GRE閱讀的方法，不再是自然閱讀法，而是結(jié)構(gòu)閱讀法。

原來，看文章，就是硬看?？吹绞裁丛~，就是什么詞；自己對什么詞匯敏感，就看什么詞匯。找到這樣一些詞之后，自行腦補，將它們按照自己的理解或誤解，聯(lián)系在一起，認為這就是作者的看法。

同時，還認為這些看法不對，自己很想迅速表達意見，有時都沒有耐心把文章段落看完。這是自然閱讀習(xí)慣。

沒有主動訓(xùn)練過閱讀方法，通常就是這種閱讀習(xí)慣。

現(xiàn)在，看文章時，先收一收自己的判斷，先別著急表達自己對于文章所談話題的見解，而是先看看文章在說什么，也看看它是如何說的。這就是結(jié)構(gòu)化的閱讀方法。

結(jié)構(gòu)閱讀法從結(jié)構(gòu)的角度去正面看文章，而不是從個人喜惡和個人特殊知識背景的角度去斜眼看文章?？偟孟瓤纯磩e人說了什么，再想想別人怎么論證的，然后，如果自己有新的論據(jù)、不同的論據(jù)，也了解論證的方法，才好去批判的對待別人的文章的吧！不能一上來就是隨意看、任意開火。

接下來我們通過“文章分析基本法”，來掌握結(jié)構(gòu)化閱讀的基本要素。

文章分析基本法，主要包含三個要素：

辨識句子屬性，理清句間關(guān)系，明確信息層次。

句子屬性

文章里的句子，只有兩種：事實句和觀點句。

為什么要分事實和觀點？

因為不同屬性的句子在文中有不同的功能——

如何分辨事實和觀點？

觀點：

1）表達觀點的核心主謂賓：suggest／hold／argue／point/ convey / display / exhibit / present / demonstrate / evince / indicate / manifest / expose / lay bare / reveal / uncover / illustrate / pointout / prove / verify / depict / portray 等

2）語法：情態(tài)動詞、強調(diào)句、系表結(jié)構(gòu)、判斷句、虛擬語態(tài)等

事實：事實沒有歸屬，在GRE閱讀中不會被直接攻擊；

????????? GRE閱讀作者認可事實。

（描述/評價？）

觀點：主觀的（未必發(fā)生）、對于未知的判斷（不可檢測）。

事實：客觀的（已經(jīng)發(fā)生）、可被檢測的事情（可以檢測）。

事實服務(wù)于觀點

Boldface 1

At a certain period in Earth’s history, its atmosphere contained almost no oxygen, although plants were producing vast quantities of oxygen. As a way of reconciling these two facts, scientists have hypothesized that nearly all of the oxygen being produced was taken up by iron on Earth’s surface. Clearly, however,?this explanation is inadequate.?New studies show that?the amount of iron on Earth’s surface was not sufficient to absorb anywhere near as much oxygen as was being produced.?Therefore, something in addition to the iron on Earth’s surface must have absorbed much of the oxygen produced by plant life.

?

1. In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

A. The first is a claim made by the argument in support of a certain position; the second is that position.

B. The first is a judgment made by the argument about a certain explanation; the second is that explanation.

C. The first expresses the argument’s dismissal of an objection to the position it seeks to establish; the second is that position.

D. The first sums up the argument’s position with regard to a certain hypothesis; the second provides grounds for that position.

E. The first is a concession by the argument that its initial formulation of the position it seeks to establish requires modification; the second presents that position in a modified form.

?

句間關(guān)系

順承 (consistent)：細節(jié)展開、舉例、正話反說、補充說明、因果解釋、并列等。

轉(zhuǎn)折(contrast)：客觀對比、主觀削弱。

如何判定？

看后一句當(dāng)中有沒有出現(xiàn)明顯的轉(zhuǎn)折詞、負面詞或否定詞。

Boldface 2

Rain-soaked soil contains less oxygen than does drier soil.?The roots of melon plants perform less efficiently under the low-oxygen conditions present in rain soaked soil.?When the efficiency of melon roots is impaired, the roots do not supply sufficient amounts of the proper nutrients for the plants to perform photosynthesis at their usual levels. It follows that?melon plants have a lower-than-usual rate of photosynthesis when their roots are in rain-soaked soil.?When the photosynthesis of the plants slows, sugar stored in the fruits is drawn off to supply the plants with energy. Therefore, ripe melons harvested after a prolonged period of heavy rain should be less sweet than other ripe melons.

?

2. In the argument given, the two?portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

A. The first states the conclusion of the argument as a whole; the second provides support for that conclusion.

B. The first provides support for the conclusion of the argument as a whole; the second provides evidence that supports an objection to that conclusion.

C. The first provides support for an intermediate conclusion that supports a further conclusion stated in the argument; the second states that intermediate conclusion.

D. The first serves as an intermediate conclusion that supports a further conclusion stated in the argument; the second states the position that the argument as a whole opposes.

E. The first states the position that the argument as a whole opposes; the second supports the conclusion of the argument.

第一句黑體句是事實還是觀點？

第二句呢？

先把第一句是觀點的排掉。

A D E

答案在 B 和 C 中選。

典型的ETS教你做人的選項。

邏輯層次

1）上層：被服務(wù)的對象，通常是“觀點”；

????? 比如：總論點、分論點等

2）下層：服務(wù)于他人的信息，可以是“事實”或“觀點”；

????? 比如：分論點、論據(jù)、補充說明等

3）平行：有共同關(guān)聯(lián)、在同一維度展開、不存在必然先后順序；

????? 比如：對比、并列、遞進等

NB. 客觀事實服務(wù)于主觀觀點。

Boldface?9

Cuts that need to be held closed in order to heal properly have generally been held closed with stitches.?However, pressure to reduce medical costs is mounting. Consequently, it is likely that a newly developed adhesive will become the routine method of holding most types of cuts closed. The new adhesive holds most types of cuts closed as well as stitches do, and the cost of applying it is comparable to that of closing cuts with stitches. But whereas stitches must generally be removed by medical personnel after the cut has healed, the adhesive simply wears off.?Thus, for any cut that the adhesive can hold closed as well as stitches can, it is more economical to use the adhesive.

?

9. In the argument given, the two highlighted portions play which of the following roles?

A. The first is a claim that the argument disputes; the second provides evidence against that disputed claim.

B. The first is a claim that isused as supporting evidence for the main conclusion of the argument; the second is that main conclusion.

C. The first is a claim that is used as supporting evidence for the main conclusion of the argument; the second is a conclusion that is drawn in order to support that main conclusion.

D. The first introduces a practice about which the argument makes a prediction, the second is a conclusion based on that prediction.

E. The first introduces a practice about which the argument makes a prediction; the second is an assessment that is used to support that prediction.

思考：哪一句話是最終結(jié)論？

【答案：DCE】