第一次十字軍東征

自600年始。阿拉伯的正統(tǒng)哈里發(fā)倭馬亞王朝滅掉了薩珊波斯，向西攻打拜占庭。725年阿拔斯王朝建立，此時圣城耶路撒冷已牢牢掌控在阿拉伯人的手中。約7世紀中葉，突厥人就在貝加爾湖附近形成。到840年，突厥的喀喇汗國已經(jīng)在黑海和貝加爾湖之間廣大的土地上建立。1037年，突厥人塞爾柱克大帝經(jīng)過西遷南遷，建立塞爾柱帝國。1095年，塞爾柱帝國侵入了拜占庭安納托利亞，侵占了整個小亞細亞半島。拜占庭只剩下了希臘，保加利亞，馬其頓，塞爾維亞的一部分地區(qū)。拜占庭帝國靠著君士坦丁堡和一條窄窄的土耳其海峽嚴防死守，并向羅馬教廷不斷呼救。羅馬教皇烏爾班二世于是在法蘭西王國克萊蒙費朗進行演講。他對歐洲的基督教徒說：“前往圣地，以上帝之名圣戰(zhàn)，得到神的救贖?！痹诜ㄌm西王國和神圣羅馬帝國的各個地區(qū)，都掀起了宗教狂熱的熱浪。

1096年，第一支十字軍-民兵十字軍從神圣羅馬帝國的奧地利邊境進入匈牙利，接下來穿過匈牙利的波斯尼亞、塞爾維亞和特蘭西瓦尼亞到達君士坦丁堡。但是十字軍不聽從拜占庭皇帝艾力克塞一世的命令，發(fā)生了沖突。渡過土耳其海峽后，在小亞細亞與馬爾格堡軍激戰(zhàn)，全線潰退。1097年，十字軍收復魯姆蘇丹國首府尼西亞，在多里萊烏姆之戰(zhàn)中大敗突厥騎兵。1098年，法蒂瑪王朝占領(lǐng)耶路撒冷。十字軍拿下安條克，博希穆德在安條克之圍成為安條克公國君主。鮑德溫成為埃德薩伯爵。的黎波里成為公國。1099年7月，十字軍因耶路撒冷戰(zhàn)役暫時占領(lǐng)耶路撒冷。法蘭克人的王國在耶路撒冷建立。布永的戈弗雷當上國王，只接受“圣墓的保護者”的稱號。發(fā)生阿什凱隆之戰(zhàn)，十字軍大獲全勝。同時，當月15日，十字軍洗劫了拜占庭首都君士坦丁堡，屠殺三千平民。

接下來兩百年，歐洲形成了以神圣羅馬帝國，法蘭西王國，萊昂王國，拜占庭帝國，教皇國，威尼斯共和國，威塞克斯王國（英格蘭王國），意大利南部諸國組成的基督教同盟。地中海東部南部也形成了以大摩洛哥帝國，埃及王國，塞爾柱突厥波斯帝國（突厥諸國），突尼斯組成的穆斯林同盟。十字軍不斷東征穆斯林，神圣羅馬帝國施瓦本霍芬斯陶芬王朝的“巴巴羅薩”紅胡子腓特烈一世也在第三次十字軍東征途中淹死，十字軍付出了極大的代價但大多結(jié)果都是失敗。原因是十字軍的裝備不適合在敘利亞腹地打仗。今天，我們要辯證地看待十字軍東征的歷史，而不是去妄加否定或肯定。

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The First Crusade

Since 600. The orthodox Arab caliph, the Umayyad Dynasty, destroyed sasanpos and attacked Byzantium westward. The Abbasid Dynasty was established in 725, and the holy city of Jerusalem was firmly in the hands of the Arabs. About the middle of the 7th century, Turks formed near Lake Baikal. By 840, the Turkic Khanate had been established on the vast land between the Black Sea and Lake Baikal. In 1037, Seljuk the great Turk moved westward and southward to establish the Seljuk empire. In 1095, the Seljuk Empire invaded Byzantine Anatolia and occupied the entire Asia Minor peninsula. Byzantium is only part of Greece, Bulgaria, Macedonian, and Serbia. With Constantinople and a narrow Turkish Strait, the Byzantine Empire defended itself and appealed to the Vatican for help. Pope ulban II then gave a speech in Clement Ferrand, the kingdom of France. He told Christians in Europe, "go to the holy land, fight in the name of God, and get God's salvation." In all areas of the French Kingdom and the Holy Roman Empire, there was a heat wave of religious fanaticism.

In 1096, the first crusader, the militia Crusade, entered Hungary from the Austrian border of the Holy Roman Empire, and then crossed Hungary's Bosnia, Serbia and Transylvania to Constantinople. But the Crusaders did not obey the orders of the Byzantine emperor Alexei, and clashed. After crossing the Turkish Strait, they fought fiercely with the Marburg army in Asia Minor and retreated on all fronts. In 1097, the Crusaders recaptured Nicaea, the capital of the Sultanate of rum, and defeated the Turkic cavalry in the battle of dorileium. In 1098, the Fatimids occupied Jerusalem. The Crusaders took Antioch, and boshmood became king of Antioch around Antioch. Baldwin became count of edsar. Tripoli became a duchy. In July 1099, the Crusaders occupied Jerusalem temporarily because of the battle of Jerusalem. The kingdom of the Franks was founded in Jerusalem. Godfrey of buyon became king and only accepted the title of "protector of the holy tomb". The Crusaders won the battle of Ashkelon. At the same time, on the 15th of the same month, the Crusaders looted Constantinople, the capital of Byzantine, and slaughtered 3000 civilians.

In the next two hundred years, Europe formed a Christian Alliance of Holy Roman Empire, French Kingdom, Leon Kingdom, Byzantine Empire, Papal State, Venetian Republic, Wessex Kingdom and southern Italy. The eastern and southern Mediterranean also formed a Muslim alliance with the great Moroccan Empire, the kingdom of Egypt, the Seljuk Turkic Persian Empire (Turks), and Tunisia. The Crusades continued to march on Muslims. Frederick I, the red bearded "Barbarosa" of the Holy Roman Empire, swabenhoffen Staufen Dynasty, drowned on the way to the Third Crusade. The Crusaders paid a great price, but most of the results were failures. The reason is that the Crusaders are not equipped to fight in the heart of Syria. Today, we should look at the history of the Crusades dialectically, not to deny or affirm.

這是我應(yīng)英語課代表之邀準備在班上作的英語演講（其實是受罰

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