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Interpeduncular nucleus

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Interpeduncular Nucleus

Details

Parts

Apical subnucleus(IPA), Central subnucleus (IPC), Dorsolateral subnucleus (IPDL)x2, Dorsomedial subnucleus (IPDM)x2, Intermediate subnucleus (IPI)x2, Lateral subnculeus (IPL)x2, Rostral subnucleus(IPR)

Identifiers

Latin

Nucleus Interpeduncularis

MeSH

D066268

NeuroNames

522

NeuroLex?ID

birnlex_1000

TA

A14.1.06.313

FMA

72439

Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy

[edit on Wikidata]

The?Interpeduncular nucleus?(IPN) is an unpaired, ovoid cell group at the base of the?midbrain tegmentum. It is located in the?mesencephalon?below the?interpeduncular fossa. As the name suggests, the interpeduncular nucleus lies?in between?the?cerebral peduncles.

Contents

·?1Composition

·?1.1Subdivisions

·?2Inputs

·?3Outputs

·?4Function

·?5See also

·?6References

·?7External links

Composition[edit]

The Interpeduncular nucleus is primarily?GABAergic?and contains at least two neuron clusters of different morphologies?[1]. The region is divided into 7 paired and unpaired subnuclei

Subdivisions[edit]

The presence of non-homologous subdivisions of the Interpeduncular nucleus was first noticed by?Cajal?over a hundred years ago?[2]. The currently recognized standard subdivision notation was mostly established by Hammill and Lenn in 1984 by combining the work and notations of four groups?[3]. Although most of their proposed convention stuck, at some point the proposed "rostral lateral" sub-nucleus was renamed "dorsomedial" and became immortalized in brain atlases.

·?Apical sub-nucleus (IPA)

Unpaired sub-nucleus. Former names include: "caudal dorsal", "dorsal", and "pars dorsalis magnocellularis".?[3]

·?Central sub-nucleus (IPC)

Unpaired sub-nucleus. Former names include: "rostral ventral", "caudal central", "posterior inter", and "pars medianus".[3]

·?Dorsolateral sub-nucleus (IPDL)

Paired sub-nucleus.

·?Dorsomedial sub-nucleus (IPDM)

Paired sub-nucleus. Former names include: "rostral lateral" and "interstitial".[3]

·?Intermediate sub-nucleus (IPI)

Paired sub-nucleus. Former names include: "caudal intermediate", "posterior inner" and "pars medianus".[3]

·?Lateral sub-nucleus (IPL)

Paired sub-nucleus. Former names include: "caudal lateral", "paramedian" and "pars lateralis".[3]

·?Rostral sub-nucleus (IPR)

Unpaired sub-nucleus. Former names include: "central" and "pars dorsalis".[3]

Inputs[edit]

The major input to the IPN arrives via the fasciculus retroflex from the?medial habenula. This pathway presents the IPN with several excitatory neurotransmitters including?ACh?and?Substance P.?Other brain regions that project to the Interpeduncular nucleus include: the?Nucleus of diagonal band, the dorsal?Tegmentum

(在選擇喜歡的前進(jìn)方向時(shí)，人和動(dòng)物是不動(dòng)的，選擇完后，人才動(dòng)，這對(duì)應(yīng)著dorsal?Tegmentum活動(dòng)時(shí)興奮VTA，然后按照既定方向行進(jìn)時(shí)就沒了進(jìn)行選擇時(shí)的快感，轉(zhuǎn)而興奮交感系統(tǒng)。這樣的方向選擇也可以是抽象的人生方向選擇，抽象的領(lǐng)域選擇)

,the?Raphe nuclei, the?Central grey

(即?periaqueductal gray。應(yīng)該是exciting part of periaqueductal gray，而不是sedative part of periaqueductal gray，反而當(dāng)sedative part of periaqueductal gray興奮時(shí)，是通過serotonin來抑制interpeduncular nucleus)

, and the?Locus coeruleus

（這里的Raphe nuclei是對(duì)Interpeduncular nucleus進(jìn)行“抑制”的一個(gè)途徑。）.[4]

Outputs[edit]

The major output pathways are inhibitory and project to the dorsal Tegmental area, the?Periaqueductal gray?and also the?Raphe nuclei

（which raphe???）

. In addition, output is sent to the following: the mediodorsal nucleus of the?Thalamus, the?lateral Habenula, the?Septal nuclei, the anterior?Mammillary nuclei, the?Nucleus of diagonal band

（這樣的環(huán)路說明通過?Nucleus of diagonal band對(duì)Interpeduncular nucleus的影響是短暫的。）

, the?Preoptic area, the?Ventral tegmental area

(so many important parts?????????可能Interpeduncular nucleus是人抑郁的核心部件，如果Interpeduncular nucleus活動(dòng)時(shí)間很短暫的話，也是讓人瞬間鎮(zhèn)定冷靜的原因，而且這個(gè)過程不是通過大腦皮層進(jìn)行記憶重復(fù)的。而Periaqueductal gray的活動(dòng)則對(duì)Interpeduncular nucleus進(jìn)行抑制，即處于crazy狀態(tài)的人很難進(jìn)入瞬間鎮(zhèn)定冷靜的自我反思狀態(tài)。)

, and in some species the dorsal and/or lateral?Hypothalamus.[4]

Function[edit]

The Interpeduncular nucleus is thought to have a broad inhibitory effects on many other brain regions

(I agree very much, maybe it is the basic reason for depression，actually, the nuclei that excite Interpeduncular nucleus?are the basic reason for depression(in long term)and instant calmness(in short term)).?

IPN activity is linked with decreased dopamine release and utilization from dopamine producing regions?[5]. The Interpeduncular nucleus is implicated with a role in the regulation of?Rapid eye movement sleep

(because the pedunculopontine nucleus is active, which is activated by lateral habenula, which is activated by hypothalamus; medial habenula excite Interpeduncular nucleus.)?

[6]. Activation of the?GAD2?expressing sub-population of the IPN produced the physical symptoms of nicotine withdrawal suggesting that the misfunction of this region may be an active component of withdrawal.[7]

趨利避害是一個(gè)選擇的過程，是瞬間完成的；不停地做有利的事情則是一個(gè)持續(xù)的過程，是一個(gè)重復(fù)的過程。