Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage. ?

Historian Sheilagh Ogilvie challenges the view that training by European craft guilds from 1560 to 1760 was necessary. Her main evidence, however, is based only on female employment in one guild. Like most?other guilds, the Wildberg weavers’ guild banned women from becoming masters; however, it exempted masters’ widows. Indeed, widows accounted for 14 percent of all masters. Ogilvie claims that these “untrained” widows prove “the irrelevance of training.” But Wildberg master-widows were not untrained: for, as Ogilvie notes elsewhere, wives and children worked with masters; their training may have been informal, but it existed nonetheless. At least 80 percent of widows were married to masters for longer than the standard six-year?apprenticeship; an unknown proportion of the remainder had grown up in weaving families.?

1. In context, the primary function of the final sentence of the passage is to?

A. provide evidence to undermine a central claim in Ogilvie’s argument?

B. summarize the most important aspects of the data Ogilvie cites to support her analysis?

C. illustrate how the Wildberg weavers’ guild differed from other craft guilds of the period?

D. quantify the amount of formal training typically received by Wildberg master weavers?

E. clarify an ambiguity in the status of mater-widows as guild members?

2. The author’s evaluation of Ogilvie’s argument focuses primarily on Ogilvie’s?

A. overgeneralization of a study of an atypical industry?

B. failure to differentiate between formal apprenticeship training and subsequent practical experience?

C. assumption that certain guild members had no training?

D. insufficient acknowledgement of certain exceptions to a guild’s rules?

E. attempt to impose an artificial uniformity on an extended period in history?

Questions 3 to 5 are based on this passage

The two primary theoretical traditions that frame research about audience exposure to television carry?differential assumptions of how television viewers use the medium. The uses and gratifications approach ?conceptualizes the audience as active and goal directed when consuming media and offers an understanding of?how audience motivations, individual characteristics, and preferences link to media behavior. Findings?demonstrate considerable audience activity in decisions about whether to watch television, especially involving ?program—or program type—preferences. However, studies in this tradition empirically ignore that exposure?is not completely free of constraints. Structural or contextual factors, such as the audience member’s availability ?and access to television or other media, the ability or willingness to pay for multichannel services, as well as ?scheduling factors, impact use of television. Scholars who focus on these structural determinants use aggregate ?data (usually secondary analyses supplied by Nielsen) to demonstrate consistent patterns of macrolevel audience?behavior. Findings from this approach usually have impressive predictive power and utility for explaining the ?mass audience but are ill-suited to explain the underlying reasons for medium or program choice, including?individual motivations for selecting television in the first place.?

3. The primary purpose of the passage is to ?

A. identify a particular assumption shared by two theoretical models ?

B. delineate differences between two approaches to the study of a particular subject?

C. account for researchers’ preference for one theoretical approach over a competing approach?

D. evaluate the evidence used to support two different explanations for a particular phenomenon

E. explain how certain problems with a particular research method are addressed by an alternative method?

4. Select the sentence in the passage that identifies a limitation to the uses and gratifications approach.?

A. The two primary theoretical traditions that frame research about audience exposure to television carry ?differential assumptions of how television viewers use the medium. ?

B. The uses and gratifications approach conceptualizes the audience as active and goal directed when ?consuming media and offers an understanding of how audience motivations, individual characteristics, ?and preferences link to media behavior. ?

C. Findings demonstrate considerable audience activity in decisions about whether to watch television, ?especially involving program--or program type--preferences. ?

D. Structural or contextual factors, such as the audience member's availability and access to television or ?other media, the ability or willingness to pay for multichannel services, as well as scheduling factors, ?impact use of television. ?

E. Scholars who focus on these structural determinants use aggregate data (usually secondary analyses ?supplied by Nielsen) to demonstrate consistent patterns of macro level audience behavior. ?

5. The author would most likely agree with which of the following claims about television viewers’ ?choices of particular programs??

A. They involve factors that may not be sufficiently reflected in the uses and gratifications approach?

B. They are difficult to study because of the paucity of aggregate data about them?

C. They are likely to be less reflective of people’s individual preferences than of structural or contextual factors.?

D. They cannot be reliably predicted by researchers who use neither of the approaches discussed in the?passage.?

E. They are largely determined by factors that cannot be studied empirically. ?

Questions 6 is based on this passage

Editor: A poem cannot become socially significant unless it is read by people beyond the author’s ?immediate circle. Since I intend to include in my anthology of English Romantic poetry only ?those works that had become socially significant during their author’s lifetime, I am not ?including poems or versions of poems that were never officially published.?

Scholar: As you surely know, English Romanticism was characterized by fast-traveling secrets and ?wide but clandestine distributions of manuscripts. ?

6. The point the scholar makes in responding to the editor does which of the following??

A. Forestalls an objection that could plausibly be made to the editor’s argument?

B. Cites as historical evidence something that, if true, indicates that few works of English Romantic ?poetry are likely to meet the editor’s criterion for social significance?

C. Raises the possibility that some unpublished English Romantic poetry could be included in the ?anthology without defeating the editor’s intention?

D. Questions that need to publish a certain category of literature by showing that it is already widely read?

E. Draws a distinction between widely read poetry and socially significant poetry?

Questions 7 and 8 are based on this passage

The graphic elements of Mesoamerican codex writing appear as figural representations, icons, and symbols ?that signify thought, ideas, and imagery rather than visible speech. Although ancient Mexicans designated some ?symbols to voice specific words, their larger graphic system did not correspond directly with spoken language. Because the symbols did not replicate any single linguistic system, speakers of various languages could translate ?the pictographs into their own respective tongues. Readers evaluated a combination of naturalistic images, ?pictorial conventions, and abstract symbols recorded within an organized structure. By knowing the basic?conventions and the meanings of the symbols and recognizing their general arrangement, readers interpreted?the pictographic messages. Precise reading orders are not always set, however; thus, different readings and ?interpretations remain possible.?

7. According to the passage, which of the following is true regarding the symbols of the ?Mesoamerican codex graphic system??

A. Some of the symbols represent multiple concepts.?

B. Some of the symbols correspond with particular words?

C. Most of the symbols originate from a single spoken language.?

D. The symbols were primarily made up of abstract images.?

E. The individual symbols were hard to translate because their arrangement varied.?

8. It can be inferred from the passage that the nature of the Mesoamerican codex graphic system?enabled which of the following??

A. The sharing of the system among speakers of different languages?

B. The visible representation of different language systems?

C. The changing of the system’s conventions by speakers of different languages?

Questions 9 and 10 are based on this passage

Important historical differences between Europe and North America may explain why many European ?migratory songbirds, in contrast to North American migratory songbirds, thrive in forest habitats fragmented by human activity. First, the Pleistocene glaciations may have been more severe in Europe than in North America. Virtually all Europe’s forests were erased during the most recent Ice Age. Any European songbirds dependent upon large, intact blocks of forest were unlikely to survive. In the southern part of North America, ?however, some forests managed to persist through the coldest times, to the advantage of some forest-dwelling ?songbirds. Second, European Forests were being abused by humans for thousands of years before the North ?American forests were. Consequently, European birds have had more time to adapt to a human-dominated ?landscape.?

9. According to the passage, which of the following is true about today’s European migratory?songbirds??

A. They generally are not dependent on large, intact blocks of forest.?

B. They generally are less sensitive to cold temperatures than are North American songbirds.?

C. They tend to be unevenly distributed across Europe because of differences in habitat.?

D. Most would be unlikely to survive additional fragmentation of their preferred habitat.?

E. Most represent species that evolved after the Pleistocene glaciations.?

10. In the author’s argument, the observation made in the highlighted portion of the passage ?primarily serves to?

A. identify a factor that helps explain why Europe’s songbird population is significantly smaller than ?North America’s?

B. help explain a distinctive characteristic of European songbirds?

C. shed light on why there is less habitat available for songbirds in Europe than for songbirds in North?America?

D. point to a reason why European songbirds have had more time to adapt to a human-dominated landscape than have North American birds.?

E. emphasize the long duration of the Pleistocene glaciations in North America relative to the Pleistocene glaciations in Europe