Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage.??

Filipino Americans

Arts

文學(xué)作品中對于菲律賓裔美國人身份認同的記錄 ★★★

①Whereas Carlos Bulosan aimed through fiction and personal testimony to advance both Filipino civil?rights in the United States and the?social transformation of the Philippines, Yen Le?Espiritu has set herself the task of recovering life histories of Filipino Americans. ②Her work brings Filipino Americans of the?generation following the 1934-1965 immigration hiatus?graphically to life. ③A special strength is the?representation of Filipino American women, who were scarce among immigrants before the 1934?American curb on Filipino immigration but composed more than half of the immigrants to America since?liberalization in 1965.?④Espiritu’s subjects document their changing sense of Filipino identity in the United States, much as Bulosan did as a member of the first substantial wave of immigrants.?

CB想通過小說和親身經(jīng)歷來同時推動菲律賓人在美國的公民權(quán)利以及菲律賓的社會轉(zhuǎn)型，但是YLE的方式是重現(xiàn)菲裔美國人的生活歷史。她的作品生動還原了隨著1934-1965移民空窗后的一代菲律賓裔美國人。特別是對其中女性的描述。女性移民在1934年之前美國限制菲律賓移民時很少，但是自1965年放開限制之后女性移民占比超過了一半。E記錄了她們在美國身份認知的改變，正如B作為第一個移民潮的一員也是如此。

①?客觀對比

↓

②順承事實

↓

③順承事實

↓

④順承事實

1. According to the passage, both Bulosan and Espiritu do which of the following in their work?

細節(jié)題。易

直接信息題。注意題干核心詞both，要找B和E的相同。對應(yīng)最后一句，都記錄了身份認同的改變。

D

A. Consider generational differences in Filipino immigrants’ responses to life in the United States 沒有differences的證據(jù)。

B. Attempt to make allowance for the demographic variations among Filipino immigrants to the United States 沒有demographic variaition的證據(jù)。

C. Employ fiction in addition to documenting actual life histories of Filipino immigrants to the United States 這是B干的

D. Represent how life in the United States has affected immigrants’ sense of Filipino identity

E. Examine the effects on Filipinos in the United States of the 1934 American curb on Filipino immigration 這時E的。同時也沒有effects的證據(jù)

2.?In the context in which it appears, “graphically” most nearly means?

詞匯題。易

graphically: ① in the form of drawing or diagrams; ②very clearly and in great ditail，形象、生動、逼真地

E

A. in writing ?

B. by means of drawing? 這個取的是本義

C. impressionistically? 憑印象地，主觀地

D. diagrammatically? 也是本義

E.?vividly 生動地

生詞摘錄：

hiatus:?(formal)?a break or?interruption?in an activity 停頓，間斷

curb?控制，約束，抑制

背景拓展：

卡洛斯·布洛桑，菲律賓作家、詩人、行動主義者。布洛桑出生和成長于呂宋島邦噶錫南省比納洛南鄉(xiāng)下。1930年，迫于生計，他離開當(dāng)時仍屬美國殖民地的故土，以僑民身份去到宗主國，從此再未回返?！独习值男β暋凡糠制略l(fā)表于《紐約客》等雜志，是其代表作之一。

菲律賓曾被西班牙殖民統(tǒng)治，居民多為天主教徒，后來由于西方殖民勢力之間你爭我奪，布洛桑出生時菲律賓已淪為美國殖民地，因而他的身份是可以自由出入美國的僑民，卻無權(quán)成為“歸化的美國公民”。他為了尋求更好的生計，于1930年赴美，首站就是西雅圖，之后從未返回故鄉(xiāng)，因此西雅圖既是他美國之旅的起點，也是終點，卻終其一生都不是美國公民。這些另類的成分使得他在美國文學(xué)與亞美文學(xué)中獨具一格。

“這是第一次，菲律賓人民以‘人’[human beings]的身份被書寫下來?！?/p>

距離布洛桑的墓園車程僅一刻鐘之外的另一亞裔名人李小龍（Bruce Lee, 1940—1973）安息的湖景墓園（Lakeview Cemetery）。“李振藩”

1898年4月25日美國為了想要殖民地，正式向西班牙開戰(zhàn)。

1898年12月10日，美國與西班牙在巴黎簽訂和約： 西班牙將波多黎各、關(guān)島和菲律賓轉(zhuǎn)讓美國；美國為獲得菲律賓向西班牙交付2000萬美元作為抵償。

美國殖民者鎮(zhèn)壓了菲律賓的獨立起義軍，還殺了很多土著，菲律賓人民也是反抗殖民統(tǒng)治的。反美情緒高漲之下，美國被迫改變了政策，在太平洋戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)前，美國已經(jīng)許諾菲律賓獨立，但有一個10年的過渡期的。

1934年通過《泰丁斯－麥克杜菲法案》(Tydings-McDuffie Act)，宣布在菲實行10年自治過渡體制，同時將當(dāng)時在美國的菲律賓人定義為外國人，并設(shè)定了每年50名菲律賓人的美國公民名額。（菲律賓人以僑民身份進入美國后，搶走了白人的工作，在一些地區(qū)引發(fā)了反移民情緒和騷亂。

1965年10月3日，美國國會通過了《移民與國籍法修訂案》，總統(tǒng)約翰遜在自由女神像下簽署了它，這被認為是20世紀(jì)美國自由主義的三大標(biāo)桿之一。

沒有這個法案，就沒有后來自由、開放、繁榮的美國。

這項法案徹底廢除了舊有的種族歧視和國籍歧視條款，其配額限制僅分為東西半球兩個部分，東半球每年17萬人、西半球每年12萬人（東西半球的差異配額在1976年被取消），每個國家每年最高限額2萬人（1978年被取消，但全球29萬的總數(shù)不變）。

這些條款雖然有些人權(quán)方面的考慮，但實用主義至上的原則仍然是貫穿始終的。美國當(dāng)時的司法部長表示，選擇移民的依據(jù)是看他們能為經(jīng)濟和社會發(fā)展作出什么貢獻、而不是看他們生在哪里。

嘴上都是主義，心里都是生意。

美國人放開移民，雖然表面上是反種族歧視、倡導(dǎo)人權(quán)、自由、平等，但實際上是想從全球吸納各路精英人才。約翰遜總統(tǒng)在簽署法律時就說，能對美國的發(fā)展、實力、精神作出最多貢獻的人，將首先進入這個國家。

1965年的移民法案對美國的發(fā)展太重要了，原先的種族、國籍等條條框框的東西都被打破了，只要你能為美國好好做貢獻、美國就歡迎你。

自此之后，美國從全球各國網(wǎng)羅精英人才的能力大大加強，堅實的人才儲備為美國的發(fā)展打下了牢固的根基。

為了更好的吸引人才，美國在1990年又修改和細化了移民法，推出《美國新移民法》。

新移民法將移民配額分成職業(yè)類移民和親屬類移民。其中還特別新增了投資移民，你要能在美國的發(fā)達地區(qū)投100萬美元或在欠發(fā)達地區(qū)投50萬美元、并能提供不少于10個工作崗位，那你和你的老婆孩子就有可能獲得移民美國的許可。

美國人希望用更完備的法律來提升移民的知識結(jié)構(gòu)和人口素質(zhì)、大力引進人才和資金為美國社會的發(fā)展添磚加瓦。

然而你大肆放開移民，進來的不可能都是人才，畢竟人才永遠是少數(shù)。放開移民給美國帶來的最大的沖擊，就是非法移民的大規(guī)模涌入。

從1965年移民法案頒布開始，來自世界各地的移民就開始大規(guī)模涌入美國。尤其是到了1980年代，涌入美國的拉美人、東南亞人之規(guī)模，龐大到數(shù)以百萬計。僅僅在1980年一年，就有12萬古巴移民進入佛羅里達州的基韋斯特小島上。

當(dāng)世界各地的人大規(guī)模移民美國時，大量的非法移民、難民也成規(guī)模的涌入。根據(jù)1980年美國的統(tǒng)計，僅僅來自墨西哥的非法移民就有大約540萬-679萬人。

雖然他們不是通過正規(guī)渠道進來的，但是你大肆放開移民、標(biāo)榜自由人權(quán)，整個社會對于移民和難民的警惕性就松懈了、對他們的容忍度就提高了，那在非法移民和難民大肆涌入之后，時間長了必然會引發(fā)巨大的社會問題。

美國人也不是不知道，大量非法移民和難民的涌入帶來的社會危害，但是為了讓“自由燈塔”能夠繼續(xù)照亮西方世界，那就不能把這些人全都趕走。

美國在1980年通過了《難民法》，為進一步接納、安置難民提供法律保障。

Questions 3 to 6?are based on this passage.?

★★★★

monogamous / male care

Sciences/biology

靈長類一夫一妻和雄性養(yǎng)育之間的關(guān)系

題型優(yōu)先級判定：

3. The author of the passage implies that most primate researchers 間接細節(jié)+態(tài)度

4. According to the passage, the evolutionary relationship between male care and monogamy is 直接細節(jié)題

5. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage? 直接細節(jié)題，也可以算是主旨了。

6. If the assumptions of both Kleiman and Symon are true, which of the following statements is?most likely true? 推斷題

①The main exception to primate researchers' general pattern of ignoring interactions between males and infants has been the study of male care among monogamous primates.?②It has?been known for over 200 years, ever since a zoologist-illustrator named George Edwards decided to watch the behavior of pet?marmosets in a London garden, that among certain species of New World monkeys males contributed direct care for infants that equaled or exceeded that given by females.?③Mothers among marmosets and tamarins typically give birth to twins, as often as twice a year, and to ease the female in her staggering?reproductive burden the male carries the infant at all times except when the mother is actually suckling it.?④It was assumed by Kleiman that monogamy and male confidence of paternity were?essential to the evolution of such care, and at the same time, it was assumed by Symons?and others that monogamy among primates must be fairly rare.??

靈長類研究中普遍忽略雄性和幼體間的互動，但對于一夫一妻的靈長類動物的雄性養(yǎng)育的研究是個例外。自從GC決定觀察倫敦公園里的狨猴行為的200年來，人們一直知道，一些品種的公猴帶孩子不比母猴少。母猴一般一年兩次產(chǎn)下雙胞胎，為了減輕母猴的負擔(dān)，公猴會在母猴哺乳的時候以外一直帶著小猴。K認為一夫一妻制和雄性的自信導(dǎo)致了這種養(yǎng)育模式，同時，S和其他人認為靈長類動物中的一夫一妻情況是很少的。（讀完最后一句可以做6。）

①Recent findings, however, make it necessary to reverse this picture. ②First of all, monogamy among primates turns out to be rather more frequent than previously believed (either obligate or facultive?monogamy can be documented for some 17-20 percent of extant primates) and second, male care turns out to be far more extensive than previously thought and not necessarily confined to monogamous species, according to Hrdy. ③Whereas previously, it was assumed that monogamy and male certainty of paternity facilitated the evolution of male care, it now seems appropriate to consider the alternative?possibility,?whether the extraordinary capacity of male primates to look out for the fates of infants did not in some?way pre-adapt members of this order for the sort of close, long-term?relationships between males and?females that, under some ecological circumstances, leads to monogamy! ④Either scenario could be true. ⑤The point is that on the basis of present?knowledge there is no reason to view male care as a restricted or specialized phenomenon.?⑥In sum, though it remains true that mothers among virtually all primates devote more time and/or energy to rearing infants than do males, males nonetheless play a more varied and?critical role in infant survival than is generally realized.?

但是近期的發(fā)現(xiàn)帶來了相反的結(jié)論。首先，一夫一妻制要比之前認為的更多；其次，H發(fā)現(xiàn)，不只一夫一妻制的種類也會有這種雄性養(yǎng)育?。盡管之前人們認為一夫一妻和雄性自信引發(fā)了雄性養(yǎng)育，現(xiàn)在看來倒過來也有可能。兩種情況都有可能。依目前已掌握情況來看，并不能認為雄性養(yǎng)育屬于少數(shù)特有的現(xiàn)象。因此，盡管雌性在照顧幼體上花費了比雄性更多的時間和精力，雄性在其中也扮演了多樣而重要的角色。

3.?The author of the passage implies that most primate researchers?

間接細節(jié)+態(tài)度，其實定位就在第一句。

D

A. incorrectly assume that, among primates, females provide the bulk of infant care 首先無關(guān)，其次相反。并不是incorrectly，在最后一句以事實呈現(xiàn)。不反駁。

B. deliberately exaggerate the frequency of male care in monogamous primate species 沒有deliberately, exaggerate, frequency的證據(jù)

C. erroneously claim that male care of infants evolved before monogamy among primates 強干擾項。與二段③相反。

D. unjustifiably neglect the relationship between male primates and infants 符合第一句話描述。

E.?regularly underestimate the importance of female care among primates 沒有證據(jù)/相反

4.?According to the passage, the evolutionary relationship between male care and monogamy is?

直接細節(jié)。不好定位，需要結(jié)合作者觀點。根據(jù)二段倒數(shù)第三句信息知道，目前還沒有定論。

E

A. incontestable? 無可爭辯

B. immutable? 不變

C. uncommon ?

D. immaterial? 不相關(guān)；無形的

E. uncertain?

5.?Which of the following statements is supported by the passage??

細節(jié)題。

看似細節(jié)，其實偏主旨題。題干屬于定位失效。

D

A. Primates that give birth to twins uniformly demonstrate higher rates of male care than do primates?that give birth to single infants.? 原文并未出現(xiàn)這個比較。

B. New World monkeys generally show higher incidences of monogamy than do other primate species. 沒有比較。

C. Care of infants of male primates occurs only in those species in which monogamy is observed. 相反。對應(yīng)二段倒數(shù)第二句。

D. The majority of primate species do not exhibit monogamous behavior. 符合一段結(jié)尾描述

E.?Male care of infants in primates is dependent on male confidence of paternity. 常錯干擾。原文也說倒過來也可能。對應(yīng)二段倒數(shù)第三句。

6.?If the assumptions of both Kleiman and Symon are true, which of the following statements is?most likely true??

邏輯題，推斷。

一段最后一句：K認為一夫一妻制和雄性的自信導(dǎo)致了這種養(yǎng)育模式，同時，S和其他人認為靈長類動物中的一夫一妻情況是很少的。

B

A. Monogamy is common among New World monkeys.?相反

B. Male care of infants has infrequently evolved in primates. 可以

C. Monogamous primates generally exhibit male care of infants. 沒有g(shù)enerallly的證據(jù)

D. Evolution has favored male confidence of paternity in primates. 沒有favored證據(jù)

E. Nonmonogamous primates sometimes display male care of infants. 推不出非一夫一妻的情況。

生詞摘錄：

monogamous?/m??nɑ?ɡ?m?s/ 一夫一妻的

marmoset 狨猴

tamarin 絹毛猴，怪柳猴

staggering 令人吃驚的

facultive?任意的，偶發(fā)的

Question 7 is based on this passage.?

ice age / dust / atmosphere

Sciences/environment

大氣中的灰塵是保溫還是降溫★★★

Samples taken from the ice of glaciers show that during the last ice age there was far more dust in the atmosphere than there is now. Since greater amounts of dust in the atmosphere would result in less sunlight reaching the Earth’s surface, it is likely that the large amount of dust then present helped maintain?low global temperatures and thus prolonged the ice age.

因為大氣中的塵埃會減少抵達地球表面的陽光，所以當(dāng)時大氣中大量的塵埃延長了冰川期。

7. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument??

削弱

事實=原因=論據(jù)=發(fā)現(xiàn)大量塵埃

觀點=結(jié)果=論點=塵埃會延長冰川期

這一題找他果來削弱。找有塵埃的他果。這一題選項上玩了文字游戲，不過結(jié)合邏輯收斂可解。

D

A. The distribution of dust in Earth’s atmosphere is never entirely uniform. 與分布無關(guān)。不是他果。

B. The glacial samples show that at various times since the last ice age, there has been less dust in the atmosphere than there was during the period between the last two ice ages. 冰川樣本表明，自上一個冰河時代以來的不同時期，大氣中的塵埃比上兩個冰河時代之間的時期要少。 畫個時間軸就好理解了：冰——冰——現(xiàn)。第二個破折號比第一個破折號時期的灰塵要少。我問冰期，你給我整間冰期干啥。。

C. Ice more effectively reflects sunlight away from Earth than dust does. 不要跟我扯別的。告訴我灰塵的事。

D. In general, the clearer the atmosphere, the faster heat from sunlight that reaches Earth’s surface?escapes back into outer space.?空氣清潔（灰塵少），熱量散的更快。也就是說，空氣里灰塵多，地表熱散不掉，所以保暖。屬于空氣中有灰塵的他果。選項陷阱，注意避坑。

E. Thick sheets of ice can keep heat from inside a planet from escaping into the?atmosphere.跟冰層厚度無關(guān)

Questions 8 to 10 are based on this passage.?

French films / Hollywood / modernist

Arts/film

1920s的法國電影算不上現(xiàn)代主義★★★☆

①French filmmakers of the 1920s emphasized visual style rather than narrative continuity, which was already dominant in the United States and elsewhere. ②Some critics have asserted that since these films flout?the cinematic conventions of Hollywood, they should be regarded as important modernist cinema. ?③While a welcome departure from the traditional denigration of 1920s French cinema, this claim overestimates or distorts the achievement of such directors as Gance and L'Herbier, since the Hollywood conventions they did not use were not yet fully established in France, where the Hollywood-style production practices that?would have supported these conventions were lacking.??④Moreover, though 1920s French films should indeed be judged by criteria other than those underlying the Hollywood aesthetic, their slighting of Hollywood conventions does not, by itself, make them modernist or genuine revolutionary, since the?weight of nineteenth-century traditions of art and literature on these films—especially in subject matter?and ideological assumptions—cannot easily be disregarded.?

①

↓

② ? ③ + ④

生詞摘錄：

flout 無視，嘲笑

denigration?詆毀

slighting 冷落，粗心對待

20世紀(jì)20年代的法國電影制片人更加強調(diào)視覺風(fēng)格而非敘述連續(xù)性，后者在美國及其他地方已經(jīng)占據(jù)主要地位。一些評論者認為因為這些（法國）電影無視好萊塢的電影傳統(tǒng)，它們應(yīng)該被認為是現(xiàn)代主義電影。盡管在對20世紀(jì)20年代的法國電影的普遍詆毀中也有歡迎的聲音，但上面的這種觀點高估或者歪曲了比如G和L這些導(dǎo)演們的成就，因為他們沒用的好萊塢傳統(tǒng)那時法國還沒有，當(dāng)時的法國還沒有支持這些傳統(tǒng)的制片實踐。（也就是說，沒用好萊塢風(fēng)格不是不想，而是用不了。）另外，盡管那時的法國電影應(yīng)該用好萊塢以外的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來衡量，但是這些電影中體現(xiàn)出來的對好萊塢傳統(tǒng)的冷落并不能使他們被稱為現(xiàn)代主義或算是一種真正的變革，因為19世紀(jì)的藝術(shù)和文學(xué)傳統(tǒng)的對這些電影的影響不能忽視，特別是對主題和意識形態(tài)假設(shè)的影響。

8.?In regard to 1920s French cinema, the passage is primarily concerned with?

主旨題。這篇文章是篇駁論。給出一個觀點，反駁這個觀點并給出兩個理由。

A

A. critiquing an assessment of it?

B. refuting a traditional view of it 干擾項，沒有traditional的證據(jù)

C. defending it against certain criticisms 駁論文，不是立論

D. assessing its various merits 不是在評估優(yōu)點

E.?evaluating opposing views of it 不是在評價反對觀點，而是給出反對觀點

9. The author of the passage suggests which of the following about the critics mentioned in the highlighted sentence??

間接細節(jié)題。

作者對高亮句觀點持負面評價。首先，通過后一句得知，他們不用好萊塢傳統(tǒng)不是不想用，而是用不了。所以不要給這幫人臉上貼金。其次，不能忽視19世紀(jì)的藝術(shù)和文學(xué)傳統(tǒng)的對這些電影的影響。

B

A. They have failed to identify the real merits of such directors as Gance and L’Herbier. 相反，作者并不認同后面的兩個導(dǎo)演。不僅沒有fail，還overestimate了~

B. They have neglected to note the influence of prior aesthetic traditions on 1920s French cinema. 符合最后一句信息。

C. They have overestimated the degree to which modernist cinema diverges from Hollywood?conventions. 沒有degree的證據(jù)。跟原文比，overestimate的對象錯了。

D. They have been successful in revising the traditional view of 1920s French cinema. 相反。作者是負評價。同時也沒有revising的證據(jù)。

E. They have demonstrated that modernist cinema has been partly influenced by the rediscovery of 1920s?French cinema. 沒有influence的證據(jù)

10.?Which of the following statements about the “claim” is most consistent with the view?expressed by the author of the passage??

態(tài)度題，問作者態(tài)度。同9

E

A. The claim has a certain amount of validity but is undermined by its failure to define the qualities?that actually characterize modernist cinema. 沒有qualities的證據(jù)

B. The claim overestimates the achievements of 1920s French cinema to approximately the same?degree that earlier assessments underestimated those achievements. 沒有程度上的比較。same無證據(jù)

C. The claim tends to be more accurate regarding certain directors than regarding other directors. 沒有導(dǎo)演之間的比較

D. The claim represents a welcome revival of interest in 1920s French cinema, but it is overly?concerned with the types of influences that shaped these films. 前半句看著還行，后半句說反。根據(jù)最后一句，并不是overly，而是不能忽略。

E.?The claim is an improvement upon an earlier assessment of 1920s French cinema, but in several?respects it is mistaken. 符合③句。improvement體現(xiàn)在原句的while的轉(zhuǎn)折上。