The most important cash crop in Colonial America was tobacco, first cultivated by the English at their Jamestown Colony of Virginia in 1610 CE by the merchant John Rolfe (l. 1585-1622 CE). Tobacco grew in the wild prior to this time and was cultivated by the indigenous peoples as a stimulant but, after Rolfe, became the most lucrative crop in the Americas.

? ? ? ? ? 美洲殖民地時期最重要的經(jīng)濟作物是煙草，英國商人約翰·羅爾夫（John Rolfe， 1585-1622年）于1610年在弗吉尼亞的詹姆斯敦殖民地首次種植了煙草。在此之前，煙草是野生的，土著人將其進行培育以作為興奮劑，但在羅爾夫之后，煙草成為美洲最賺錢的作物。

The indigenous people regarded tobacco as a sacred plant which allowed access to the spirit world, a stimulant, and a medicinal substance. After the Spanish colonized the West Indies, South and Central America after 1492 CE, tobacco was grown, harvested, and exported as a recreational drug, and its popularity in Europe and elsewhere made it highly profitable.

? ? ? ? ? 土著人認為煙草是一種神圣的植物，可以通往精神世界，是一種興奮劑，也是一種藥用物質(zhì)。1492年西班牙人在西印度群島、南美洲和中美洲相繼建立殖民地后，煙草作為一種消遣性藥物進行種植、收獲和出口，它在歐洲等地的流行使其利潤豐厚。 ?

Once the English had established themselves at Jamestown, this model repeated itself and Virginian tobacco became so popular that, by 1627 CE, 500,000 pounds of tobacco a year were shipped from the colony to Britain. As British colonialism in North America expanded, so did the tobacco plantations and, in time, tobacco served not only as the economic foundation of the colonies but as currency. The process of growing and selling tobacco moved through a series of steps which included the farmer receiving a tobacco note (a kind of check) in return for his product with which he could purchase goods. The tobacco was shipped to English merchants who would send back more goods in payment.

? ? ? ? ? 英國人在詹姆斯敦站穩(wěn)腳跟后，這種模式又重演了，弗吉尼亞煙草變得很受歡迎，到1627年，每年有50萬磅煙草從殖民地運往英國。隨著英國殖民主義在北美的擴張，煙草種植園也隨之擴大，到后來，煙草不僅成為殖民地的經(jīng)濟基礎，還成為貨幣。種植和銷售煙草的過程要經(jīng)過一系列步驟，包括煙農(nóng)收到煙草票據(jù)（一種支票），作為對其產(chǎn)品的回報，煙農(nóng)可以用煙草票據(jù)購買商品。煙草被運往英國商人手中，英國商人會發(fā)送更多的貨物作為付款。

This process was observed on a constant basis and the colonies flourished further after the Maryland and Carolina colonies were established and their plantations began to produce more tobacco. As tobacco was a labor-intensive crop, it encouraged the slave trade as well as clearing large tracts of land formerly occupied by indigenous nations. Tobacco, and the economic system of mercantilism, factored into the grievances of the colonists leading to the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783 CE) and continued to exert a powerful hold over the economy once the United States of America was established.

? ? ? ? ? 在馬里蘭和卡羅萊納殖民地建立之后，美洲殖民地進一步繁榮，其種植園開始生產(chǎn)更多的煙草。由于煙草是一種勞動密集型作物，它促進了奴隸貿(mào)易，并開墾了大片原為土著民族的領地。煙草與重商主義經(jīng)濟體系引發(fā)了定居者的不滿，是導致美國獨立戰(zhàn)爭（1775-1783年）爆發(fā)的因素之一，并在美利堅合眾國成立后繼續(xù)對其經(jīng)濟產(chǎn)生深遠影響。

詹姆斯敦與煙草

England established its colony at Jamestown in 1607 CE, and at first, it seemed as doomed as earlier English colonies such as the Roanoke Colony (1587-1590 CE) and the Popham Colony (1607-1608 CE). Many of the initial Jamestown colonists were upper-class Englishmen who had no prior experience in any kind of productive labor and others seem to have been simply lazy or inept. Captain John Smith (l. 1580-1631 CE) took command of the colony and kept it going until he left for England in October 1609 CE following an accident. Between the fall of 1609 CE and May 1610 CE, the colonists suffered, starved, and many died. Jamestown lost at least 80% of its population between 1607-1610 CE.?

? ? ? ? ? 英國于1607年在詹姆斯敦建立了殖民地，起初，它似乎與早期的英國殖民地（如羅阿諾克殖民地（1587-1590年）和波帕姆殖民地（1607-1608年））一樣注定要失敗。詹姆斯敦最初的殖民者中有許多是英國上層階級，他們過去沒有任何勞動生產(chǎn)經(jīng)驗，其他人似乎只是懶惰或無能。約翰·史密斯船長（1580-1631年）開始指揮殖民地的工作，并一直堅持到1609年10月因意外事故前往英國。從1609年秋天到1610 年 5月，殖民者們受盡折磨，忍饑挨餓，許多人死去。1607-1610年間，詹姆斯敦至少損失了80% 的人口。 ?

In May of 1610 CE, John Rolfe arrived along with Sir Thomas Gates (l. c. 1585-1622 CE) and, shortly afterwards, Thomas West, Lord De La Warr (l. 1577-1618 CE) arrived on another ship. Gates and De La Warr organized the colony while Rolfe busied himself with planting the crop that would not only save it but become the economic foundation of Colonial America: tobacco. The Spanish had cultivated the naturally growing plant known as Nicotiana tabacum and their blend was a closely guarded secret as they had a monopoly on the American tobacco trade. Rolfe had managed to get hold of some of their hybrid seeds which he thought would do well in the marshy soil of Virginia. He was right, and by 1614 CE, he was a wealthy man and the colony was flourishing.

? ? ? ? ? 1610年5月，約翰·羅爾夫與托馬斯·蓋茨爵士（Thomas Gates，約1585-1622年）一起抵達殖民地，不久之后，德拉瓦爾勛爵托馬斯·韋斯特（Thomas West，Lord De La Warr，約1577-1618年）乘坐另一艘船抵達殖民地。蓋茨和韋斯特整頓了殖民地，而羅爾夫則忙于種植不僅能拯救殖民地，還能成為美洲殖民地經(jīng)濟基礎的作物：煙草。在此之前，西班牙人培育了一種名為“栽培煙草”（Nicotiana tabacum）的自然生長植物，由于他們壟斷了美洲的煙草貿(mào)易，因此這種煙草混合物的成分一直受到保密。羅爾夫設法弄到了一些雜交種子，他認為這些種子在弗吉尼亞的沼澤土壤中會生長得很好。結(jié)果證明他是對的，到1614年，他成了富翁，殖民地也蒸蒸日上。

煙草與奴隸制

Work on tobacco plantations was at first carried out by indentured servants. These were men and women who had agreed to work for a master for seven years in return for passage to North America and a grant of land once they had completed their service. In 1619 CE, the first Africans arrived in Jamestown via a Dutch ship and, although frequently referred to as slaves, seem at first to have been treated in the same way as indentured servants. Scholar David A Price notes:

? ? ?Although it is tempting to assume that these first recorded Africans in English America were also the first slaves, there is evidence to suggest they were not. They may instead have had the legal position of indentured servants, like many of the white newcomers, eligible for freedom after completing a period of service. (197)

? ? ? ? ? 煙草種植園的工作最初由契約仆人承擔。同意為主人工作七年的男女，以換取前往北美的通行權(quán)以及完成服務后獲得土地。1619年，第一批非洲人通過一艘荷蘭船抵達詹姆斯敦，雖然他們經(jīng)常被稱為奴隸，但起初似乎受到了與契約仆人相同的待遇。學者大衛(wèi)·A·普萊斯指出：

? ? ? ? ? 盡管人們很容易認為這些最早出現(xiàn)在英屬美洲的非洲人也是最早的奴隸，但有證據(jù)表明他們并非如此。相反，他們可能擁有契約仆人的合法地位，就像許多新來的白人一樣，在服務一段時間后就有資格獲得自由。(197)

Black and white servants worked the tobacco plantations and, on smaller farms, in the company of the landowner and his family. The relationship between the white English landowners, white servants, African servants, and the local indigenous people of the Powhatan Confederacy was never one of equality but grew strained and far more unequal as more land was required by the colonists for settlements and tobacco plantations which encouraged not only the displacement of Native Americans but the development of the slave trade which brought more free labor.

? ? ? ? ? 在地主及其家人的陪伴下，黑人和白人仆人在煙草種植園和較小的農(nóng)場工作。英國白人地主、白人仆人、非洲契約仆人和波瓦坦部落聯(lián)盟當?shù)卦∶裰g的關(guān)系從來都不是平等的，而且越來越緊張，越來越不平等，因為殖民者需要更多的土地來建造定居點和煙草種植園，這不僅促使美洲原住民流離失所，而且還促進了奴隸貿(mào)易的發(fā)展，帶來了更多的自由勞動力。

In 1640 CE, a black indentured servant named John Punch left his master’s service, citing harsh treatment, before he had fulfilled his contract, and two white indentured servants left with him. When they were caught and returned to their master, the white servants only had four years added to their time; Punch was sentenced to servitude for life. After 1640 CE, relations between blacks and whites increasingly changed as white servants received better treatment.

? ? ? ? ? 1640年，一個名叫約翰·龐奇 (John Punch)的黑人契約仆人在履行完合同之前，以受到苛刻對待為由離開了他的主人，與他一起離開的還有兩個白人契約仆人。當他們被抓回主人身邊時，白人仆人只被加了四年的服務期，而龐奇則被判終身奴役。1640年后，隨著白人仆人獲得更好的待遇，黑人與白人之間的關(guān)系日益發(fā)生變化。

In this same way, the Powhatan Wars (1610-1646 CE), altered relations between the colonists and indigenous people. The wars cleared the land for colonization and cultivation and also provided the English with slaves for their fields. The Powhatans had never fully welcomed the English but, during John Smith’s time, agreed to a peace which ended in 1610 CE. John Rolfe reestablished good relations with the natives by marrying the famous Pocahontas (l. c. 1596-1617 CE) in 1614 CE, but when she died in 1617 CE, tensions again mounted and a second war broke out in 1622 CE. By the time the third war was over, the power of the Powhatan Confederacy had been broken and many of the natives enslaved.

? ? ? ? ? 同樣，波瓦坦戰(zhàn)爭（1610-1646年）也改變了殖民者與土著人之間的關(guān)系。戰(zhàn)爭為殖民和耕種開辟了土地，也為英國人的田地提供了奴隸。波瓦坦人從未完全歡迎過英國人，但在約翰·史密斯時期，他們接受了早在1610年就結(jié)束的和平。約翰·羅爾夫于1614年迎娶了寶嘉康蒂（Pocahontas，約1596-1617年），與當?shù)厝酥匦陆⒘肆己玫年P(guān)系，但當她于1617年去世后，緊張局勢再次升級，第二次戰(zhàn)爭于1622年爆發(fā)。第三次戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束時，波瓦坦部落聯(lián)盟的勢力已被瓦解，許多土著人淪為奴隸。

The colonists found that these people were not as well suited to hours of constant labor as those imported from Africa and so the slave trade grew and slavery was institutionalized in Virginia by 1661 CE and strengthened by a series of laws passed throughout the 1660s CE. Maryland Colony had been established in 1632 CE and the Carolina Colony (later North and South Carolina) in 1663 CE, both large producers of tobacco. By 1700 CE, all three of these states were exporting their product to London and were flourishing. The economy was boosted further by the sale of Native Americans to plantations in the West Indies.

? ? ? ? ? ?殖民者發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些人不像從非洲引進的人那樣適合長時間持續(xù)勞動，因此奴隸貿(mào)易不斷發(fā)展，到1661年，奴隸制在弗吉尼亞州制度化，并在整個17世紀60年代通過一系列法律得到加強。馬里蘭殖民地成立于1632年，卡羅萊納殖民地（后來的南卡和北卡）成立于1663年，這兩個殖民地都是主要煙草生產(chǎn)地。到1700年，這三個州都向倫敦出口煙草產(chǎn)品，且經(jīng)濟繁榮。將美洲原住民賣給西印度種植園，進一步推動了殖民經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展。

煙草與經(jīng)濟

As the colonies prospered, they attracted more immigrants from England and elsewhere. Colonial governments had already been established and now oversaw further development of the land and the creation of roads, shipbuilding, businesses, and a booming economy. The Colonial American economy was fueled by 8 steps, which depended on the tobacco crop:

Step 1: Farmers grew tobacco.

Step 2: Farmhands, servants, and slaves harvested the tobacco.

Step 3: The tobacco was dried and packed into hogsheads (large barrels).

Step 4: Colonial government authorities inspected tobacco for quality.

Step 5: Inspectors gave the farmer a writ for a certain amount based on the quality and quantity of their tobacco.

Step 6: The farmer would use this writ (a tobacco note) to purchase goods from local merchants.

Step 7: Colonial merchants would ship the tobacco to England.

Step 8: British merchants would send goods and payment to colonial merchants.

? ? ? ? ? 隨著殖民地的繁榮，吸引了更多來自英國和其他地方的移民。殖民地政府建立后，負責監(jiān)督土地的進一步開發(fā)，以及道路、造船、商業(yè)和發(fā)展經(jīng)濟。美洲殖民地的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展主要依靠煙草作物：

第一步：農(nóng)民種植煙草。

第二步：農(nóng)夫、仆人和奴隸收割煙草。

第三步：煙草曬干后裝入大桶（hogshead，縮寫為“hhd”，復數(shù)“ hhds”，指一大桶液體或食品、商品；美洲殖民時期使用hogshead來運輸和儲存煙草）。

第四步：殖民地政府當局檢查煙草質(zhì)量。

第五步：檢查人員根據(jù)煙草的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量向農(nóng)民簽發(fā)一定數(shù)額的令狀。

第六步：煙農(nóng)使用該令狀（煙草票據(jù)）向當?shù)厣倘速徺I商品。

第七步：殖民地商人將煙草運往英國。

第八步：英國商人向殖民地商人發(fā)送貨物和付款。

As time went on (between c. 1620-1720 CE), the number of farmhands and servants harvesting tobacco decreased while the number of slaves increased in response to greater and greater demand for the product. In 1710 CE, the Colony of Carolina was divided into North and South and more tobacco plantations were established which deprived more indigenous people of their lands while, at the same time, Christianizing the natives and encouraging their use of tobacco as a recreational drug, thereby cutting their ties with their traditional understanding and use of the plant. While this was happening, the colonists themselves were becoming more dependent on tobacco both as recreation and as currency. Scholar Iain Gately writes:

? ? ?[Tobacco was established as currency]. Tobacco notes were the first exchangeable instruments in the colonies and hence were precursors of the US dollar. Virginia led the way with its Tobacco Inspection Act of 1730…The tobacco inspection system worked as follows: if a planter turned in his weed 'loose' or in bundles, he received a receipt known as a transfer note which entitled the holder to a certain number of pounds of tobacco drawn at random from the total stock of transfer tobacco. Transfer tobacco was derived from several sources. It often happened that, after filling his hogsheads, a planter had an insufficient quantity left over to fill another. This excess was delivered to the warehouse, where the planter would receive a transfer note in exchange. The clergy, and other colonists such as blacksmiths and saddle-makers, whose main occupation was something other than tobacco planting, often tended a small patch in their spare time in order to pay taxes and to make purchases in shops. These people carried their crops to the tobacco warehouse and received transfer notes that could either be sold or tendered as payment of debts, fees, and taxes. The reliance on tobacco to the extent that it could be trusted to do the work of gold, demonstrated its pre-eminence in the southern colonies. (108-109)

? ? ? ? ? 隨著時間的推移（約1620-1720年間），收割煙草的農(nóng)夫和仆人的數(shù)量減少，而奴隸的數(shù)量卻隨著對煙草產(chǎn)品的需求的增加而增加。1710年，卡羅萊納殖民地分為南北兩部分，建立了更多的煙草種植園，剝奪了更多原住民的土地，同時使原住民基督教化，鼓勵他們將煙草作為一種消遣性藥物，從而切斷了他們對煙草的傳統(tǒng)理解與運用。與此同時，殖民者本身也越來越依賴煙草，無論是作為娛樂還是作為貨幣。學者伊恩·蓋特利寫道：

? ? ? ? ? （煙草被確定為貨幣）。煙草票據(jù)是殖民地最早的可兌換票據(jù)，因此也是美元的前身。弗吉尼亞州率先于1730年頒布了《煙草檢查法》......煙草檢查制度的運作方式如下：如果種植者上交了“散裝”或成捆的煙草，他就會收到一張被稱為轉(zhuǎn)讓煙草的收據(jù)，持有者有權(quán)從轉(zhuǎn)讓煙草的總庫存中隨機抽取一定數(shù)量的煙草。轉(zhuǎn)讓煙草有多種來源。種植園主在裝滿自己的煙草箱后，經(jīng)常會出現(xiàn)剩余煙草不足以裝滿另一個煙草箱的情況。多余的煙葉被運到倉庫，種植園主會收到一張轉(zhuǎn)運票據(jù)作為交換。神職人員和其他殖民者，如鐵匠和馬具匠，他們的主要職業(yè)不是種植煙草，但為了納稅和在商店購物，他們經(jīng)常在閑暇時間耕種一小塊煙草地。這些人將他們的作物運到煙草倉庫，然后收到轉(zhuǎn)讓票據(jù)，這些票據(jù)可以出售或作為債務、費用和稅款的支付憑證。對煙草的依賴到了可以信賴它來替代黃金工作的程度，這表明煙草在南方殖民地占據(jù)了主導地位。(108-109)

The model established by early Virginia continued to replicate itself in that, the greater the demand for tobacco, the more land and labor was required to produce it. Tobacco harvesting also contributed to the separation of slave families because it required skilled labor and so one member of the family who exhibited this skill would be kept while others were sold. The slave trade, whether internationally or locally, also contributed significantly to the colonial economy. The economic system of mercantilism, by which raw materials were shipped to England and finished products returned, depressed the production of cotton and rice – partly because London merchants already had supply lines established elsewhere – encouraging more farmers to devote their land to tobacco which remained in high demand.

? ? ? ? ? 早期弗吉尼亞州建立的模式不斷復制，即對煙草的需求越大，生產(chǎn)煙草所需的土地和勞動力就越多。收割煙草也造成了奴隸家庭的分離，因為收割煙草需要熟練的勞動力，因此家庭中表現(xiàn)出這種技能的成員會被保留下來，而其他人則會被賣掉。奴隸貿(mào)易，無論是國際貿(mào)易還是本地貿(mào)易，也對殖民地經(jīng)濟做出了重大貢獻。重商主義的經(jīng)濟體系將原材料運往英國，再將成品運回，這抑制了棉花和大米的生產(chǎn)（部分原因是倫敦商人已經(jīng)在其他地方建立了供應鏈），鼓勵更多的農(nóng)民將土地用于種植煙草，而煙草的需求量仍然很高。

煙草與革命

The colonial economy continued on in this way until the Currency Act of 1764 CE enacted by the English Parliament which outlawed the use of colonial Bills of Credit and gave Parliament direct control of colonial currency. The Stamp Act of 1765 CE, among its other stipulations, regulated the paper legal documents were printed on and so the tobacco note was no longer recognized as legal tender unless printed on paper officially approved by the British government.

? ? ? ? ? 這種殖民地經(jīng)濟一直持續(xù)到英國議會頒布《1764年貨幣法》，該法禁止使用殖民地信用票據(jù)，并賦予議會對殖民地貨幣的直接控制權(quán)。1765年的《印花稅法》除其他規(guī)定外，還對法律文件的印刷用紙做出了規(guī)定，因此煙草紙幣不再被承認為法定貨幣，除非其印刷用紙得到英國政府的正式批準。

Previously (c. 1750 CE), London merchants had begun the policy of depressing tobacco prices in England while continuing to provide sizeable loans to colonial farmers. This meant that farmers were no longer receiving the payment they needed to make a profit and pay their loans. Tobacco was taken in payment by the London merchants when farmers could not pay their debt. These new laws, coupled with others such as the Navigation Act and Quartering Act, increased tensions between the colonies and Great Britain and led to the outbreak of the rebellion which became the American War of Independence.

? ? ? ? ? 在此之前（約1750年），倫敦商人開始實行壓低英國煙草價格的政策，同時繼續(xù)向殖民地農(nóng)民提供大量貸款。這意味著農(nóng)民不再能獲得盈利和償還貸款所需的報酬。當農(nóng)民無法償還債務時，倫敦商人就會以煙草作為支付手段。這些新法律，再加上《航海法》和《營房法》（要求英國北美殖民地的地方政府向英國士兵提供住房和食物）等其他法律，加劇了殖民地與英國之間的緊張關(guān)系，導致了叛亂的爆發(fā)，后來演變?yōu)槊绹毩?zhàn)爭。

In 1776 CE, the colonies paid France in tobacco for arms and ammunition at the same time as tobacco exports to London fell off. Britain halted import of tobacco from the colonies in favor of Egyptian and Turkish suppliers. Colonial farmers at this time shifted their efforts to other crops such as rice, corn, and cotton to provide food for colonial militias and material for uniforms.

? ? ? ? ? 1776年，殖民地用煙草向法國購買武器和彈藥，與此同時，降低對倫敦的煙草出口量。英國停止從殖民地進口煙草，轉(zhuǎn)而進口埃及和土耳其的煙草。此時，殖民地農(nóng)民轉(zhuǎn)而種植水稻、玉米和棉花等作物，為殖民地民兵提供食物和軍裝材料。

This trend became more popular after the Tobacco War of 1780-1781 CE when British forces destroyed thousands of hogsheads of colonial tobacco resulting in enormous financial loss for the farmers. After the war, tobacco production resumed, however, and the newly formed United States found lucrative markets in Europe and elsewhere. Tobacco use in the United States also became more popular at this time, a trend that would continue throughout the next century.

? ? ? ? ? 這種趨勢在1780-1781年的煙草戰(zhàn)爭后變得更加流行，當時英國軍隊摧毀了成千上萬的殖民地煙草，給農(nóng)民造成了巨大的經(jīng)濟損失。然而，戰(zhàn)后煙草生產(chǎn)恢復，新成立的美國在歐洲和其他地方找到了利潤豐厚的市場。大約在這個時期，吸煙在美國也變得更流行，這一趨勢將持續(xù)到下個世紀。

結(jié)束語

From the time of its introduction to Europe up through the late 18th century CE, tobacco users smoked the plant in pipes or chewed it. Cigarettes, which started making an appearance largely in the 19th century CE, were considered low class as poorer people, who could not afford a pipe or tobacco, would take what they could get, wrap the plant in paper, and smoke it. Cigarettes gained in popularity after the American Civil War (1861-1865 CE) but were still costly to manufacture as each one was rolled by hand. The inventor James A. Bonsack (l. 1859-1924 CE) changed the industry in 1880 CE when he invented the automated cigarette rolling machine which could produce 400 cigarettes per minute.

? ? ? ? ? 從煙草傳入歐洲到18世紀末，吸煙者要么用煙斗吸食，要么直接咀嚼。香煙主要出現(xiàn)于19世紀，由于窮人買不起煙斗或（高等）煙草，他們會把能買到的（劣等）煙草用紙包起來抽，因此香煙被認為是下等煙草。美國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)（1861-1865年）后，香煙開始流行，但由于每支香煙都是手工卷制，因此制造成本仍然很高。發(fā)明家詹姆斯·A·邦薩克（James A. Bonsack，1859-1924年）于1880年發(fā)明了自動卷煙機，每分鐘可生產(chǎn)400支香煙，從而改變了卷煙行業(yè)。

In 1881 CE, the president of American Tobacco Company, James Buchanan Duke (l. 1856-1925 CE), acquired all rights to Bonsack’s machine and formed a monopoly on the tobacco market by lowering his prices and driving his competitors out of business. His greed resulted in the Black Patch Tobacco Wars of 1904-1909 CE during which tobacco farmers in Tennessee, who were being paid so little for their crop they could barely survive, formed an association and fought back. Duke’s warehouses, as well as those of farmers who supplied him, were burned and sharecroppers hanged until the wars concluded with the arrest of the ringleaders and the dismantling of Duke’s company.

? ? ? ? ? 1881年，美國煙草公司總裁詹姆斯·布坎南·杜克（James Buchanan Duke，1856-1925年）獲得了邦薩克機器的所有權(quán)利，并通過降低價格和迫使競爭對手倒閉形成了對煙草市場的壟斷。他的貪婪導致了1904-1909年的“黑斑煙草戰(zhàn)爭”，田納西州的煙農(nóng)們因為煙草收入太低而幾乎無法生存，他們成立了一個聯(lián)盟并進行反擊。杜克的倉庫以及向他供貨的農(nóng)民的倉庫被燒毀，佃農(nóng)被絞死，直到戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束，聯(lián)盟頭目被捕，而杜克的公司則被解散。 ?

By this time, tobacco was no longer central to the economy of the United States but, as the Black Patch Tobacco Wars proved, was still a significant crop of great value. The cigarette rolling machine became standard in tobacco manufacture as cigarettes became more popular and widely used than pipes and, especially, after World War I (1914-1918 CE) when cigarettes were included in the military rations of United States soldiers.

? ? ? ? ? 此時，煙草已不再是美國經(jīng)濟的核心，但正如“黑斑煙草戰(zhàn)爭”所證明的那樣，煙草仍然是一種具有重要價值的作物。卷煙機成為煙草生產(chǎn)的標準設備，因為卷煙比煙斗更受歡迎，使用范圍更廣，尤其是在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)（1914-1918年）之后，卷煙被列入美國士兵的軍糧。

After World War I, tobacco in the form of cigarettes became even more popular as tobacco companies marketed their product to women as an appetite-suppressant and magazines of the time presented the habit as glamourous and high-class. American tobacco companies continued to market the product successfully to every demographic, at home and abroad, until the late 20th century CE when the negative effects of smoking were better publicized and advertising curtailed by the US government. The economy of the United States continues to benefit from tobacco sales, however, as the government subsidizes tobacco farmers while individual states tax the product heavily, ostensibly to curb the habit which remains almost as popular, and just as lucrative, as it was in the colonial era.

? ? ? ? ? 第一次世界大戰(zhàn)后，由于煙草公司將其產(chǎn)品作為一種抑制食欲的藥物向女性推銷，而當時的雜志也將吸煙的習慣描述為迷人和高檔，因此香煙形式的煙草變得更加流行。美國煙草公司繼續(xù)成功地向國內(nèi)外所有人口群體推銷該產(chǎn)品，直到 20 世紀末，吸煙的負面影響得到了更好的宣傳，香煙廣告受到美國政府的限制。然而，美國經(jīng)濟繼續(xù)受益于煙草銷售，因為政府補貼煙農(nóng)，個別州對產(chǎn)品征收重稅，表面上看是為了遏制煙癮，但煙癮仍像殖民時代一樣流行且有利可圖。

參考書目：

de Las Casas, B. & Griffin, N. & Pagden, A. A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies. Penguin Classics, 1999.

Gately, I. Tobacco: A Cultural History of How an Exotic Plant Seduced Civilization. Grove Press, 2003.

Goodman, J. Tobacco in History: The Cultures of Dependence. Routledge, 1994.

Horn, J. A Land As God Made It: Jamestown and the Birth of America. Basic Books, 2006.

Mann, C. C. 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created. Vintage Books, 2012.

Musselwhite, P., Mancall, P. C. , Horn, J. Virginia 1619: Slavery and Freedom in the Making of America. University of North Carolina Press, 2019.

Price, D. A. Love and Hate in Jamestown: John Smith, Pocahontas, and the Start of a New Nation. Vintage, 2005.

Silverman, D. J. This Land Is Their Land. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020.

原文作者：Joshua J. Mark

Joshua J. Mark是自由撰稿人，曾是紐約馬里斯特學院的兼職哲學教授，他曾在希臘和德國生活過，并游歷過埃及。曾在大學里教授歷史、寫作、文學和哲學。

原文網(wǎng)址: https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1681/tobacco--colonial-american-economy/