社會(huì)、道德和形而上學(xué)問題

The typical examples of this group are Man and Superman?(①904) and Back to Methuselah?(①92①)

這一部分的典型例子是《人與超人》和《回到瑪士撒拉》

Besides, Shaw wrote plays on miscellaneous subjects：

此外，蕭伯納還創(chuàng)作了各種題材的戲劇：

The Apple Cart?(①929)：about politics;?

《蘋果車》是關(guān)于政治的

John Bull's Other Island(①904)：about racial problems;

?《約翰布爾的另一個(gè)島》是關(guān)于種族問題的

Pygmalion?(①9①2)：about culture and art;?

《皮格馬利翁》是關(guān)于文化和藝術(shù)的

Getting Married?(①908), Misalliance?(①9①0) and Fanny's First Play?(①9①①)：about the problem of family and marriage;?

《結(jié)婚》、《錯(cuò)配》和《范妮的第一部戲劇》都是關(guān)于家庭和婚姻問題的

The Doctor's Dilemma?(①906)：?about the ignorance, incompetence, arrogance and bigotry of the medical profession

《醫(yī)生的困境》講述的是醫(yī)學(xué)界的無知、無能、傲慢和偏執(zhí)

3：Too True to Be Good (①932) is a better play of the later period, with the author's almost nihilistic bitterness?on the subjects of the cruelty and madness of World War I and the aimlessness and disillusion of the young.?

《真實(shí)并非善良》是一部較好的后期作品，作者以近乎虛無主義的筆法，描寫了第一次世界大戰(zhàn)的殘酷和瘋狂，描寫了年輕人的漫無目的和幻滅。

結(jié)構(gòu)和主題：

①：Structurally and thematically, Shaw followed the great traditions of realism

蕭伯納在結(jié)構(gòu)和主題上都遵循了現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的偉大傳統(tǒng)

2：As a realistic dramatist, he took the modern social issues as his subjects with the aim of directing social reforms.

作為一個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的劇作家，他以現(xiàn)代社會(huì)問題為題材，以指導(dǎo)社會(huì)變革為目標(biāo)

3：Most of his plays are concerned with political, economic, moral, or religious problems, and, thus, can be termed as problem plays

他的大部分戲劇都涉及政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、道德或宗教問題，因此可以被稱為問題劇

4：his plays have one passion, and one only, i.e. indignation,

他的戲劇只有一種激情，也只有一種，那就是憤怒，

人物塑造特點(diǎn)：

①：he makes the trick of showing up one character vividly at the expense of another

他善于以犧牲另一個(gè)角色為代價(jià)，生動(dòng)地展現(xiàn)一個(gè)角色

2：Usually he would take an unconventional character, a person with the gift of insight and freedom, and impinge it upon a group of conventional social animals,?so as to reveal at every turn stock notions, prejudices and dishonesties

通常，他會(huì)選擇一個(gè)不落俗套的人，一個(gè)有洞察力和自由的人，把他的性格強(qiáng)加給一群傳統(tǒng)的社會(huì)動(dòng)物，從而在每一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)上都暴露出一些陳舊的觀念、偏見和不誠(chéng)實(shí)的行為

3：?Shaw's characters are the?representatives of ideas, points of view, that shift and alter during the play, for Mr. Shaw is primarily interested in doctrines.?

蕭伯納筆下的人物是思想、觀點(diǎn)的代表，這些思想、觀點(diǎn)在劇中發(fā)生了變化和改變，因?yàn)槭挷{先生主要對(duì)學(xué)說感興趣。

戲劇情節(jié)和角色特點(diǎn)：

①：Much of Shavian drama is constructed around the inversion of a conventional theatrical situation.?The inversion, a device found in Shaw from beginning to end, is an integral part of an interpretation of life

蕭伯納的許多戲劇都是圍繞著傳統(tǒng)戲劇情境的反轉(zhuǎn)而構(gòu)建的。這種倒轉(zhuǎn)，在蕭伯納的作品中從頭到尾都能找到，是對(duì)生活的詮釋的一個(gè)組成部分

2：By presenting a conventional hero as a villain, or a conventional villain as a hero, Shaw intends to give a shocking impression to his audience and challenge the conventional way of thinking.?

通過將一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)的英雄塑造成一個(gè)惡棍，或者將一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)的惡棍塑造成一個(gè)英雄，蕭伯納想給觀眾一個(gè)震撼的印象，挑戰(zhàn)傳統(tǒng)的思維方式。

3：Shaw's plays have plots, but they do not work by plots.?The plot is usually the disregarded backbone to one long, unbroken conversation

蕭伯納的戲劇有情節(jié)，但它們不是根據(jù)情節(jié)來創(chuàng)作的。情節(jié)通常是一段漫長(zhǎng)而不間斷的對(duì)話的骨干

4：?It is the vitality of the talk that takes primacy over mere story.?Action is reduced to a minimum, while the dialogue and the interplay of the minds of the characters maintain the interest of the audience

是談話的活力凌駕于單純的故事之上。動(dòng)作被減少到最低限度，而對(duì)話和角色心理上的相互作用保持了觀眾的興趣

T. S. Eliot

His first important poem, "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," appeared in ①9①5

他的第一首重要的詩(shī)《j·阿爾弗雷德·普魯弗洛克的情歌》發(fā)表于①9①5年

From ①9①7 to ①9①9, he served as the assistant editor of The Egoist, a magazine advocating Imagism.

從①9①7年到①9①9年，他擔(dān)任《Egoist》雜志的助理編輯，這是一本提倡意象主義的雜志

In ①922 he became the editor of The Criterion, which was one of the two most influential literary reviews of this century；Eliot's most famous poem, The Waste Land (①922), appeared in the first number of The Criterion

①922年，他成為《標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》的編輯，這是本世紀(jì)最有影響力的兩篇文學(xué)評(píng)論之一；艾略特最著名的詩(shī)《荒原》(①922)出現(xiàn)在《標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》雜志的第一期上

He won various awards, including the Nobel Prize and the Order of Merit in ①948.?

他獲得了各種獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)，包括諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)和①948年的榮譽(yù)勛章。

?the early one from ①9①5 to ①925：

①：produced a fairly large number of poems, which were mainly collected in Poems ①909-25 (①925)

早期創(chuàng)作大量詩(shī)歌，主要收錄在《詩(shī)歌①909-25》中

2：published Prufrock and Other Observation?(①9①7), The Waste Land and two other small volumes of poetry

他還出版了《普魯弗洛克和其他觀察》(①9①7)、《荒原》和其他兩本詩(shī)集

3：As a young man with bitter disillusionment and with boldness in the handling of language, Eliot had explored in his early poetry various aspects of decay of culture in the modern Western world, expressing a sense of the disintegration of life

艾略特作為一個(gè)有著痛苦的幻滅感和大膽的語言處理的年輕人，在他早期的詩(shī)歌中探索了現(xiàn)代西方世界文化衰退的各個(gè)方面，表達(dá)了一種生活的解體感

4：Most of his early poems are about a state of mind

他早期的大部分詩(shī)都是關(guān)于一種心境的

5：The poems are dominated by the dark horror of an earthly hell詩(shī)中充斥著人間地獄的黑暗恐怖

6：The more important poems of this period are: "Profrock," "Gerontion," The Waste Land, and The Hollow Men

這一時(shí)期更重要的詩(shī)歌有:《普羅弗洛克》、《老人》、《荒原》和《空心人》

The Waste Land：

①：Eliot's important single poem, has been hailed as a landmark and a model of the 20th-chentury English poetry,

《荒原》是艾略特最重要的一首詩(shī)，被譽(yù)為20世紀(jì)英國(guó)詩(shī)歌的里程碑和典范

2：With bold technical innovations in versification and style, the poem not only presents a panorama of physical disorder and spiritual desolation in the modern Western world, but also reflects the prevalent mood of disillusionment and despair of a whole post-war generation.?

這首詩(shī)在詩(shī)體和風(fēng)格上進(jìn)行了大膽的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新，不僅展現(xiàn)了現(xiàn)代西方世界生理上的紊亂和精神上的荒涼，也反映了戰(zhàn)后整整一代人普遍存在的幻滅和絕望情緒。

3：The Waste Land is a poem concerned with the spiritual breakup of a modern civilization in which human life has lost its meaning, significance and purpose.

《荒原》是一首關(guān)于現(xiàn)代文明精神崩潰的詩(shī)，其中人類的生命失去了它的意義、意義和目的

4：The poem has developed a whole set of historical, cultural and religious themes;?but it is often regarded as being primarily a reflection of the 20th-century people's disillusionment and frustration in a sterile and futile society.?

這首詩(shī)發(fā)展了一整套歷史、文化和宗教主題;但它通常被認(rèn)為主要反映了20世紀(jì)人們?cè)谝粋€(gè)貧瘠和徒勞的社會(huì)中的幻滅和沮喪。

5：The poem is 433 lines long and is divided into five sections：這首詩(shī)有433行，分為五個(gè)部分

Section I, "The Burial of the Dead," deals chiefly with the theme of death in life

第一節(jié)，“死者的埋葬”，主要討論了生命中的死亡這一主題

Section II, "A Game of Chess," give a rather concrete illustration of the sterile situation

第二節(jié)，“一場(chǎng)國(guó)際象棋比賽”，給出了一個(gè)相當(dāng)具體的例子來說明這種貧瘠的情況

Section III, "The Fire Sermon," expresses a painfully elegiac feeling by juxtaposing the vulgarity and shallowness of the modern with the beauty and simplicity of the past

第三節(jié)，“火的布道”，通過將現(xiàn)代的粗俗和淺薄與過去的美麗和簡(jiǎn)單并列在一起，表達(dá)了一種痛苦的挽歌的感覺

In section IV,?"Death by Water," the drowned Phoenician Sailor is an emblem of futile worries over profit and loss, youth and age.

第四節(jié)，“死于水”中，被淹死的腓尼基水手象征著對(duì)利益和損失、青春和年齡的無謂憂慮?

The title of Section V, "What the Thunder Said," appears to be derived from an Indian myth, in which the supreme Lord of the Creation speaks through the thunder.

第五節(jié)，的標(biāo)題，“雷聲說了什么”，似乎源自一個(gè)印度神話，在這個(gè)神話中，造物主的至尊主通過雷聲說話

In his later period：

Eliot produced only two major volumes of poetic works：?Ash Wednesday (①930)?，?Four Quartets (①944)

艾略特只創(chuàng)作了兩本主要的詩(shī)作，《圣灰星期三》(①930)和《四重奏》(①944)

The Four Quartets：based on the Christian dogmas of incarnation and resurrection, is concerned with the quest for the immortal element, the stillness within time or history

《四重奏》以基督教義的化身和復(fù)活為基礎(chǔ)，關(guān)注的是對(duì)不朽元素、時(shí)間或歷史中的靜止的追求

Eliot had written in his lifetime five full length plays: Murder in the Cathedral?(①935), The Family Reunion (①939), The Cocktail Party?(①950), The Confidential Clerk?(①954), and?The Elder Statesman (①959)

艾略特一生還創(chuàng)作了五部長(zhǎng)篇戲劇:《大教堂里的謀殺》《家庭團(tuán)聚》《雞尾酒會(huì)》《機(jī)密秘書》《上年紀(jì)的政治家》

All the plays have something to do with Christian themes都與基督教主題有關(guān)

Murder in the Cathedral, which was written for the Canterbury Festival of June ①935, is concerned with the death and martyrdom of Thomas Becket

《大教堂里的謀殺》是為①935年6月的坎特伯雷節(jié)而寫的，是關(guān)于托馬斯·貝克特的死亡和殉難

his inner conflict with various temptations, of which the most serious is the temptation to accept his martyrdom for the wrong reason

內(nèi)心與各種誘惑的沖突，其中最嚴(yán)重的是出于錯(cuò)誤的原因而接受他的殉道

Murder in the Cathedral?is the best of his plays in the sense that it contains the best poetry and the most coherent drama

《大教堂慘案》是他最好的戲劇，因?yàn)樗俗詈玫脑?shī)歌和最連貫的戲劇

The Family Reunion?：a modern setting;?the story is about a young nobleman who painfully comes to realize the truth about himself, his background and environment, and who, divested of all deception and distraction, sets out on a lonely journey towards union with the divine

《家庭團(tuán)聚》：一個(gè)現(xiàn)代的背景；故事講述的是一個(gè)年輕的貴族痛苦地意識(shí)到關(guān)于他自己、他的背景和環(huán)境的真相，他擺脫了所有的欺騙和分心，踏上了一段與神結(jié)合的孤獨(dú)旅程

散文成就：

①：T.S. Eliot was also an important prose writer.?During his literary career, he wrote a large number of essays, articles and book reviews

艾略特也是一位重要的散文作家。在他的文學(xué)生涯中，他寫了大量的散文、文章和書評(píng)

2：His essays are mainly concerned with cultural, social, religious, literary issues.?

他的散文主要涉及文化、社會(huì)、宗教和文學(xué)問題

3：In "Tradition and Individual Talent," Eliot put great emphasis on the importance of tradition both in creative writing and in criticism.

《傳統(tǒng)與個(gè)人才能》中，艾略特非常強(qiáng)調(diào)傳統(tǒng)在創(chuàng)作和批評(píng)中的重要性

4：Eliot argued that a poet's mind should remain "inert" and "neutral" towards his subject matter, keeping a gulf between the man who suffers and the mind which creates

艾略特認(rèn)為，詩(shī)人的心靈應(yīng)該對(duì)他的主題保持“惰性”和“中立”，在受苦的人和創(chuàng)造的心靈之間保持一條鴻溝

5：Eliot, as a critic, may have occupied today a position of distinction and influence equal in importance to his position as a poet.?

艾略特作為一位批評(píng)家，在今天的地位和影響力上，可能與他作為一位詩(shī)人的地位同等重要

?

?

?

評(píng)價(jià)：

①：?When he was young, he was radical, pessimistic, satiric and explorative.?

年輕時(shí)，他激進(jìn)、悲觀、諷刺、探索

2：When Eliot had himself well-established,he turned him to the choice of conservatism and a hierarchic society.

當(dāng)艾略特有了自己的地位后，他轉(zhuǎn)向了保守主義和等級(jí)社會(huì)的選擇。

3：Eliot came to believe that the illness of the modern world was of the sum of individual souls, and that the cure could only be obtained by the change of the individual souls through the religious salvation艾略特開始相信，現(xiàn)代世界的疾病是個(gè)體靈魂的總和，治愈只能通過宗教救贖的個(gè)人靈魂的改變來獲得

選讀作品：

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock：

①：Eliot's most striking early achievement.?

艾略特最引人注目的早期成就。

2：It presents the meditation of an aging young man over the business of proposing marriage.?

它講述了一個(gè)上了年紀(jì)的年輕人對(duì)求婚這件事的沉思

3：The poem is in a form of dramatic monologue, suggesting an ironic contrast between a pretended "Love Song" and a confession of the speaker's incapability of facing up to love and to life in a sterile upper-class world.?

這首詩(shī)以一種戲劇性的獨(dú)白的形式，暗示了一種諷刺的對(duì)比，一種是假裝的“情歌”，另一種是對(duì)說話者在一個(gè)貧瘠的上層社會(huì)中無法面對(duì)愛情和生活的懺悔

4：Prufrock, the protagonist of the poem, is neurotic, self-important, illogical and incapable of action.?He is a kind of tragic figure caught in a sense of defeated idealism and tortured by unsatisfied desires.?

主人公普魯弗洛克神經(jīng)質(zhì)、妄自尊大、不合邏輯且無能為力。他是一個(gè)被失敗的理想主義所束縛，被未滿足的欲望所折磨的悲劇人物

5：The poem is intensely anti-romantic with visual images of hard, gritty objects and evasive hellish atmosphere.?

這首詩(shī)是強(qiáng)烈的反浪漫主義與視覺形象的堅(jiān)硬，粗糙的物體和逃避地獄般的氣氛

?

?

D. H. Lawrence

Lawrence began his novel writing in his early twenties.?勞倫斯二十出頭就開始寫小說

His first novel, The White Peacock?(①9①①), is a remarkable work of a talented young man, acutely observant of nature and delighting in story

他的第一部小說《白孔雀》是一個(gè)才華橫溢的年輕人的杰出作品，他敏銳地觀察自然，喜歡看故事

His second novel is?The Trespasser (①9①2).?Its theme is about the failure of human contact and the lack of warmth between people, which are to be further explored in his later novels

他的第二部小說是《非法侵入者》。它的主題是關(guān)于人接觸的失敗和人與人之間的缺乏，這將在他后期的小說中進(jìn)一步探討

The following two novels, The Rainbow?(①9①5) and Women in Love?(①920), are generally regarded as his masterpieces

《彩虹》和《戀愛中的女人》，通常被認(rèn)為是他的杰作

The Rainbow?：is a story about the three generations of the Brangwen family on the Marsh farm：

《彩虹》講述的是布蘭文一家三代人在馬氏農(nóng)場(chǎng)的故事：

①：The first part is about the marriage and life of Tom Brangwen and Lydia Lensky, a Polish widow

第一部分是關(guān)于湯姆·布蘭格文和波蘭寡婦莉迪亞·倫斯基的婚姻和生活

2：The second part of the novel is about Anna Lensky, Lydia's daughter by her first husband, and Will, Tom's nephew

小說的第二部分是關(guān)于莉迪亞第一任丈夫的女兒安娜·倫斯基和湯姆的侄子威爾的故事

3：The last part of the novel deals with Ursula, the eldest daughter of Will and Anna, who carries the story on into the third generation

小說的最后一部分講述了威爾和安娜的大女兒烏休拉，她把這個(gè)故事延續(xù)到了第三代

4：Lawrence illustrates a terrible social corruption that accompanies the progress of human civilization

勞倫斯闡述了伴隨人類文明進(jìn)步而來的一種可怕的社會(huì)腐敗

5：it is the first time for Lawrence to make a conscious attempt to combine social criticism with psychological exploration in his novel writing.

這是勞倫斯第一次在他的小說寫作中有意識(shí)地嘗試將社會(huì)批評(píng)與心理探索結(jié)合起來。?

Women in Love：?is regarded to be a more profoundly ordered novel than any other written by Lawrence.《戀愛中的女人》被認(rèn)為是勞倫斯創(chuàng)作的最深刻的一部小說。：

①：a novel about two pairs of lovers, around whom a series of episodes are dramatically presented

《戀愛中的女人》是一部關(guān)于兩對(duì)情侶的小說，圍繞著他們戲劇性地呈現(xiàn)了一系列的情節(jié)

2：The two heroines are Ursula Brangwen?and her younger sister Gudrun;?

這兩位女主人公是烏蘇拉·布蘭格文和她的妹妹古娟

3：the two chief male characters are Gerald Crich, a young coalmine owner, and Rupert Birkin, a school inspector兩個(gè)主要的男性角色分別是年輕的煤礦老板杰拉爾德·克里希和學(xué)校督學(xué)魯伯特·伯金

4：Women in Love is rich in its symbolic meanings.戀愛中的女人具有豐富的象征意義

Gerald Crich, an efficient but ruthless coalmine owner, who makes the machine his god and establishes the inhuman mechanical system in his mining kingdom, is a symbolic figure of spiritual death, representing the whole set of bourgeois ethics.?

杰拉爾德·克里希是一個(gè)高效但無情的煤礦老板，他把機(jī)器當(dāng)作自己的神，并在他的采礦王國(guó)里建立了不人道的機(jī)械系統(tǒng)，他是精神死亡的象征

Whereas?Birkin, a self-portrait of Lawrence, who fights against the cramping pressures of mechanized industrialism and the domination of any kind of dead formulas, is presented as a symbolic figure of human warmth, standing for the spontaneous Life Force.?

而伯金，勞倫斯的自畫像，他對(duì)抗機(jī)械化工業(yè)主義的擁擠壓力和任何一種死亡公式的統(tǒng)治，被描繪成人類溫暖的象征性人物，代表著自發(fā)的生命力量。

5：?a remarkable novel in which the individual consciousness?is subtly revealed and strands of themes are intricately wound up.

《戀愛中的女人》是一部引人注目的小說，其中個(gè)人意識(shí)被巧妙地揭示，主題線索被錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜地纏繞在一起

In the novels of his later period：

Aaron's Rod (①922)：a disillusioned man who attempts to save his integrity by running away again and again from his wife and children, every man is a sacred and holy individual whose integrity should never be violated or dominated

《亞倫的杖》：作為一個(gè)幻想破滅的人，他試圖通過一次又一次地逃離妻子和孩子來拯救自己的正直，每個(gè)人都是神圣和神圣的人，他的正直不應(yīng)該被侵犯或支配

Kangaroo (①923)：?is written out of Lawrence's trip to Australia, gives a rich portrayal of the Australian life and scenery;?but the subject is about the struggle for leadership in marriage as well as in politics.

《袋鼠》：寫自勞倫斯的澳大利亞之旅，對(duì)澳大利亞進(jìn)行了澳大利亞生活和風(fēng)景的豐富描述；但主題是關(guān)于在婚姻和政治中爭(zhēng)奪領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位的斗爭(zhēng)。

The Plumed Serpent?(①926)：set in Mexico, shows that Lawrence tries to give symbolic fictional form to his preoccupation with the concept of "blood consciousness,"

《羽蛇》以墨西哥為背景，表明勞倫斯試圖以象征性的虛構(gòu)形式賦予他對(duì)“血液意識(shí)”概念的關(guān)注，

?

Lady Chatterley's Lover?(①928)：Lawrence has returned to his early subjects and background of Nottinghamshire?.?he?condemns the civilized world of mechanism that distorts all natural relationships between men and women, but also advocates a return to nature.?

在《查泰萊夫人的情人》中，勞倫斯回到了他早期的主題和諾丁漢郡的背景，譴責(zé)了機(jī)械的文明世界扭曲了一切自然的男女關(guān)系，而且主張回歸自然。

Lawrence turns his eyes outward to?human society in his short stories.?He is?using them to expose the bankruptcy of the mechanical civilization and to find an answer to it.?Irony, humour and wit are the characteristic features of many of the stories

勞倫斯在他的短篇小說中把目光轉(zhuǎn)向了人類社會(huì)。他利用它們來揭露機(jī)械文明的破產(chǎn)，并找到答案。諷刺、幽默和機(jī)智是許多故事的特點(diǎn)

St. Mawr, The Daughter of the Vicar, The Horse Dealer's Daughter, The Captain's Doll, The Prussian Officer, and The Virgin and the Gypsy?are generally considered to be Lawrence's best known stories.

《圣莫爾》，《牧師的女兒》，《馬販子的女兒》，《上尉的娃娃》，《普魯士軍官》，《圣母與吉普賽人》都被認(rèn)為是勞倫斯最著名的小說。

His poems?fall into three categories -- Satirical and comic?poems, poems about human relationships and emotions, and poems about nature：

他的詩(shī)大致可分為三類:諷刺喜劇詩(shī)、人情詩(shī)和自然詩(shī)

In ①968 with the efforts of Peter Gill who staged three plays known as "the Lawrence trilogy" at the Royal Court

①968年，在彼得·吉爾的努力下，他在皇家宮廷上演了三部被稱為“勞倫斯三部曲”的戲劇

These three plays:

A Collier's Friday Night (①909), 《科利爾的星期五晚上》

The Daughter-in-law (①9①2) ?《兒媳》

The Widowing of Mrs. Holroyed (①9①4),

《霍羅伊德夫人的喪妻》

have in common the typical working-class environments set in Nottinghamshire

都以諾丁漢郡為背景，以典型的工人階級(jí)為背景

What the plays focus on is the direct and violent emotions of the main characters in times of crisis in their married life.?The plays are presented with a higher degree of objectivity and detachment than the novels by Lawrence.?

該劇關(guān)注的是主角在婚姻生活危機(jī)時(shí)期的直接和暴力情感。這些戲劇比勞倫斯的小說具有更高程度的客觀性和超然性。

主題思想：

①：In his writings, Lawrence has expressed a strong reaction against the mechanical civilization

在他的作品中，勞倫斯表達(dá)了對(duì)機(jī)械文明的強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)

2：Is his opinion, the bourgeois industrial revolution, which made its realization at the cost of ravishing the land, had started the catastrophic uprooting of man from nature

在他看來，以掠奪土地為代價(jià)實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)工業(yè)革命，已經(jīng)開始了把人從自然中連根拔起的災(zāi)難

3：?It is this agonized concern about the dehumanizing effect of mechanical civilization on the sensual tenderness of human nature that haunts Lawrence's writing.?

正是這種對(duì)機(jī)械文明對(duì)人性的感官柔情造成的非人性化影響的痛苦擔(dān)憂，在勞倫斯的作品中縈繞不去。

影響及創(chuàng)作手法

①：Lawrence was one of the first novelists to introduce themes of psychology into his works.

勞倫斯是最早將心理學(xué)主題引入作品的小說家之一

2：Human sexuality?was, to Lawrence, a symbol of Life Force對(duì)勞倫斯來說，人類的性行為是生命力的象征

3：By presenting the psychological experience of individual human life?and of human relationships,?Lawrence has opened up a wide new territory to the novel

通過呈現(xiàn)個(gè)人生活和人際關(guān)系的心理體驗(yàn)，勞倫斯為小說開辟了一個(gè)廣闊的新領(lǐng)域

4：this frank discussion of sex?in his novel is the chief reason why Lawrence had been accused of pornographic writing.?

他小說中對(duì)性的坦率討論是勞倫斯被指控寫色情作品的主要原因。

藝術(shù)傾向/特色：

①：Lawrence's artistic tendency is mainly realism, which combines dramatic scenes?with an authoritative commentary

勞倫斯的藝術(shù)傾向主要是現(xiàn)實(shí)主義，它結(jié)合了戲劇性的場(chǎng)景和權(quán)威的評(píng)論

2：the realistic feature is most obviously seen in its detailed portraiture.?

它的寫實(shí)特征最明顯的表現(xiàn)在它的細(xì)節(jié)刻畫上。

3：In presenting the psychological aspects of his characters, Lawrence makes use of poetic imagination and symbolism?in his writing

在表現(xiàn)人物心理方面，勞倫斯運(yùn)用了詩(shī)意的想象和象征手法

4：By using sets of natural images as poetic symbols to embody the emotional states?of the characters and to illustrate human situations, Lawrence endows the traditional realism with a fresh psychological meaning.?

勞倫斯用一系列自然意象作為詩(shī)意的象征，體現(xiàn)人物的情感狀態(tài)，闡釋人的處境，賦予了傳統(tǒng)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義一種新的心理意義

5：Through a combination of traditional realism and the innovating elements of symbolism and poetic imagination, Lawrence has managed to bring out the subtle ebb and flow of his characters' subconscious life.?

勞倫斯將傳統(tǒng)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義與象征主義、詩(shī)意想象的創(chuàng)新元素相結(jié)合，展現(xiàn)了人物潛意識(shí)生活的微妙起伏。