The Hundred Years War 1337-1453, the inevitable long-standing enmity Between England and France occasioned by the continental interests of the English Kings.

1340, Edward III of England claimed the throne of France through his wife.

For France, this war

• heighten the sense of national consciousness and began forging something we might provisionally call France, or a feeling of being French.
• resulted in a certain amount of professionalization of the French military, almost to the degree of universal conscription.
• enhanced French Kings's prestige and launched the French monarchy on the trajectory of glory that would lead to the Sun King in the 17th century.

For England, this war

• enhanced the role of parliament, whose strategy was to apply the principle of redress before supply.
• kept in check the factional divides in the English aristocracy, which bursted out in the last phases and after the war. These factional squabbles issued in a civil war called the Wars of the Roses 1455-1489

1492, January

the last Muslim stronghold fell.

March, 1492

Ferdinand and Isabella issued a decree requiring the Jews of Castile and Aragon to convert or depart. This act ended the rich Jewish Muslim Christian interaction in Spain.

April, 1492

Isabella commissioned Cristoforo Colombo "to discover and acquire islands and mainlands in the Ocean Sea"

the invade of France, Aragon, Germany.

the rise of Vince, Milan and Florence.

the absence of the Pope

Golden Bull 1356, the fragmentation of Germany.

Poland, Lithuania coalesced into Lithuania-Poland

Muscovy

1453, the Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople. The Byzantine Empire fell.

1305, A Frenchman, Clement V elected pope, in the hope that he might be able to settle some long-running disputes with the king of France.

Between 1309 and 1377, during the?Avignon Papacy, seven successive?popes?resided in Avignon and in 1348?Pope Clement VI?bought the town from?Joanna I of Naples.

The attempts to restore the Pope's to Rome resulted in The Great Schism 1378-1417.

not a time of irreligious but a time of anti-clericalism or the formal organized church

Conciliarism, a doctrine that claimed that ultimate authority in the church resided in the councils and not in the popes.

"Modern Devotion", Brethren of the Common Life

Imitation of Christ (1418), by Thomas a Kempis

Heretical Movements

• Lollards in England, John Wyclif
• Hussites in Bohemia, Jan Hus

Chaucer's Canterbury Tales

Plague

1315-1322, A series of seasons of bad weather, of poor harvests, and of famine weakened Europe severely.

The Black Death, 1348-1349