原文

https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/pituitary-macroadenoma-in-dogs#:~:text=Pituitary%20macroadenomas%20are%20more%20common%20in%20dogs%2C%20although,depend%20on%20whether%20the%20tumor%20is%20producing%20hormones.

Pituitary Macroadenoma in Dogs
犬垂體巨腺瘤

What is a pituitary macroadenoma?
什么是垂體巨腺瘤？

Pituitary macroadenomas are large, non-cancerous (benign) tumors of the pituitary gland (a pea-sized organ at the base of the brain responsible for producing hormones that influence many organ systems in the body). These tumors are typically greater than ? inch in diameter, though there is some subjective variation in the definition of macroadenoma depending on the animal’s skull size. Pituitary macroadenomas are more common in dogs than in cats.

垂體巨腺瘤是垂體(位于大腦底部的一個(gè)豌豆大小的器官，負(fù)責(zé)產(chǎn)生影響身體許多器官系統(tǒng)的激素)的大的非癌性(良性)腫瘤。

這些腫瘤通常直徑大于1/2英寸，盡管根據(jù)動(dòng)物的顱骨大小對巨腺瘤的定義有一些主觀差異。

垂體巨腺瘤在犬身上比在貓身上更常見。

筆記??

- 非癌性，良性

- 直徑一般>1.2cm（0.5 英寸）

- 犬比貓常見

These tumors may be functional (hormone-secreting) or non-functional (do not secrete hormones), and their effects depend on whether the tumor is producing hormones. The effects of non-functional pituitary macroadenomas are directly related to the physical pressure that the growing tumor places on surrounding brain structures, while the effects of functional macroadenomas are dependent on the type of hormones produced by the tumor.

這些腫瘤可能是功能性的(分泌激素的)或非功能性的(不分泌激素的)，
它們的影響取決于腫瘤是否產(chǎn)生激素。

非功能性垂體巨腺瘤的影響與腫瘤生長對周圍腦結(jié)構(gòu)的物理壓力直接相關(guān)，
而功能性巨腺瘤的影響則取決于腫瘤產(chǎn)生的激素類型。

筆記??

- 功能性，非功能性

"In most cases, pituitary macroadenomas are functional tumors."

多數(shù)病例的垂體巨腺瘤是非功能性的

In most cases, pituitary macroadenomas are functional tumors. The most common functional pituitary macroadenomas in dogs release a hormone known as adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). This hormone triggers the adrenal glands to release cortisol, leading to a condition called Cushing’s disease. Cushing’s is a common metabolic disease in dogs, especially in Boxers, Pugs, Bulldogs, Boston Terriers, and Dachshunds. (See handout “Cushing’s Disease in Dogs” for more information.)

在大多數(shù)情況下，垂體巨腺瘤是功能性腫瘤。

犬最常見的功能性垂體大腺瘤釋放一種激素，稱為促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素(ACTH)。

這種激素觸發(fā)腎上腺釋放皮質(zhì)醇，導(dǎo)致一種叫做庫興氏病的疾病。

庫興氏病是一種常見的犬類代謝疾病，
尤其是拳師犬、巴哥犬、斗牛犬、波士頓梗犬和臘腸犬。

(更多信息見講義“Cushing’s Disease in Dogs”。)

筆記??

-?功能性 →?犬最常見釋放 →?促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素 ACTH →?皮質(zhì)醇 → 庫興氏病?Cushing’s disease

- 拳師犬，巴哥犬，斗牛犬，波士頓梗犬，臘腸犬

What are the clinical signs of a pituitary macroadenoma?

垂體巨腺瘤的臨床癥狀有哪些？

In dogs with a functional pituitary macroadenoma causing Cushing’s disease, signs include increased appetite, increased thirst and urination, alopecia (hair loss), dry skin, blackheads, and a pendulous (sagging) belly. Dogs with Cushing’s disease also have a weakened immune system, so recurrent or chronic infections may be observed.

患有功能性垂體巨腺瘤導(dǎo)致庫興氏病的犬，
癥狀包括食欲增加（多食），渴覺亢進(jìn)（多飲）和排尿增加（多尿），脫毛(掉毛增多)，皮膚干燥，黑頭和腹圍增大(肚子松垂)。

患有庫興氏病的犬也有較弱的免疫系統(tǒng)，因此可能會(huì)觀察到復(fù)發(fā)性或慢性的感染。

筆記??

- 功能性垂體巨腺瘤的癥狀?

? ? -- 食欲增加（多食）
? ? -- 渴覺亢進(jìn)（多飲）
? ? -- 排尿增加（多尿）
? ? -- 脫毛(掉毛增多)
? ? -- 皮膚干燥
? ? -- 黑頭
? ? -- 腹圍增大(肚子松垂)
? ? -- ···

- 免疫系統(tǒng)弱化 → 易感染

"Dogs with Cushing’s disease also have a weakened immune system, so recurrent or chronic infections may be observed."

患有庫興氏病的犬也有較弱的免疫系統(tǒng)，因此可能會(huì)觀察到復(fù)發(fā)性或慢性的感染。

A dog with a non-functional pituitary macroadenoma may show signs related to the tumor’s compression of nearby brain structures. Several optic (eye) structures are located in the area of the pituitary gland; therefore, visual defects are often seen with pituitary macroadenomas. Additionally, these tumors can interfere with the production of hormones that help to concentrate urine. If this happens, a dog can develop increased thirst and urination and a condition known as diabetes insipidus. In many cases, however, initial signs may be vague, such as lethargy and decreased appetite, progressing over time to walking in circles or seizures.

患有無功能垂體巨腺瘤的犬可能表現(xiàn)出與腫瘤壓迫附近腦結(jié)構(gòu)有關(guān)的癥狀。

多個(gè)視覺(眼睛)結(jié)構(gòu)位于垂體區(qū)域附近;
因此，垂體巨腺瘤常伴有視覺缺陷。

此外，這些腫瘤會(huì)干擾有助于濃縮尿液的激素的產(chǎn)生。

如果發(fā)生這種情況，狗狗可能會(huì)渴覺增加（多飲）和排尿增加（多尿），
一種尿崩癥（diabetes insipidus）。

然而，在許多情況下，
最初的癥狀可能是不明確的，如嗜睡和食欲下降，
隨著時(shí)間的推移，發(fā)展到繞圈行走或抽搐發(fā)作。

筆記??

- 非功能性垂體巨腺瘤的癥狀

? ? -- 視覺缺陷
? ? -- 多飲
? ? -- 多尿
? ? -- 尿崩癥
? ? -- 非特異性癥狀 - 嗜睡，食欲下降
? ? -- 神經(jīng)癥狀 - 轉(zhuǎn)圈，抽搐發(fā)作
? ? -- ···?

??

How is a pituitary macroadenoma diagnosed?
垂體巨腺瘤如何診斷？

Definitive diagnosis of a pituitary macroadenoma requires brain imaging with advanced techniques such as CT or MRI. This imaging is performed under anesthesia at a specialty hospital or university.

垂體巨腺瘤的明確診斷需要采用高階的腦成像技術(shù)，如CT或MRI。

這種成像掃描需要在麻醉下在?？漆t(yī)院或大學(xué)里進(jìn)行。

How is a pituitary macroadenoma treated?
垂體巨腺瘤如何治療？

The most effective treatment for a pituitary macroadenoma is surgical removal, though it is uncommon in animals due to the cost and difficult nature of the surgery. If surgery is performed, the resolution of clinical signs is rapid and complete.

垂體巨腺瘤最有效的治療方法是手術(shù)切除，
但由于手術(shù)的成本和難度，這種方法在動(dòng)物中并不常見。

如果進(jìn)行手術(shù)，臨床癥狀的解決是迅速和完全的。

筆記??

- 治療

? -- 手術(shù)治療

? ? ? ? ---?臨床癥狀的解決是迅速和完全的

"Radiation therapy is a more commonly used method to shrink pituitary tumors."

放射治療是縮小垂體腫瘤的一種更常用的方法。

Radiation therapy is a more commonly used method to shrink pituitary tumors. Radiation is administered several times per week for four to six weeks with the goal of decreasing the size of the tumor and minimizing clinical signs. Radiation therapy typically does not completely eliminate the tumor, but will often decrease the tumor’s size enough to alleviate clinical signs. Side effects of radiation include damage to the skin, as well as the risks associated with repeated anesthetic procedures.

放射治療是一種更常用的縮小垂體腫瘤的方法。

放療每周進(jìn)行多次，持續(xù)4到6周，目的是縮小腫瘤的大小，減少臨床癥狀。

放射治療通常不能完全消除腫瘤，
但通常會(huì)縮小腫瘤的大小，以減輕臨床癥狀。

輻射的副作用包括對皮膚的損傷，以及與反復(fù)麻醉過程相關(guān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

筆記??

-?治療

? -- 放射治療

? ? ? ? ---?縮小腫瘤，不能完全消除腫瘤
? ? ? ? --- 緩解癥狀，不能解決癥狀
? ? ? ? --- 輻射副作用 - 皮膚損傷，麻醉風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

Medications can also be used to manage the hormonal effects of functional pituitary macroadenomas. While this treatment does not address the actual tumor, and the tumor will therefore continue to increase in size, medication can be used to counteract the effects of the hormones produced by these tumors. Dogs with Cushing’s disease can be treated with medications such as trilostane (Vetoryl?) to decrease cortisol production.

藥物也可用于控制功能性垂體巨腺瘤的激素效應(yīng)。

雖然這種治療方法不能治療真正的腫瘤，
因此腫瘤會(huì)繼續(xù)增大，
但藥物可以用來抵消這些腫瘤產(chǎn)生的激素的影響。

患有庫興氏病的犬可以用某些藥物治療，
如曲洛斯坦(Vetoryl?，trilostane)來減少皮質(zhì)醇的產(chǎn)生。

筆記??

-?治療

? -- 藥物治療

? ? ? ? --- 不治療腫瘤本身
? ? ? ? --- 控制激素分泌異常的影響
? ? ? ? ? ? ----庫興氏病 - 曲洛斯坦?trilostane

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