首先，我先定個基調，英專學碩-外應(外語語言學及應用語言學)，主要靠背、靠勤奮靠努力，靠93.4%的努力吧。

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我的建議是，先看中文版，我看的是《語言學教程-胡壯麟[第三版]》，然后就看專業(yè)課考研書就行，我看的是[語言學-星火英語]，然后閱讀英文版書籍-胡壯麟主編的《語言學教程》以及戴煒棟《新編簡明語言學教程》。

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第一階段，我希望大家能夠做到預習、自研，然后能看著書把考研題做會就行啦。

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然后，第一章，

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第一章，背就完了！但放心，背的不算多。

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就第一章而言，不要說語言學靠腦子、靠天賦。對外張揚說說就行啦，但在內行自己明白就行啦，到時候你就知道啦。然后不要鉆邏輯的“牛角尖”，「認真你就輸了」！

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就考試而言吧，不是自己突破極限，而是平常做的題會做，需要背的句子，背得越來越深刻，印在腦海里，再慢慢熟練寫下來，就已經成功了。

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第一章的筆記標簽：

【名詞解釋】【選擇填空】【簡答題術語】

[辨正概念]——科學拿捏概念而非死磕

[記憶卡片]——幫助記憶定義和例子

[論述技巧]——論述題的答題規(guī)范

[頭腦風暴]——論述題新題型的思路突破

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Chapter ONE——Language and Linguistics

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[part 1]，

language——the definition of language, the design features of language, and the origin of language.

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從入門到入土，從入門到入坑，自己選！??！讓我們開始吧！

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術語題(名詞解釋題)——

language、design features、arbitrariness(arbitrary nature)、duality、displacement、creativity(productivity)、cultural transmission、conventionality(convention)、langue&parole、competence&performance.

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這些名詞解釋，把星火語言學上面的相關的、正常的題都覆蓋了。大家讀文本的時候吧，會涉及術語的例子解釋，但那些細節(jié)點在【選擇填空】以及【簡答題術語】中才用到，而【名詞解釋】只默寫概念就行，考法很固定，就十個術語左右。

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但最讓我不安的是，不同版本的書上寫的定義竟然都不同，寫的東西不一樣?。。∥铱嫉奈魍?，官方指定的是戴、胡，還有兩本老外出的書。大家看著不同版本，就選擇最優(yōu)那個背誦吧！

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The Definition of Language——language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.[共識]

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[記憶卡片]——時間軸記憶法，一定與人有關，起初口語成就語言，再發(fā)展到書面的任意符號，再到高級的系統(tǒng)，human-specific、vocal、arbitrary、symbolic、systematic.

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The Design Feature of Language——

a). DESIGN FEATURES refers to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication.[星火]

b). The features that define our human languages as distinctive from languages used by other species can be called DESIGN FEATURES.[胡]

c). DESIGN FEATURES refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.[戴]

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[記憶卡片]——人類特有-properties of human language、區(qū)別difference, distinctive or distinguish from、除人之外other species, any animal system or any animal communication——容錯率還是蠻高的，加油！

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Arbitrariness——

a). which means that there is no logical connection between the sound of morpheme and its meaning.[星火1]

b). Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.[星火2]

c). Arbitrariness means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.[戴]

d). Arbitrary refers to the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.[胡]

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[辨正概念]——定義給的還不一樣，這點崩潰了，任意性，就發(fā)音或符號對所指物來說，都有任意性！

我學術一點考慮，應該是音素和所指義的任意性，理由如下，語言首先是口語的，而書寫26字母排列組合更多考慮的是規(guī)則性，發(fā)音的任意性大于書寫。

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所以，優(yōu)先——Arbitrariness means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.

整合版——Arbitrariness refers to that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds, and the form of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship.

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[記憶卡片]——there is no relationship between A and B結構

natural, intrinsic relationship

A=sounds

A=語音符號或書寫形式linguistic symbol, the form of linguistic signs

B=meanings.

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Duality——It refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level, and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.[星火+胡]

[戴]版本被我踢出局了哈(沒有惡意)，不要問為什么哈。

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[記憶卡片]——有兩個水平of層次的特性，AB包含關系，A=primary level，B=elements of the secondary level，each of them都有各自的組織規(guī)則。

the property of having two levels of structures.

are composed of elements of….

each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.

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Creativity(創(chuàng)造性)——By it, we mean language is resourceful because of its duality(二層性) and itself recursiveness(遞歸性).[星火+胡]

Productivity(能產性)——Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.[戴]

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[記憶卡片]——回走二重道，創(chuàng)造資源。新標識的解構，能產無限可能，

recursiveness(詞根=回走)，resourceful

construction and interpretation of new signal(解構, 即解釋與構造), productive and creative, makes possible.

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Displacement——it means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present, in time and space, at the moment of communication.[胡]

It means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places.[星火+戴]

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[記憶卡片]——客體是objects, events and concepts, 即things.

所賦是present or not present, real or imagined, in the past, present or future, 即超越時空, which are not present in time and space.——這個容錯率蠻高的。

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Cultural transmission——Language is not biologically transmitted. Instead, it is culturally transmitted from generation through teaching and learning.[星火]

Language is not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned.[戴]

[記憶卡片]——不是什么地transmitted？biologically or genetically，而是被教與習得。

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Conventionality——it means it is conventional to say things this way and you cannot change the expression any other way even if you think it does not look or sound logical.[胡]

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[記憶卡片]——甚至看起來或聽起來不合理，但你都不能改變表達！

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langue語言&parole言語 (Saussure, 1959: 13-14).

The former one refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.[共識]

And the latter one refers to the realization of langue in actual use. [共識]

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[記憶卡片]——abstract linguistic system、all the members、a speech community，the realization of langue、actual use.?

Sauaaure定義[abstract linguistic system]，每個單詞都有S，先簡稱為S哥。

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Competence&Performance (Chomsky, 1965: 3)

A language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic competence.

Performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations.

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[戴]轉譯版本——Competence refers to the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. And Performance refers to the actual realization of the user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.

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[記憶卡片]——能力即對于系統(tǒng)規(guī)則潛在的知識，但不一定能在具體情況下實際表現(xiàn)出來。

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我來填充一些內容吧，不需要默寫，關于The Origin of Language，這個應該只出選填題。

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關于選填題，我認為保底90%是書上的原句，高頻考點的原句。咱讀了源文本后有印象能定位，就能得分。當然有非原句的定性判斷分析題，但屬于簡單題。

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這一部分內容，我的天，[胡][星火]寫的都不一樣，我也是醉了- -！

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The natural response theory, (also called “Ding-Dong” theory), put forward by German scholar M. Muller, postulates that language began with vocal expression being assigned to objects found in the environment.? In other word, human speech developed from primitive man giving vocal expression to the objects he encountered.

從自然界感受，并作出回響。

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The “ye-he-yo” Theory耶-嗬-喲——勞動論，實踐是區(qū)別人與動物，這個理論就對照馬哲啦。

As primitive people worked together, they produced some rhythmic grunts which gradually developed into chants and then into language. It explains that language originated from the cries uttered during strain of work.

關鍵詞——worked together, strain of work.

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the “Sing-song” theory唱歌理論，認為語言起源于原始人的舉行典禮時有節(jié)奏的唱歌。

關鍵詞——ritual songs of praise.

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the “Ta-Ta” theory, 我愿稱之為——單身狗(他和她的接吻)理論，it believes that body movement preceded language. Language began as an unconscious vocal imitation of these movements.

關鍵詞——unconscious imitation of movement

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The “pooh-pooh” theory, 大家長嘆氣應該發(fā)的是這個音, emotion&language

關鍵詞——instinctive sounds of pain, anger and joy. Interjections that expresses the speakers’ emotions.

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The “bow-wow” theory, 獅子瞪著人喘氣就是這個聲音吧，primitive people imitated the sounds of the animal calls in the wild environment they lived and speech developed from that.

關鍵詞——animal, the wild environment

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