惡地國(guó)家公園 惡地國(guó)家公園 在90號(hào)州際公路上向西行駛，當(dāng)你接近南達(dá)科他州的Rapid City時(shí)，從駕駛員側(cè)往外看，這是你進(jìn)入野外西部的第一條線索：惡地國(guó)家公園廣闊、層次分明的景觀。它自1939年起就受到了政府的保護(hù)，首先是作為國(guó)家紀(jì)念碑，1978年這天被提升為國(guó)家公園之后，更為完整。這個(gè)公園保護(hù)著24.4萬(wàn)英畝被嚴(yán)重侵蝕的基巖，到處都是化石床，還有美國(guó)最大的混草草原，這里有野牛、草原狗和瀕臨滅絕的黑足動(dòng)物雪貂。以前這是一個(gè)國(guó)家公園，印第安人把荒地稱為“家園”已經(jīng)有一萬(wàn)多年了。大約150年前，拉科塔人已經(jīng)取代其他部落來(lái)控制這個(gè)地區(qū)，與此同時(shí)，來(lái)自東部的定居者正在破壞整個(gè)邊境地區(qū)的土著權(quán)力結(jié)構(gòu)。作為對(duì)這些入侵的回應(yīng)，19世紀(jì)末，許多拉科塔人接受了一種被稱為“鬼魂舞”的跨部落精神運(yùn)動(dòng)。這是一種儀式體系，包括經(jīng)常在荒地表演的同名圓圈舞，據(jù)信這種舞蹈可以阻止白人定居者的入侵，并使當(dāng)?shù)厝嗣庠獗┝?。但到?890年底，這些努力似乎是徒勞的，就在這里的南部，沖突最終導(dǎo)致了受傷的膝蓋大屠殺，美軍殺死了250多名手無(wú)寸鐵的拉科塔男女，以及孩子們沖突和隨之而來(lái)的悲劇是美國(guó)歷史上最丑陋的篇章之一，但在美國(guó)土著歷史月里，當(dāng)我們思考荒地的過(guò)去時(shí)，它會(huì)引起人們的反思，就像構(gòu)成荒地的基石一樣廣闊和多層次。

原文:

Heading west on Interstate 90, peek out the driver's side as you approach Rapid City, South Dakota, for the first clue you've entered the Wild West: the expansive, layered landscape of Badlands National Park. It's enjoyed government protection since 1939, first as a national monument and more completely after it was upgraded to national park status on this day in 1978. The park protects 244,000 acres of dramatically eroded bedrock replete with fossil beds—as well as the nation's largest mixed-grass prairie, hosting bison, prairie dogs, and endangered black-footed ferrets.Before it was a national park, Native Americans called the Badlands home for more than 10,000 years. The Lakota had displaced other tribes to control the region by about 150 years ago—the same time settlers from the East were undermining Native power structures throughout the frontier. In response to these incursions, many Lakota in the late 19th century embraced a cross-tribal spiritual movement known as the 'Ghost Dance.' It was a system of rituals—including the namesake circle dance often performed here in the Badlands—believed to impede the encroachment of white settlers and deliver Natives from violence. But those efforts seemed futile by late 1890 as, just south of here, conflicts culminated in the Wounded Knee massacre where US forces killed more than 250 unarmed Lakota men, women, and children.The conflict and ensuing tragedy is one of American history's ugliest chapters—but it bears reflection during Native American History Month as we ponder the Badlands' past, as vast and multilayered as the bedrock that makes it up.

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