注：英語(yǔ)原文取自最古老版本的帝國(guó)時(shí)代一的幫助文件中，關(guān)于歷史的文本量相當(dāng)巨大，但在win7系統(tǒng)更新后，以win95為基礎(chǔ)的hlp文件被淘汰，如今已經(jīng)很難找到打開(kāi)hlp文件的方法。如有大佬能提供支援就好了。

注：因?yàn)樵環(huán)lp文件并未隨著羅馬復(fù)興資料片的更新而更新，所以這個(gè)系列不包含新增的羅馬、迦太基、馬其頓和巴爾米拉文明。

注：因?yàn)槟甏眠h(yuǎn)（1996年左右），很多記述可能已經(jīng)與最新的考古發(fā)現(xiàn)有著顯著的差異。

注：蹩腳英語(yǔ)，翻譯腔，懶得潤(rùn)色的語(yǔ)句。

注：英語(yǔ)原文放在前面，漢語(yǔ)翻譯放在后面。

更多資料：世界地理歷史小常識(shí)65——希臘（CV5643967）

Minoan culture (2200 to 1200 BC)

Primitive agricultural communities sprang up around the Aegean Sea by 6000 BC but this area lagged behind Egypt and Mesopotamia in advancing toward civilization. For reasons not yet understood, the island-based Minoan culture made a sudden leap forward around 2000 BC and became the first civilization of Europe. The sudden take-off may have been stimulated by trading contact with Mesopotamia through Levant ports or through contact with Egypt. One theory suggests that refugees from Egypt during a time of turmoil may have emigrated to Crete and brought technology and ideas with them.

Location

The Minoan culture was centered on the island of Crete, but extended to other nearby islands, including Thera and Rhodes. They may have colonized the Anatolian coast at Miletus and elsewhere. By the extension of trade, they influenced the developing Greek culture on the mainland and other Aegean islands.

Capital

The palace at Knossos on Crete was the capital of the Minoan civilization. It remained a hidden ruin until rediscovered and revealed in the twentieth? century.

Rise to power

The Minoans were an economic power, not a military one. They preserved their economic advantages by apparently controlling ship traffic in the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas. For approximately 800 years they dominated trade in these regions. They were so secure on their islands, protected by their ships, that they never fortified their cities.

Economy

Crete was rich in natural resources, including farmland, water supplies, timber, copper, building stone, and access to the sea. The Minoans were prosperous thanks to agriculture and fishing, but grew rich primarily on trade.The Minoans grew grain, fruits, herbs, and olives. Grain, wine, olive oil, timber, ceramics, and manufactured goods were their principal exports. They imported tin, silver, gold, linen, luxury items, and raw materials for manufacturing.

Religion and culture

The high standard of living, the relative abundance of food and other good things, and the security of their island homes gave the Minoans an outlook on life substantially different from other contemporary cultures. Perhaps because life was good, worship and communication with gods was not stressed. They built no great temples. Their religion was dominated by female goddesses who protected the household, the crops, and the animals. The Minoans made regular offerings of food, statues, and other objects.The Minoans may have practiced human sacrifice at one time. There is a famous tale of a minotaur, half man, half bull, who lived in a labyrinth beneath the palace. Young people were sacrificed to the minotaur each year. The high priest or king may have worn a bull mask for the sacrifice, creating the illusion of half man, half animal.They believed in an afterlife and buried the dead with food and possessions that would be of use. Two sacred symbols were bull horns and the doubled-sided axe.The Minoans developed a hieroglyphic writing system around 2000 BC, perhaps following trading contact with the Egyptians. By 1900 BC they had developed a new script now called Linear A. A third script called Linear B came into use at Knossos around 1450 BC. To date, only Linear B has been deciphered, but most of the surviving examples are accounting records that reveal little about their history and culture.Surviving artwork shows the people of Crete engaging in the sport of bull-jumping. The significance of this activity is not known. Young men and women are depicted approaching a charging bull, grabbing it by the horns, and somersaulting over the animal's back to land behind it. The everyday life of the Minoans was pleasant and relatively free of war and unrest, as witnessed by the richness and exuberance of their frescos, wall paintings, and decorative objects.

Government

The great palace at Knossos was also a giant warehouse. The distribution of food and other goods may have been organized from here.The only king whose name survives was Minos. It may be that the word minos referred to the office, not the man, like the Egyptian term pharaoh.

Military

The Minoans had little apparent need for an army, relying instead on their navy to keep any enemies from approaching. Minoan ships were galleys, manned by rowers on both sides. Narrow galleys were fast and maneuverable, allowing them to overtake slower sailing ships of the day. They did not employ rams at this early date, according to the evidence of surviving artwork.

Decline and fall

The idyllic life of the Minoans was disrupted by natural disasters. The archaeological remains indicate that the palace of Knossos was destroyed by an earthquake in 1700 BC and rebuilt. The nearby island of Thera was partially sunk by a volcanic eruption and the resulting tidal wave probably struck Crete, causing extensive damage. The Minoan culture suffered from recurrent earthquakes and the Thera explosion, but the extent of the damage and its effect on their civilization is debated.There are two main scenarios for the end of the Minoan culture. According to the oldest theory, mainland Greeks invaded around 1450 BC, essentially destroying the culture, although it lingered for 700 years more until mainland Greece itself was overrun. In the second scenario, based on more recent research, the Minoans suffered through disaster and a resulting loosening of their control of sea trade and movement, but did not succumb to the mainland Greeks. The Minoans were instead destroyed along with the Myceneans on the mainland by barbarians as part of the catastrophe of 1200 BC. Evidence suggests that by 1180 BC the Cretans had moved from coastal towns and palaces to defensive city sites high in the hills. Attacks and the threat of further attacks were the probable cause of this shift.

Legacy

The Minoans are remembered today for their fabulous palace and frescoes at Knossos, now partially restored. It may have been the largest and most beautiful palace of the late Bronze Age. They are also remembered for their mysterious writings, some of which continue to defy linguists.

米諾斯文明（公元前2200至1200年）

公元前6000年，原始農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)圍繞愛(ài)琴海興起，但這一地區(qū)落后于埃及和美索不達(dá)米亞的文明發(fā)展。由于尚未了解的原因，島基的米諾斯文化在公元前2000年突然興起，成為歐洲的第一個(gè)文明。突然的騰飛可能是由于與美索不達(dá)米亞和黎凡特的貿(mào)易或者通過(guò)與埃及的接觸刺激的。一種理論認(rèn)為，在埃及的動(dòng)亂時(shí)期，有些埃及難民來(lái)到了克里特，并帶來(lái)了技術(shù)和思想。

位置

米諾斯文化以克里特島為中心，并延伸到其他附近島嶼，包括色拉島和羅德島。他們可能在米利都或安納托利亞海岸的其他地方殖民。通過(guò)貿(mào)易延伸，影響了大陸和其他愛(ài)琴海群島的發(fā)展中的希臘文化。

首都

克里特島的科諾索斯宮殿是米諾斯文明的首都，它直到二十世紀(jì)才被重新發(fā)現(xiàn)和揭示。

發(fā)展壯大

米諾斯人是一股經(jīng)濟(jì)力量，而不是軍事力量，他們通過(guò)明顯控制愛(ài)琴海和地中海的船舶交通來(lái)保護(hù)其經(jīng)濟(jì)優(yōu)勢(shì)。大概800年來(lái)他們主宰著這些地區(qū)的貿(mào)易，他們?cè)趰u上如此安全，受到船只的保護(hù)，以至于他們從未加強(qiáng)城市的守衛(wèi)。

經(jīng)濟(jì)

克里特島自然資源豐富，包括農(nóng)田、供水、木材、銅、建筑石材、和進(jìn)出海港口。由于農(nóng)業(yè)和漁業(yè)，米諾斯人繁榮昌盛，但主要還是因?yàn)橘Q(mào)易致富。米諾斯人種植谷物、水果、草藥、橄欖。糧食、葡萄酒、橄欖油、木材、陶瓷和手工制品是主要出口產(chǎn)品。他們進(jìn)口錫、銀、金、亞麻、奢侈品和用于加工的原材料。

宗教與文化

因?yàn)樯钏礁?、食物相?duì)豐富以及其他好東西，以及他們安全的島嶼故鄉(xiāng)，使得米諾斯人與同時(shí)代其他文化有很大不同。也許因?yàn)樯蠲篮?，崇拜和與神的溝通沒(méi)有任何壓力。他們沒(méi)有建造偉大的寺廟。他們的宗教由保護(hù)家庭、作物和動(dòng)物的女神主宰，米諾斯人定期供應(yīng)食物、雕像和其他物品。米諾斯人可能會(huì)進(jìn)行人類(lèi)犧牲，比如著名的米諾陶故事，半人半牛的怪物住在宮殿下面的一個(gè)迷宮里。每年都有年輕人被犧牲給米諾陶。大祭司或國(guó)王可能為犧牲戴了面具，造成了半人半牛的幻覺(jué)。他們相信來(lái)生，并用食物和財(cái)富陪葬死者，以及兩個(gè)神圣符號(hào)：牛角和雙面斧。米諾斯人在公元前2000年左右開(kāi)發(fā)了一個(gè)象形文字的書(shū)寫(xiě)系統(tǒng)，可能用于和埃及人貿(mào)易。在公元前1900年，他們開(kāi)發(fā)了一個(gè)新的書(shū)寫(xiě)系統(tǒng)，現(xiàn)在成為線性一系統(tǒng)。第三個(gè)書(shū)寫(xiě)系統(tǒng)線性二系統(tǒng)在公元前1450年左右在科諾索斯開(kāi)始使用。到目前為止，只有線性二系統(tǒng)被解密，但大多數(shù)的例子是會(huì)計(jì)記錄，顯示他們歷史和文化的很少。還有一種幸存的藝術(shù)品展示克里特島上人們進(jìn)行跳牛運(yùn)動(dòng)，這個(gè)活動(dòng)意義未知，年輕的男人和女人被描繪接近一個(gè)沖刺的公牛，抓住它的角并翻跟頭跳過(guò)牛背落到地上站穩(wěn)。米諾斯人的日常生活較為愉快輕松，相對(duì)的沒(méi)有戰(zhàn)亂。如其豐富的壁畫(huà)、墻繪和裝飾品所展示的。

政府

科諾索斯的大宮殿也是一個(gè)巨型倉(cāng)庫(kù)。食物和其他物品的分配可能是從這里組織的。唯一知道名字的國(guó)王叫米諾斯，這可能不是一個(gè)人的名字，而是像埃及的法老一樣，是個(gè)稱(chēng)號(hào)。

軍事

米諾斯人對(duì)陸軍幾乎沒(méi)有需求，而是靠海軍來(lái)使敵人遠(yuǎn)離。米諾斯人的船是單層甲板劃槳船，這種船狹長(zhǎng)快速機(jī)動(dòng)，允許他們超過(guò)當(dāng)時(shí)較慢的帆船，根據(jù)現(xiàn)存的藝術(shù)品，他們并沒(méi)有在船頭加裝沖撞裝置。

衰落與滅亡

米諾斯人田園詩(shī)般的生活被自然災(zāi)害毀掉，考古遺跡證明，科諾索斯的宮殿在公元前1700年遭到地震破壞，后來(lái)重建。附近的色拉島因?yàn)榛鹕絿姲l(fā)而部分沉沒(méi)，造成的海嘯則襲擊了克里特島，造成了廣泛的破壞。米諾斯文化受到經(jīng)常性的地震和色拉島的噴發(fā)影響。但是破壞程度及其對(duì)文明的影響是有爭(zhēng)議的。米諾斯文化消亡的兩個(gè)主要情形，根據(jù)最古老的理論，大約希臘人在公元前1450年左右入侵，基本上摧毀了文明，盡管它本身延續(xù)了700多年，直到希臘大陸本身超越了它。第二種情況下，根據(jù)最近的研究，米諾斯人遭受了自然災(zāi)害，導(dǎo)致海上貿(mào)易和運(yùn)輸?shù)姆潘桑](méi)有被希臘人征服。但最后在公元前1200年的海民運(yùn)動(dòng)中，米諾斯人與大陸上的邁錫尼一起被摧毀。有證據(jù)表明，公元前1180年，克里特島從沿海城鎮(zhèn)和宮殿轉(zhuǎn)移至山丘上的防御型城市中。攻擊和進(jìn)一步攻擊的威脅可能是這種轉(zhuǎn)變的原因。

遺產(chǎn)

米諾斯人因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在科諾索斯神話般的宮殿和壁畫(huà)被牢記，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)部分恢復(fù)了。他可能是青銅時(shí)代最晚期最美麗的宮殿，他們也因?yàn)樗麄兊纳衩刂鞫挥涀?，其中一些著作至今嘲諷著語(yǔ)言學(xué)家。

這是帝國(guó)時(shí)代一相關(guān)文明說(shuō)明文件翻譯的第（4/12）部：

1.埃及：CV13647116?

2.希臘：CV13828033

3.巴比倫：CV13907052

4.亞述：CV13984562

5.米諾斯：本篇

6.赫梯：

7.腓尼基：

8.蘇美爾：

9.波斯：

10.商：

11.朝鮮：

12.大和：?