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【簡譯】斯昆石（“命運(yùn)石”或“加冕石”）

2022-08-25 11:09 作者:神尾智代 0人讀過 | 我要投稿

The Stone of Scone (Gaelic: Lia Fail), also known as the Stone of Destiny or Coronation Stone, is a block of sandstone associated with the coronation ceremonies of the medieval monarchs of Scotland. These ceremonies were held at Scone, a prehistoric site in Perthshire, although the precise use of the stone is not known.

? ? ? ? ? 斯昆石（蓋爾語：Lia Fail），也被稱為命運(yùn)之石或加冕石，是一塊與蘇格蘭中世紀(jì)君主加冕儀式有關(guān)的砂巖。這些儀式是在珀斯郡的史前遺址斯昆（Scone）舉行的，該石頭的確切用途并不明確。

In a deliberate act of political propaganda, the Stone of Scone was removed from Scotland by Edward I of England (r. 1272-1307) who made it a part of the English Coronation Chair in Westminster Abbey. The stone was finally returned to Scotland in 1996 and now resides in Edinburgh Castle.

? ? ? ? ? 在一次蓄意的政治宣傳中，英格蘭的愛德華一世（r. 1272-1307）將斯昆石從蘇格蘭移走，并將其作為英國威斯敏斯特大教堂加冕椅的一部分。這塊石頭最終在1996年被送回蘇格蘭，現(xiàn)在保留于愛丁堡城堡。

特征描述

The Stone of Scone is a rectangular slab of yellow sandstone which most likely is Scottish in origin, perhaps from the Lower Old Red Sandstone rocks in the region of Perthshire. It measures approximately 66 cm x 28 cm (26 x 11 in) and weighs around 152 kg (336 pounds). The stone is plain with the exception of a single carved Latin cross. Today it resides in the Crown Room of Edinburgh Castle alongside other items of the Scottish regalia.

? ? ? ? ? 斯昆石是一塊長方形的黃色砂巖板，很可能來自蘇格蘭，也許是來自珀斯郡地區(qū)的下古紅砂巖巖石。它的尺寸約為66厘米×28厘米（26×11英寸），重約152公斤（336磅）。這塊石頭除了一個雕刻好的拉丁十字架外，其余都很普通。今天，它與其他蘇格蘭王室的物品一起被放置在愛丁堡城堡的王室房間里。

神話與傳說

For a rather nondescript slab of sandstone, the Stone of Destiny comes with a remarkable baggage of myth and folklore. According to the legend, the stone was the very one which Jacob - the ancestor of the people of Israel - used as a pillow when he was in Bethel (a city north of Jerusalem) and experienced a vision of angels ascending and descending a celestial ladder to heaven.

? ? ? ? ? 對于這么一塊相當(dāng)不起眼的砂巖板，命運(yùn)之石帶有的非凡神話和民間傳說讓其引人注目。據(jù)說，這塊石頭正是雅各布布（以色列人民的祖先）在伯特利（耶路撒冷北部的一個城市）時用作枕頭，并見證了天使在天梯上上下下的異象。

The stone then enjoyed an extraordinary Mediterranean tour which saw it move from the Middle East to Egypt, Sicily, and Spain. Finally, the stone arrived in Ireland around 700 BCE where it was set up at the Hill of Tara, the Neolithic site in County Meath where tradition has it the ancient kings of Ireland were acclaimed. In some sources, it was then the legendary Irish ruler Fergus Mor who brought the stone to Scotland around 500. In another version of the legend, the stone was brought from Ireland to Scotland by Princess Scota, the daughter of an Egyptian pharaoh. There is also some confusion as to whether the present Stone of Destiny is the same stone as the one related to these legends because some early medieval chroniclers describe it as a carved stone throne. Alternatively, the present stone may once have been a part of this more elaborate throne.

? ? ? ? ? 隨后，這塊石頭經(jīng)歷了一次非凡的地中海之旅，從中東到埃及、西西里島和西班牙。最后，這塊石頭在公元前700年左右到達(dá)了愛爾蘭，它被放置在塔拉山，這是位于米斯郡的新石器時代遺址。過去，古代愛爾蘭的國王在這里受到贊譽(yù)。在一些資料中，是傳說中的愛爾蘭統(tǒng)治者弗格斯·莫爾（也是蘇格蘭的創(chuàng)始人）在500年左右將石頭帶到了蘇格蘭。在另一個版本中，這塊石頭是由埃及法老的女兒斯科塔公主從愛爾蘭帶到蘇格蘭的。對于命運(yùn)之石與這些傳說中的石頭是否是同一塊，也有一些混淆，因?yàn)橐恍┰缙诘闹惺兰o(jì)編年史家把它描述成一個雕刻的石座。或者說，現(xiàn)存的石頭可能曾經(jīng)是這個精致寶座的一部分。

The stone's new home in Scotland was either Dunstaffnage Castle on the western coast or, more likely given its history, the nearby island of Iona, part of the Inner Hebrides group. Iona was an ancient holy site for the Christian ascetics known as the Culdees, and it became the traditional burial ground for Scottish monarchs. Indeed, the site has a very long history with its prehistoric barrows and monuments. The stone remained at Iona for the next 350 years, and a legend grew that only where the Stone of Destiny was located would Scottish kings rule. The author Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832 CE) claimed that a piece of metal was once attached to the stone which carried the following engraved verse:

Unless the fates be faulty grown

And prophet's voice be vain

Where'er is found this sacred stone

The Scottish race shall reign.

? ? ? ? ? 這塊石頭在蘇格蘭的新家要么是西海岸的鄧斯塔夫納奇城堡，要么是附近的愛奧那島（屬于內(nèi)赫布里底群島的一部分）。鑒于其歷史，這種可能性更大。愛奧那島是被稱為庫迪斯派的基督教苦行者的一個古老圣地，它是蘇格蘭君主的傳統(tǒng)埋葬地。事實(shí)上，這個地方有著非常悠久的歷史，它有史前的荒冢和紀(jì)念碑。在接下來的350年里，這塊石頭一直留在愛奧那島，并且有一個傳說，只有在命運(yùn)之石所在地，蘇格蘭國王的統(tǒng)治才是正統(tǒng)的。作家沃爾特·司各特爵士（公元1771-1832年）聲稱，石頭上曾經(jīng)附著一塊金屬，上面刻有以下詩句：

除非命運(yùn)是錯誤的增長

預(yù)言家的聲音也是徒勞的

無論在哪里找到這塊神圣的石頭

蘇格蘭人將統(tǒng)治天下

肯尼思一世的遷移

The Celtic king Kenneth MacAlpin (also spelt Cinaed mac Ailpin or mac Ailpein, r. c. 842-858) ruled the Kingdom of the Scots or Alba as it is sometimes known. Kenneth is credited with taking the Stone of Destiny to Scone in Perthshire around 843, perhaps as a symbol of his subjugation of the Picts who may have used the stone for their own coronation ceremonies. It was used in the ceremonies held at Scone to inaugurate Scottish kings thereafter. Lords and bishops gathered at Scone, and later at Scone Abbey, to witness their king being acclaimed and to swear oaths of loyalty. The king's long genealogy was also proclaimed to the gathered dignitaries. Scottish kings were, as yet, not crowned or anointed with holy oil - this form of coronation ceremony would only take place from the 14th century onwards. The king did not perhaps sit on the stone either but, rather, it was used as an altar during the ceremony and set upon the small artificial mound known as Moot Hill or the 'Hill of Belief'. Alternatively, the stone may have been used in different ways over the centuries as, in a detailed description of the ceremony of Alexander III of Scotland (r. 1249-1286), it is stated by John of Fordun that Alexander did sit on the stone.

? ? ? ? ? 皮克特人的國王肯尼思·麥克亞爾賓（Kenneth MacAlpin，又稱Cinaed mac Ailpin或mac Ailpein，約842-858年）統(tǒng)治著蘇格蘭王國或阿爾巴（有時被稱為Alba）?？夏崴急徽J(rèn)為是在843年左右將命運(yùn)之石帶到了珀斯郡的斯昆，這也許是他征服皮克特的一個象征，皮克特人可能將這塊石頭用于自己的加冕儀式。此后，在斯昆舉行的蘇格蘭國王就職儀式上，也使用了這塊石頭。領(lǐng)主和主教們聚集在斯昆，后來又聚集在斯昆修道院，見證他們的國王受封并宣誓效忠。儀式上，有專人向聚集在一起的貴賓們宣讀國王長長的家譜。蘇格蘭的國王還沒有加冕，也沒有圣油涂抹環(huán)節(jié)——這種形式的加冕儀式從14世紀(jì)開始才出現(xiàn)。國王可能也沒有坐在這塊石頭上，而是在儀式中把它作為一個祭壇，放在被稱為Moot Hill或“信仰之山”的人工小丘上。另外，這塊石頭可能在幾個世紀(jì)中以不同的方式發(fā)揮職能，因?yàn)樵趯μK格蘭的亞歷山大三世（1249-1286年）的儀式詳細(xì)描述中，富爾頓的約翰說亞歷山大確實(shí)坐在石頭上。

If the king was married, then the queen received her inauguration service after her husband. By the 12th century, Scottish kings were given familiar symbols of power such as a sword, sceptre, rod, and orb. In addition, the ancient sacred site of Scone was given its own monastery c. 1115 by Alexander I of Scotland (r. 1107-1124). The monastery, first a priory and then, later, a full abbey, was founded by Augustinian canons from Nostel Abbey in Yorkshire.

? ? ? ? ? 如果國王已經(jīng)結(jié)婚，那么王后就會在丈夫之后接受就職儀式。到了12世紀(jì)，蘇格蘭國王被賦予熟悉的權(quán)力象征，如劍、權(quán)杖、棒和球體。此外，大約在1115年，蘇格蘭的亞歷山大一世（1107-1124年）將這塊石頭放在古老的圣地斯昆修道院。該修道院一開始屬于一個牧師，后來成為一個正式的修道院，由來自約克郡的諾斯特爾修道院的奧古斯丁教士創(chuàng)辦。

愛德華一世的遷移

The Stone of Scone's destiny was about to be changed by an Englishman, one of Scotland's greatest ever enemies. Edward I of England adjudicated over who became the successor of Alexander III of Scotland, an event often termed as the Great Cause. Top candidates were the powerful nobleman John Balliol and Robert Bruce (b. 1210 and grandfather of his more famous namesake). In 1292, Edward plumbed for Balliol, perhaps because he was the weaker of the two and so could be more easily manipulated. John was to be the last medieval Scottish king to be crowned on or near the Stone of Scone on 30 November 1292. As it turned out, the Scots themselves grew tired of Balliol's ineffective responses to Edward's domination, and open rebellion was in the air. In 1295 Scotland formally allied itself with France - the first move in what became known as the 'Auld Alliance' - a step too far for the English king.

? ? ? ? ? 斯昆石的命運(yùn)即將被一個英格蘭人改變，他是蘇格蘭有史以來最大的敵人之一。英格蘭的愛德華一世對誰成為蘇格蘭亞歷山大三世的繼承人進(jìn)行了裁決，這一事件通常被稱為“偉大事業(yè)”。最重要的候選人是有權(quán)勢的貴族約翰·巴里奧和羅伯特·布魯斯。1292年，愛德華選擇了巴里奧，也許是因?yàn)樗莾蓚€人中的弱者，所以更容易被操縱。1292年11月30日，約翰將成為最后一位在斯昆石上加冕的中世紀(jì)蘇格蘭國王。結(jié)果，蘇格蘭人自己也對巴里奧的無能感到厭煩，公開的叛亂正在醞釀之中。1295年，蘇格蘭正式與法蘭西王國結(jié)盟--這是被稱為“古老同盟”的第一步——對英格蘭國王來說，這一步太遠(yuǎn)了。

Edward I then invaded Scotland, personally leading an army of 25,000-30,000 men. The king thus earned his nickname as 'the Hammer of the Scots', and he was intent on total conquest. Balliol surrendered after the Battle of Dunbar in 1296, and three English barons were nominated to rule Scotland. Always with an eye for dramatic gestures regarding enemy cultures, Edward stole the Scottish monarchy's regalia and the Stone of Scone, relocating it to Westminster Abbey in 1297. There it was placed under the seat of the purpose-built English Coronation Chair, often called St. Edward's Chair because Edward I dedicated his prize to the English king and saint, Edward the Confessor (r. 1042-1066). In this act of removal, Edward I was effectively declaring that Scotland was no longer a kingdom but a mere province of England.

? ? ? ? ? 隨后，愛德華一世親自率領(lǐng)25,000-30,000人的軍隊(duì)入侵蘇格蘭。他因此獲得了"蘇格蘭之錘"的綽號，他一心想要徹底征服蘇格蘭。1296年鄧巴戰(zhàn)役后，巴里奧投降了，三位英格蘭男爵被提名統(tǒng)治蘇格蘭。愛德華對敵人的文化總是抱著一種戲劇性的姿態(tài)，他偷走了蘇格蘭君主的服飾和斯昆石，并于1297年將其遷至威斯敏斯特教堂。在那里，它被放置在專門建造的英格蘭加冕椅的座位下，通常被稱為圣愛德華椅，因?yàn)閻鄣氯A一世將他的戰(zhàn)利品獻(xiàn)給了英格蘭國王和圣人愛德華懺悔者（1042-1066年）。在這一遷移行為中，愛德華一世實(shí)際上是宣布蘇格蘭不再是一個王國，而僅僅是英格蘭的一個省。

There was a legend that the wily Scots had given Edward a substitute stone and kept the real one safe on the Isle of Skye, but the truth of that is unlikely ever to be substantiated, and there is no evidence that Edward did not get his hands on the original. In any case, Scotland was never quite subdued, and more rebellions followed, notably the 1300 uprising led by William Wallace (c. 1270-1305). Edward II of England may have been prepared to return the stone (r. 1307-1327) as part of a peace treaty with Scotland agreed in 1328. However, it seems that the Abbot of Westminster Abbey refused to give it up. Consequently, the Stone of Scone remained in England for the next seven centuries. On 25 March 1306, Robert the Bruce (r. 1306-1329) was the first Scottish king to be crowned without the stone, although the ceremony was held as usual in Scone Abbey.

? ? ? ? ? 有一個傳說，狡猾的蘇格蘭人給了愛德華一塊替代的石頭，并將真正的石頭安全地保存在斯凱島上，但這一說法的真實(shí)性不太可能得到證實(shí)，也沒有證據(jù)表明愛德華沒有拿到原石。無論如何，蘇格蘭從未被完全征服，更多的叛亂接踵而至，尤其是威廉·華萊士（約1270-1305）領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的1300年起義。作為1328年與蘇格蘭達(dá)成的和平條約的一部分，英格蘭的愛德華二世可能已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備歸還這塊石頭（1307-1327年）。然而，威斯敏斯特修道院的院長似乎拒絕了。因此，在接下來的七個世紀(jì)里，斯昆石一直留在英格蘭。1306年3月25日，羅伯特·布魯斯（1306-1329）是第一個在沒有石頭的情況下加冕的蘇格蘭國王，盡管儀式照常在斯昆修道院舉行。

斯昆石后來的歷史；斯昆石重返蘇格蘭

As fate would have it, a Scottish king did eventually get to be crowned while sitting on the Stone of Scone. This was James VI of Scotland (r. 1567-1625) who also became James I of England CE (r. 1603-1625) when he was crowned in Westminster Abbey in 1603. This happened because his predecessor Elizabeth I of England (r. 1558-1603) had died without children, and James, Elizabeth's closest relative, was invited by the nobles of England to take the throne. James was of the Stuart line, and that house would rule England until 1714, all of its monarchs taking their place above the Stone of Scone in their coronation. The Scots had finally turned the tables on the English after Edward I's theft 300 years earlier, and the legend of the stone had proved correct: a Scottish king now ruled where the stone resided.

? ? ? ? ? 正如命運(yùn)的安排，一位蘇格蘭國王最終還是坐在斯昆石上加冕了。這就是蘇格蘭的詹姆斯六世（1567-1625年），他于1603年在威斯敏斯特大教堂加冕，同時也成為了英格蘭的詹姆斯一世（1603-1625年）。這是因?yàn)樗那叭斡⒏裉m伊麗莎白一世（1558-1603年）去世時沒有孩子，而伊麗莎白的近親詹姆斯被英格蘭的貴族們邀請登上王位。詹姆斯屬于斯圖亞特家族，該家族將統(tǒng)治英格蘭直到1714年，其所有君主在加冕儀式上都在斯昆石上方就位。在300年前愛德華一世被盜之后，蘇格蘭人終于扭轉(zhuǎn)了對英格蘭人的看法，事實(shí)證明這塊石頭的傳說是正確的：一位蘇格蘭國王現(xiàn)在統(tǒng)治著這塊石頭所在的地方。

From the 19th century, the Stone of Scone became a potent national symbol for the Scots, and there were repeated calls for the stone's return. In 1950 a group of Scottish nationalists managed to break into Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day of all days. They grabbed the stone and took it back to Scotland, but it was recovered by the authorities and returned to Westminster four months later. The stone was finally and this time officially returned to the people of Scotland in 1996, appropriately enough, on 30 November, Saint Andrew's Day, which honours the patron saint of Scotland. There was one catch which illustrates the continuing power of the stone in the imaginations of the peoples on both sides of the border: the stone must be returned to Westminster Abbey on the occasion of a coronation ceremony of a British monarch.

? ? ? ? ? 從19世紀(jì)開始，斯昆石成為蘇格蘭人強(qiáng)有力的民族象征，人們一再呼吁歸還這塊石頭。1950年，一群蘇格蘭民族主義者在圣誕節(jié)期間成功地闖入威斯敏斯特教堂。他們搶走了這塊石頭，并將其帶回了蘇格蘭，但四個月后被當(dāng)局找回并送回了威斯敏斯特。1996年，這塊石頭終于正式歸還給了蘇格蘭人民，恰好是在11月30日，即紀(jì)念蘇格蘭守護(hù)神的圣安德魯日。有一項(xiàng)規(guī)定表明，這塊石頭在邊境兩邊人民的想象中仍然具有影響力：在英國君主的加冕儀式上，這塊石頭必須歸還威斯敏斯特大教堂。