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2002年考研英語閱讀真題及解析【第四篇】

2022-09-25 11:55 作者:陪看書的小白  | 我要投稿

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注解:標題為紅色,翻譯為藍色,分析為綠色。

? ? ? ? ? The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.

? ? ? ? ? ? Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen-is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.

? ? ? ? ? ? Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.

? ? ? ? ? ?Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will?shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death".

? ? ? ? ? George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death.If you' re a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."

? ? ? ? ? On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.

? ? ? ? ?Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science(NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: laproving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying"as the twin problems of end-of-life care.

? ? ? ? ? ?The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicarebilling code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.

? ? ? ? ? ?Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care."Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering", to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse". He says medical licensing boards"must make it clear..… that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension".

一、文章結構分析?

本文講述的是美國法律和醫(yī)學界對于醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人結束生命這一醫(yī)療措施的支持態(tài)度。

這篇文章理解起來的困難在于段落數(shù)量較多以及意群分散,有時同一意群的內(nèi)容分為兩段論述。

第一、二段:第一段只有一句話,指出最高法院的裁決對醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人結束生命這一現(xiàn)象的重要性,第二段推理證明為什么重要。

第三段:指出醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人結束生命這一現(xiàn)象并不是新鮮事物。

第四段:引用南?!ざ爬諣柕脑捳f明最高法院的裁決產(chǎn)生的影響在于保護醫(yī)生,醫(yī)生在加速病人死亡的時候,總不能幫助他們止痛。認為法律在保護醫(yī)生。

第五段:引用喬治·安納斯的話說明醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人自殺也沒有違法。認為醫(yī)生并沒有違法。

第六段:說明該裁決的另一個推動因素,即,病人不愿忍受死亡的折磨。對這些病人來說,現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學延長了臨終前肉體的痛苦。

第七段:全國科學會發(fā)布報告,解釋了以上問題的根源,即臨終護理的兩大問題:一是對病人疼痛處理的不力。二是大膽使用“無效而強制性的醫(yī)療程序”,這些程序可能會延長死亡期,甚至會讓病人臨終時痛苦不堪。

第八段:第一句為主題句,說明對此醫(yī)學界采取的行動,改善以上兩大問題,為醫(yī)院護理制定一份醫(yī)療保障制度的條例,以及制定新的標準來評估和治療病人的臨終痛苦。

第九段:采用引證法說明律師可以起關鍵作用,律師可以讓善意的醫(yī)療動機轉化成更好的護理。

36. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that__________.

[A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients' pain

[B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives

[C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide

[D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide

36.從前三段中,我們可以知道_______。

【A】醫(yī)生曾經(jīng)用增加藥物劑量的方法控制病人的疼痛

【B】醫(yī)生幫助病人結束生命仍是不合法的

【C】最高法院強烈反對醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人結束生命

【D】病人沒有法律賦予的權力去自殺

37. Which of the following statements its true according to the text?

[A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients' death.

[B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.

[C] The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.

[D] A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.

37.按照課文,下列哪個觀點是正確的?

【A】如果醫(yī)生冒病人死亡的風險,他將被認為有罪。

【B】現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學一直在幫助那些臨死病人進行無痛康復。

【C】法院判決,醫(yī)生可以開大劑量鎮(zhèn)痛藥。

【D】醫(yī)生開出的藥是否合法不再取決于他們的意圖。

38. According to the NAS's report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is __________.

[A] prolonged medical procedures

[B] inadequate treatment of pain

[C] systematic drug abuse?

[D] insufficient hospital care

38.根據(jù)NAS的報告,臨終關懷的問題之一是________。

【A】延長的醫(yī)療程序

【B】對病痛處理不力

【C】蓄意的藥物濫用

【D】醫(yī)院護理不足

39. Which of the following best defines the word "aggressive"(line 4, paragraph 7)?

[A] Bold.

[B] Harmful.

[C] Careless.

[D] Desperate

39.第七段第二行出現(xiàn)的aggressive的含義是什么?

【A】大膽的。

【B】有害的。

【C】粗心的。

【D】不顧一切的。

40. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they_______.

[A] manage their patients incompetently

[B] give patients more medicine than needed

[C] reduce drug dosages for their patients

[D] prolong the needless suffering of the patients

40.喬治·安納斯認為在以下哪一種情況下,醫(yī)生應該受到制裁?

【A】不能勝任管理病人的工作。

【B】給病人的藥物超量。

【C】減少病人的藥物劑量。

【D】延長病人不必要的痛苦

二、核心詞匯與超綱詞匯?

(1)physician-assisted

這個詞語的構詞法是名詞+過去分詞=復合形容詞,它相當于

assisted by physician(由醫(yī)生協(xié)助的),

類似的詞有:

weather-beaten飽經(jīng)風霜的

state-owned 國有的

(2)implications

(n.)暗示,隱含義,牽連,推論:imply(v.)暗示,暗指;意味,包含:implicative(a.)含蓄的,連帶的

(3)shield(n.)盾,防護物:(v.)保護,遮蔽。shield...from...:保護…免受…

(的侵害),如:shield his eyes from the sun

(4)homicide(n.)殺人(者),詞根cide意為“殺”,如:suicide自殺,patricide

就父,matricide獄父

(5)undertreatment(a.)處理不足或不力。under-前綴意為“未達,未滿,不足”,如:underripe不夠成熟的

(6)ineffectual(a.)無效的,不起作用的。與ineffective意思相近但是有所區(qū)別,ineffectual強調(diào)“不起作用”,而ineffective強調(diào)“工作效率低”。

(7)hospice(n.)收容所,濟貧院

(8)initiatives(n.)首創(chuàng)精神,主動(權),動機:(a.)起始的,初步的,自發(fā)的

(9)presumptively(ad.)據(jù)推測,可據(jù)以推定,可認為是

(10)suspension(n.)懸,吊,懸掛物:懸而未決;保留,中止,暫停,吊銷,停職,停學 suspend(v.)

suspensive(a.)

三、閱讀答案:B C B B D

四、全文翻譯:

? ? ? ? ?最高法庭關于醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人自殺問題的裁決,對于醫(yī)學界尋求減輕病危者的痛苦,具有重要的意義。

? ? ? ? ?盡管裁決認為,憲法沒有賦予醫(yī)生幫助病人自殺的權利,然而最高法庭實際上卻認可了“雙效”的醫(yī)療原則,這個存在了好幾個世紀的道德原則認為,如果某種行為具有雙重效果(希望達到的好效果和可以預見得到的壞效果),那么,只要行為實施的目的是想達到好效果,這個行為就是可以被允許的。

?????????近年來,醫(yī)生們一直在借用這項原則,為自己替病危患者注射大劑量的嗎啡鎮(zhèn)痛的做法提供正當?shù)睦碛?,盡管他們知道,不斷增加的劑量最終會殺死病人。

? ? ? ? ? 蒙特非奧里醫(yī)療中心主任南?!さ啦祭照J為,這項原則將保護一些醫(yī)生,他們直到現(xiàn)在還堅持說,在大量藥物可能加速病人死亡的情況下,他們總不能給病人開足夠的藥來幫助他們止痛。

? ? ? ? ? ?波士頓大學健康法律系主任喬治·安納斯堅持認為,只要醫(yī)生是出于合理的醫(yī)療目的開藥,那么即使此藥會加速病人的死亡,醫(yī)生的行為也沒有違法?!斑@就像做手術,”他說,“盡管醫(yī)生冒著病人死亡的危險,我們也不能稱那些死亡為謀殺,因為醫(yī)生并沒有想殺死病人。假定你是一名醫(yī)生,只要你的目的不是讓病人自殺,你就可以去冒你病人自殺的風險。”

? ? ? ? ? ?另一方面,許多醫(yī)療界人士承認,致使醫(yī)助自殺這場爭論升溫的部分原因是由于病人們的絕望情緒,對這些病人來說,現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學延長了臨終前肉體的痛苦。

????????? ? 就在最高法庭對醫(yī)助自殺進行裁決的前三周,全國科學學會公布了一份長達兩卷的報告《臨近死亡:完善臨終護理》。報告確定了醫(yī)院臨終關懷護理中存在的兩個問題:對病痛處理不力和大膽使用“無效而強制性的醫(yī)療程序”,這些程序可能會延長死亡期,甚至會讓病人臨終時痛苦不塔。

? ? ? ? ? ?醫(yī)療行業(yè)正在采取措施,讓年輕醫(yī)生去晚期病人休養(yǎng)所培訓,測試各種大膽的鎮(zhèn)痛療法方面的知識,為醫(yī)院護理制定一份醫(yī)療保障制度的條例,以及制定新的標準來評估和治療病人的臨終痛苦。

? ? ? ? ? ? 安納斯說,在堅持讓善意的醫(yī)療動機轉化成更好的護理方面,律師可以發(fā)揮關鍵作用?!安簧籴t(yī)生對病人不必遭受的、可預見的痛苦無動于衷”,甚至構成“普意虐待病人”。他說,行醫(yī)執(zhí)照頒發(fā)機構“必須明確表明-------病人痛苦地死亡可以被認為是由于醫(yī)生治療不當造成的,應當?shù)蹁N其行醫(yī)執(zhí)照”。






2002年考研英語閱讀真題及解析【第四篇】的評論 (共 條)

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