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Chapter ONE——Language and Linguistics

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目錄

1-1——「語(yǔ)言與語(yǔ)言學(xué)」之Language

1-1-1術(shù)語(yǔ)背誦on language

1-1-2 The Definition of Language-廣度

1-1-3 The Design Feature of Language-廣度

1-1-4-1論述題on language-常規(guī)默寫題

1-1-4-2論述題on language-材料綜合題

1-2-1 Functions of language

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材料綜合題

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例題賞析1——If language is partially defined as communication, can we call the noises that dogs make language? Why or why not?

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誰(shuí)回答“YES”就自己開創(chuàng)個(gè)學(xué)派吧。

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標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答題思路——

(a).語(yǔ)言的定義！語(yǔ)言是人類特有的！狗沒(méi)有語(yǔ)言。

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(b).關(guān)聯(lián)語(yǔ)言的幾大區(qū)別性特征。如，狗的叫聲是先天有的，而非習(xí)得的，沒(méi)有文化傳遞性。狗的叫聲沒(méi)有位移性，我們可以跨時(shí)空交際而狗不可以。我們的語(yǔ)言有二重性，可拆分，而狗的叫聲不可以。狗的叫聲沒(méi)有創(chuàng)造性/能產(chǎn)性，而我們的語(yǔ)言可以創(chuàng)造出沒(méi)聽過(guò)、沒(méi)見過(guò)的句子，或者新語(yǔ)境、新含義，以及無(wú)限長(zhǎng)的句子的可能。

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(c).書上關(guān)聯(lián)過(guò)的、與Dogs有關(guān)的、我提到過(guò)的、你能記住的例子，默寫下來(lái)！如，No matter how eloquently a dog may bark, he cannot tell you that his parents were poor but honest. A dog cannot tell people that its master will be home in few days.

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[辨證概念/頭腦風(fēng)暴]——

(a).Creativity、Productivity根據(jù)所考院校二選一就行，不要都答，沖突了。二選一后，就扯一扯，[胡][戴]混搭沒(méi)問(wèn)題。

(b).語(yǔ)言學(xué)有bug，大家還是不知道為好，嘻嘻，別死磕。比如「任意性」，狗的叫聲有沒(méi)有「任意性」？如果說(shuō)不清、道不明，就睜一只眼閉一只眼，就沒(méi)必要寫「任意性」。按需作答就行，要答就答能作證觀點(diǎn)的，別弄得悖論出來(lái)太尷尬了。雖說(shuō)確實(shí)能整出不少奇妙的化學(xué)反應(yīng)，但別給自己整不愉快，一會(huì)兒我還要提到這個(gè)點(diǎn)。

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[拓展的補(bǔ)丁]，其實(shí)可以通過(guò)「任意性」的特性來(lái)推斷，狗叫沒(méi)有任意性?。?！

The arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and that makes it possible for language to have an unlimitid(不受限的) source of expressions.[戴]

Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative.[胡]

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例題賞析2——課后題-20[胡-第三版]，根據(jù)語(yǔ)言的任意性和規(guī)約性看談?wù)剬?duì)下列諺語(yǔ)的認(rèn)識(shí)，

All roads lead to Rome.

You can’t make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear.

When in Rome, do as the Romans do.

Rome was not built in a day.

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[頭腦風(fēng)暴]——有沒(méi)有憨憨糾結(jié)到底哪個(gè)是「Conventionality」，哪個(gè)是「Arbitrariness」？【認(rèn)真你就輸了】！在每個(gè)句子中，兩個(gè)性質(zhì)肯定都有所體現(xiàn)呀！~只是或多或少的問(wèn)題，這個(gè)你知道就好，不需要寫在答題卡上?！鸽m說(shuō)術(shù)語(yǔ)二元對(duì)立，并不是非黑即白！」

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[規(guī)范答題]——職業(yè)操守、常規(guī)操作，我不管例句寫的啥，而且一些句子我看不懂。但，我們先默寫術(shù)語(yǔ)「Conventionality」、「Arbitrariness」。

然后，稍微思考下，大家會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，其實(shí)「任意性-單詞層面」、「規(guī)范性-句子層面」，你知道就好，不需要寫在答題卡上。你就術(shù)語(yǔ)默寫完后，隨便扯一扯，

(a).Rome指的是羅馬，無(wú)論換成其他任何名字，這個(gè)東西就是羅馬這個(gè)地方。Silk，也同理。這是任意性的體現(xiàn)。

(b).你不能說(shuō)Rome All roads to lead，這是規(guī)約性的體現(xiàn)。

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這一通操作寫下來(lái)，直接等著復(fù)試就行啦。

大家覺(jué)得難嗎？這不是難不難的問(wèn)題，而是熟練不熟練的問(wèn)題。

源文本給的例句，任意性——“pen”by any other name is the thing we use to write with.

A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.”——Shakespeare. 規(guī)約性——“bkli”、“I apple eat”, are incorrect.

套個(gè)皮就行啦?。。≌罩鴵Q個(gè)殼就行啦?。?！

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母題七——

(10-北外)How do you compare the traffic light system with a human linguistic system?

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(a).屬于人類語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)，但交通信號(hào)燈沒(méi)有二重性！

(b).您才華展示區(qū)——交通信號(hào)燈&人類語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)，即是人類特有的，它可以傳遞信息，它是約定俗成的，它有任意性。

(c).二重性的術(shù)語(yǔ)默寫下來(lái)，然后，信號(hào)燈沒(méi)有二重性。(不要問(wèn)為什么沒(méi)有，因?yàn)闆](méi)有，所以沒(méi)有)

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關(guān)于母題七的(c)，[胡-第三版]課后第6題，就明確提到了「信號(hào)燈&二重性」，默認(rèn)已知就行！

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[答題技巧]——就按需作答，別弄個(gè)悖論出來(lái)就太尷尬了- -！要答就答記過(guò)的、需要背誦的、能作證觀點(diǎn)的話術(shù)。

比如，Does the traffic light system belong to language?

我在1-1-2說(shuō)過(guò)，這個(gè)問(wèn)法就很奇葩，它屬于「Human Linguistic System」。而它是不是「語(yǔ)言」，這個(gè)問(wèn)題就無(wú)解。

憨憨把「語(yǔ)言的定義」掏出來(lái)，Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication，然后去死磕它不是Vocal，也不能Communicate，自己反駁自己，太搞笑了吧。

對(duì)自己不利的話不要答——比如你把「語(yǔ)言的定義」答上去，啥意思呢？我說(shuō)了它屬于「human linguistic system」，你為什么非得考慮它是不是「language」呢？

「語(yǔ)言的定義」，你寫就寫吧，你應(yīng)該給術(shù)語(yǔ)降降溫，別讓它跑偏了，你就說(shuō)，因?yàn)樗侨祟愄赜械?，是系統(tǒng)的，符號(hào)的，所以屬于語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)！

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[頭腦風(fēng)暴]——跟語(yǔ)言學(xué)大師[胡]學(xué)學(xué)，人家可以說(shuō)句子層面的「任意性」小，人家也可以說(shuō)沒(méi)有「任意性」！

咱也《靈活》用術(shù)語(yǔ)，比如問(wèn)，一個(gè)瘋子閉門造車，創(chuàng)造了一種新的語(yǔ)言，屬于語(yǔ)言嗎？不屬于！??！任意、口頭、符號(hào)、人類特有、系統(tǒng)，它都沒(méi)有，它也不能用于交流，不是成員共同享有的！??！憨憨：“它是人類特有的呀，創(chuàng)造的文字有符號(hào)表達(dá)的呀”。

【靈活】【適應(yīng)性理解】，憨憨懂嗎？相反，比如交通信號(hào)燈，任意、口頭、符號(hào)、人類特有、系統(tǒng)，它符合一兩點(diǎn)你就可以說(shuō)有。

狗頭保命，這東西出去可不能亂說(shuō)哈，這可是文科學(xué)術(shù)的遮羞布。

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[頭腦風(fēng)暴+辨證概念]——接著上一條說(shuō)，有人糾結(jié)Traffic Light&Vocal， Language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages and writing system came much kater than spoken form[戴]. Writing is derivative of speech[胡]. 就是說(shuō)，語(yǔ)言誕生于說(shuō)話，十萬(wàn)年前的事情了，不予考慮。

而且還有一個(gè)思路就是，關(guān)于「語(yǔ)言的定義」，Symbolic和Vocal本身就是對(duì)立的，大家沒(méi)發(fā)現(xiàn)嘛？！寫的符號(hào)肯定不是口頭說(shuō)的。所以，關(guān)于什么語(yǔ)言，沒(méi)有定量的定義。但，可以定性判斷什么屬于人類語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)。

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[頭腦風(fēng)暴]——我好歹參與sci論文相關(guān)的工作，但關(guān)于語(yǔ)言學(xué)的邏輯性，豆瓣拒絕評(píng)分，我也表示不予評(píng)價(jià)。不同于理科，文科不能鉆牛角尖，文科考慮問(wèn)題先考慮是否有意義？是否有必要？是否有價(jià)值？

你比如，講「Duality」，肯定有人會(huì)死磕，Phone(音素)的下層是什么? 句子的上層是段落，段落的上層是文章，文章的上層是合集，合集的上層是什么？干嘛吶，吃飽撐著~平常用語(yǔ)言就是句子，句子應(yīng)該是最有意義的，往上往下走都相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)就意義不大，就日常來(lái)說(shuō)。

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把格局打開！能理解理解，理解不了就別為難自己。

多寫寫博導(dǎo)論文練練就懂了，如果不會(huì)變通，以后怎么給研導(dǎo)學(xué)術(shù)打工？！狗頭保命?。?！

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語(yǔ)言學(xué)考試得分不難，別為難自己。好吧，死磕之前想清楚，價(jià)值、意義、必要性，考試考嗎？不知道就問(wèn)我。不考就別死磕。

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回到這道題，(10-北外)How do you compare the traffic light system with a human linguistic system?

(c).沒(méi)有，默寫術(shù)語(yǔ)。然后，比如紅綠燈作為獨(dú)立的下層，它沒(méi)法組合成有意義的上層。

時(shí)間充足就可以把下層也答上去，下層也給否定了。其實(shí)下層應(yīng)該是有意義的，但是就給他否定掉就行，像極了情侶吵架，不可開交一樣哈哈。比如組合 圖片 圖片。

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這個(gè)點(diǎn)不需要理解的，你可以說(shuō)因?yàn)樗鼪](méi)有二重性，所以它不是。你也可以說(shuō)因?yàn)樗皇?，所以它沒(méi)有二重性。女孩子嘛，對(duì)男生的小脾氣多用用！??！哈哈哈哈哈哈~

你可以說(shuō)，就沒(méi)有何談獨(dú)立性，所以沒(méi)有二重性。你也可以說(shuō)，它的獨(dú)立性不能構(gòu)成有意義的上下級(jí)關(guān)系，所以就沒(méi)有二重性！

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去這樣答題，這題就基本上滿分了，標(biāo)答寫的就這思路，知足了。

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仍然是母題七How do you compare the traffic light system with a human linguistic system?

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這個(gè)題還有個(gè)思路， 它說(shuō)讓「交通信號(hào)系統(tǒng)」和「人類語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)」作比較，咱就不說(shuō)「二重性」，而說(shuō)其它，比如「任意性」，應(yīng)該都有的，「文化傳遞性」也必須都有的。就這兩點(diǎn)，及格分就能拿到啦。

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校級(jí)命題命題事故，見怪不怪。不是我說(shuō)的哈，狗頭保命?；蛘哌@樣理解，這題就是無(wú)解答案，靈活給分，寫得越多，分?jǐn)?shù)越高哦~

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論述題閱卷，答案肯定五花八門，不少人連術(shù)語(yǔ)都不寫就直接天馬行空、天花亂墜。但咱按照書上的答，不卑不亢、不驕不躁，無(wú)論你是回答【交通信號(hào)燈沒(méi)有二重性及其解釋】，還是去回答【兩者都有任意性和文化傳遞性及其解釋】，或者【按照語(yǔ)言的定義去說(shuō)它是人類特有的、符號(hào)的、任意的、文化傳遞的】，都是能得到相對(duì)豐厚的回報(bào)！

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例題賞析3——It is widely known that animals have their own ways of communicating with each other. For example, bees can dance very complicated dances and some birds can sing very complicated songs. It is also generally agreed that there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals ways of communicating. (i).What is your view on this point? (ii).If you also think that there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals’ ways of communicating, according to you, what are the differences? Please give short explanations. If you don’t think that there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals’ ways of communicating, please also defend your position. Illustrate your points with examples with examples if necessary.

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Everybody who DON’T think that there are fundamental differences?

這你讓研導(dǎo)怎么看？挑戰(zhàn)學(xué)術(shù)圈的飯碗你得有背景呀，記得帶上三五百頁(yè)的證明材料，有望往頂級(jí)學(xué)術(shù)期刊發(fā)表，加油哦~你感覺(jué)我這段話是在捧殺，那是沒(méi)水平，人家大神才不管捧不捧殺，堅(jiān)持自己的真理就是敢發(fā)。開個(gè)玩笑

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標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作答的核心——

(a).引出The Design Features of Language

(b).介紹The Design Features of Language.

(c).默寫完后，課本上有關(guān)于動(dòng)物的例子，就上述提到的例子。

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標(biāo)答大綱：

(1).著名哲學(xué)家Bertrand Russel曾說(shuō)過(guò)，“No matter how eloquently a dog may bark, he cannot tell you that his parents were poor but honest.”

以及，In order to mate, propagate and cooperate in their colonies, species like birds and bees also communicate by singing or dancing, following a very elaborate routine too.

但，統(tǒng)統(tǒng)不是Language?。?！Animals have their own ways to communicate with each other, or to convey information

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(2). Arbitrariness, was discussed by Saussure, refers to that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds[戴], and the form of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship[胡]. For example, we cannot explain why a book is called a /b?k/ and a pen a /pen/ [胡]. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages.[戴]

補(bǔ)丁——The arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimitid(不受限的) source of expressions.[戴] Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative.[胡]

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這個(gè)補(bǔ)丁超贊?。?！如果只默寫術(shù)語(yǔ)，我們不知道動(dòng)物交流是否有任意性，如果加了后，Arbitrariness&sophistication, unlimited source of expressions, creation，直接就默認(rèn)狗狗貓貓肯定不會(huì)啦?。?！

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(3). Duality——It refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level, and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.

Displacement, means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present(in time and space) at moment of communication.

動(dòng)物交流沒(méi)有位移性，a dog cannot tell people that its master will be home in few days.

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(4). By creativity, we mean language is resourceful because of itself recursiveness. 沒(méi)有二重性，就也沒(méi)有創(chuàng)造性！

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(5).Cultural transmission——We were all born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned.

An English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both able to use a language, but they are not mutually intelligible.

與此同時(shí)，animal call system are genetically transmitted, i.e, animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar(特有的) to their species.

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Examine the following two statement about language, and discuss the similarities and differences between them. Do you agree with the two statement? Explain your answer.

(甲).Sapir(1921: Language): “Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.”

(乙).Bloch and Trager(1942: Outline of Linguistic Analysis): “A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group co-operates.”

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比較相似點(diǎn)，結(jié)合著書上的定義去比較呀，或者就不管這倆人說(shuō)的啥，你就說(shuō)Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication，你再看(1).(2).誰(shuí)符合就迎合迎合扯上幾句就行啦。

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這其實(shí)很像高中語(yǔ)文材料整合題，真的很像，咱們可以駕馭的?。。?/strong>

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(甲).Non-instinctive method&Cultural transmission. Purely human&Human-specific. Voluntraily&Arbitrariness. Symbols&Symbolic.

(乙).A social group co-operates&動(dòng)物有語(yǔ)言&非Human-specific. System&Systematic. vocal&vocal. arbitrary&arbitrary. symbol&symbol

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除了通過(guò)定義來(lái)說(shuō)，還有一些差異的，甲認(rèn)為語(yǔ)言只是交流思想、情緒。而乙強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)言用于合作。

總之，對(duì)于正統(tǒng)The Definition of Language來(lái)說(shuō)，甲乙各自都有局限性，但又相輔相成，值得相互借鑒。

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練習(xí)題1——A wolf is able to express subtle gradations of emotion by different positions of the ears, the lips, and the tail. There are eleven postures of the tail that express such emotions as self-confidence, confident threat, lack of tension, uncertain threat, depression, defensiveness, active submission, and complete submission. This system seems to be complex. Suppose there were a thousand different emotions that the wolf could express in this way. Would you then say a wolf had a language similar to man’s? If not, why not?

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參考上述的內(nèi)容，尤其是例題賞析3，以及記過(guò)的筆記，自己練?。?！

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標(biāo)簽：英專學(xué)碩外語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)綜合