LESSON 1 (p1) :

Prefix = Beginning (前綴）

——> Description: Number/ amount, size, location, color, etc.

Root = Middle

——> Subject: Relating to a part of the body.

Suffix = Ending (后綴)

——> Condition: Pertaining (存在、適合用在...） to a process or a procedure; amount, location, etc.

1) Prefixes - Size and Amount:

• Macro- : large; visible to the naked eye
• Micro- : small; not visible to the naked eye (microscope - 顯微鏡）
• Hyper- : high; above normal; elevated
• Hypo- : low; below normal; decreased
• Eu-/ Normo- : normal
• Pan-/ Omni- : all
• A-/ An- : absent; lacking
• Megalo- : large; larger than average

2) Prefixes - Numerical:

• Mono- : single; singular/ single
• Di- : two; double
• Tri- : three; triple
• Quad- : four; quadruple
• Poly- : many; a lot
• Oligo- : few; several; very little

3) Prefixes - Speed:

• Tachy- : rapid; fast
• Brady-/ Brachy- : slow

↑ (mostly used for the heart)

4) Prefixes - Location:

• Epi-/ Peri-/ Circum- : around
• Endo-/ Intra- : inside; inner; interior
• Exo-/ Extra- : outside; outer; exterior
• Inter- : between
• Trans- : across
• Dia-/ Per- : through; complete
• Medi (o/a)- : middle
• Para- : nearby
• Juxta- : next to; beside; adjacent

5) Prefixes - Movements:

• Ab- : away (abuction - 外展)
• Ad- : toward (adduction - 內(nèi)收)
• Dis- : to separate

6) Prefixes - Colors:

• Chromo-/ Chromato- : color (chromosome - 染色體)
• Leuko- : white (leukocyte - 白細(xì)胞)
• Erythro- : red (erythrocyte - 紅細(xì)胞)
• Cyano- : blue (cyanosis - 紫紺)
• Chloro- : green (chloroma - 綠色瘤（粒細(xì)胞內(nèi)瘤））
• Melan- : black (melanoma - 黑色素瘤)
• Flav- : yellow

7) Prefixes - Body (general):

• Homeo- : body (homeostasis - 體內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài))
• Cephalo- : head (cephalopathy - 腦病)
• Cerv- : neck
• Thoraco- : chest
• Abdomino- : abdominal
• Pelvo/i- : pelvic
• Periton- : peritoneum
• Derm- : skin/ dermis
• Neuro- : nerve
• Hemo- : blood (hemostasis - 止血)
• Arterio-/ Angio- : arteries (angiography - 血管造影）
• Veno-/ Vena- : venous
• Vascular- : vascular
• Musculo- : muscle
• Myo-/ Sacro- : muscle
• Skelet- : skeleton; bone
• Osteo- : bone (osteoporosis - 骨質(zhì)疏松)
• Cyto- : cell

8) Prefixes - Organs (general):

Neck & Thoracic Organs:

• Thyro- : thyroid (甲狀腺)
• Tracheo- : trachea
• Esophago- : esophagus
• Thymo- : thymus (胸腺)
• Masto-/ Mammo- : Mammary Gland
• Pulmo-/ Pneumo- : lung (pneumonia - 肺炎)
• Cardio- : heart

Abdominal Organs:

• Gastro- : stomach
• Hepato- : liver (hepatitis - 肝炎)
• Cholecysto- : gallbladder (cholesterol - 膽固醇)
• Spleno- : spleen
• Pancreato- : pancreas
• Adreno- : adrenal gland
• Nephro- : kidney
• Entero- : intestines
• Colo- : colon/ large intestine

Common Suffixes:

• -cyte : cell; cellular
• -ology : study of
• -philia : love of
• -phobia : fear of
• -tension : pressure
• -xia : oxygen
• -capnea : carbon dioxide
• -pnea : air (dyspnea - 呼氣困難）

PRACTICE (p2+p3) :

• Neurology: the study of nerves/nervous system

neuro- : nerve; relating to the nervous system

-ology : study of

• Leukocyte: white blood cells

leuko- : white

-cyte : cell

• Hemophilia: "Love of Blood" (inherited blood condition involving inappropriate bleeding)

hemo- : blood

-philia : love of

• Hypoxia: low oxygen levels

hypo- : low; below normal; decreased

-xia : oxygen

• Hypercapnea: high (above normal) carbon dioxide levels in the blood

hyper- : high; above normal; elevated

-capnea : carbon dioxide

• Hepatomegaly: enlarged liver

hepato- : liver

-megaly : enlarged

• Tachypnea: rapid or fast breathing

tachy- : fast; rapid

-pnea : air; breathing

• Atrophy: lacking/absent cell growth (wasting of muscle)

a- : lacking; absent

-trophy : growth; growth in cell size

• Bradycardia: slow (slower than normal) heart beating

brady- : slow

-cardia : heart

• Gastroenterology: study of the gastrointestinal system

gastro- : stomach

-enter- : small intestines

-ology : study of

• Erythrocyte: red blood cell

erythro- : red

-cyte : cells

• Colitis: inflammation of the colon

col(o)- : colon; large intestine

-litis : inflammation

• Hypertension: high (above normal) blood pressure

hyper- : high; above normal; elevated

-tension : pressure (blood)

• Chromophobia: fear of (aversion to) colors

chromo- : color

-phobia : fear of

• Macrocephaly: large head

macro- : large

-cephaly : head; relating to the head

• Transdermal: across the skin/dermis

trans- : across

-dermal : skin/dermis

• Extrathoracic: pertaining to outside the chest

extra- : outer; outer; exterior

-thoracic : chest; pertaining to the chest

• Intraabdominal: within/inside the abdomen

intra- : within; inside; interior

-abdominal : abdomen

• Adrenal: organ (toward) above the kidney

ad- : toward; above

-renal : kidney; relating to the kidney

• Parathyroid: parathyroid glands = small organs near the thyroid

para- : nearby

-thyroid : thyroid

• Perinephric: pertaining to around the kidney

peri- : around

-nephric : kidney; relating to the kidney

• Splenomegaly: enlarged spleen

spleno- : spleen

-megaly : enlarged

• Melanocyte: "black cell"; cell that produces melanin

melano- : black

-cyte : cell

• Hematology: "study of blood"

hema- : blood

-ology : the study of

• Cholecystitis: inflammation of the gallbladder

cholecyst- : gallbladder

-itis : inflammation

• Microphobia: "fear of small objects"

micro- : small, invisible to the naked eye

-phobia : fear of

• Myoma: tumor of muscle

my- : muscle

-oma : tumor

• Skeletal: pertaining to the skeleton

skelet- : skeleton

-al : pertaining to

• Normocytic: pertaining to normal-sized cells

normo- : normal

-cyt- : cell

-ic : pertaining to

• Nephropathy: disease of the kidney

nephro- : kidney

-pathy : disease of

• Cyanosis: "abnormal condition of appearing blue" (tissue hypoxia)

cyano- : blue

-osis : abnormal condition

• Pneumonia: abnormal condition of the lung

pneumo- : lung

-ia : abnormal condition

• Epidermis: around the skin (the top layer of skin)

epi- : around

-dermis : dermis (skin)

• Pericardial: pertaining to around the heart

peri- : around

-card- : heart

-(i)al : pertaining to

• Cephalgia: abnormal condition of pain in the head (headache)

ceph- : head

-algia : abnormal condition of pain

• Hypothyroidism: state of low thyroid functioning

hypo- : below; less

-thyroid- : thyroid

-ism : state of

• Polyneuropathy: disease of many nerves

poly- : many

-neuro- : nerve

-pathy : disease

• Hemolytic: destruction of blood (red blood cells)

hemo- : blood

-lytic : destruction

• Arteriovenous Malformation: bad formation of arteries and veins

arterio- : artery

-ven(ous) : vein

mal- : bad

-formation : formtion

• Neoplasm: new growth

neo- : new

-plasm : growth

• Juxtarenal: adjacent to the kidney

juxta- : next to, adjacent

-renal : kidney

• Dystrophy: abnormal cell growth

dys- : abnormal; problem

-trophy : growth in size

___________________________________

LESSON 2 (P4) :

Processes:

• dys- : problem; abnormal
• mal- : bad
• -itis : inflammation (炎癥)
• -plasia : process of growth; growing
• -plasm : growth; formation
• -oma : tumor
• -trophy : growth; typically involving cellular growth
• -pathy : disease
• -osis : condition (abnormal)
• -ia : abnormal condition
• -ism : state
• -ic/ -eal : pertaining to; related to some processes
• meta- : change; transformation
• -stasis/ -static : maintenance of "normal" conditions
• -dynamic : changing (continually)
• -lytic/ -lysis : destruction
• -megaly : enlarged
• -penia : decreased; below or lower than normal
• -emia : relating to blood conditions

Medical Procedures:

• -ectomy : excision; removal
• -otomy : incision; cutting
• -ostomy : to make a hole
• -scopy : to view
• -graph(y) : process of recording
• -gram : recording
• -plasty : surgical repair
• -therapy : treatment
• Chemo- : chemical
• Echo-/ Sono- : sound (echocardiogram - 超聲心動圖)
• Electro- : pertaining to electrical change

Practice:

• Hypertrophy: above normal growth in the size

hyper-: above normal

-trophy: growth in the size

• Normotension: normal blood pressure

normo-: normal

-tension: pressure

• Hyperplasia: above normal growth in number

hyper-: above normal, high

-plasia: growth in number

• Pancytopenia: all cells are decreased or at low level

pan-: all

-cyto: cell

-penia: decreased; low levels

• Splenomegaly: englarged spleen

spleno-: spleen

-megaly: enlarged

___________________________________

?LESSON 3 (P5) :

Condition Modifiers

• Anti- : opposed to; counteracting; relieving
• Pro- : before, proceeding, precursor; inducing, promoting
• -phag(o/ia) : to eat; to consume or ingest
• -dips(o/ia) : to drink
• -pepsia : digestion
• -emesis : vomiting
• -uria : urination
• Sterco- : denoting feces
• -ptosis : lowered position of an organ
• Pyo- : pus
• Pyr- : relating to fever (heat)
• Noso- : denoting disease
• Chron(o)- : denoting time
• Noct(i)- : night or dark
• Latro- : medicine or doctors
• Steno- : narrowing
• Therm(o)- : heat/ temperature
• Psychro- : denoting cold
• Noci- : denoting pain or injury
• Herni(o)- : Hernia
• Necro- : death
• -praxia : motor activity
• -taxia : relating to motor activity
• -lexia : condition involving reading
• -lalia/ -logia : condition involving speech
• -algesia: denoting pain
• -algia : denoting pain
• -genic : producing
• -genesis : origin or development

Cellular Modifiers

• Fibro- : fiber
• Thrombo- : clot
• Blasto- : germ cell
• -blast : progenitor cell/ stem cell; formative cell
• -clast : absorbing(degradative) cell

Indicators/Markers

• Hydro- : water
• Cholesterol- : cholesterol
• Lipid- : lipids/fats
• Hemoglobin(o)- : hemoglobin
• Glyc(o)- : glucose; sugar
• Fruct(o)- : fructose
• Galact(o)- : galactose
• Steato- : fat; fatty tissue
• Natre-/-natre- : water
• Kal-/-kal- : potassium
• Calci- : calcium
• Cholr- : cholrine
• Chol(e)- : bile

Anatomy & Physiology

• Histo- : tissue
• Hodr(o)- : sweating
• Hema-/Hemo-/Hemato- : blood
• Hapto- : related to touch
• Halit- : breath
• Propio- : pressure to touch

Other

• Ger-/Gero-/Geronto- : old age
• -lith : stone
• -cide : killer or killing
• -ceptor : receptor/sensor

Locations

• Centri- : center

Practice:

• Hypercalciuria: above normal of calcium in the urine

hyper- : above normal

-calci- : calcium

-uria : urination

• Nephrolithiasis: kidney stone

nephro- : kidney

-lith- : stone

-iasis : abnormal condition

• Arthralgia: joint pain

arth- : joint

-algia : pain

___________________________________

?LESSON 4 (P6) :

Location Modifiers

• Axio- : axial
• Cata- : down; downward
• Ec- : outside
• Ventr(o)- : toward the front
• Dorso- : back
• Later(o)- : relating to the side
• Caud(o)- : tail
• Meso- : middle

Cellular Modifiers

• Kary(o)- : nucleus
• Nucleo- : nucleus
• Poikilo- : variation; irregularity
• Reticulo- : reticulocyte
• Sphero- : shape of a sphere

General Terms

• Anthropo- : human race
• Corpor(o)- : body; relating to the body
• Somato-/ -soma : body
• Sphero- : shape of a sphere
• Organo- : organ
• Viscero- : internal organs
• Kelo- : tissue
• Proteo- : protein; relating to a protein
• Pharm-/ Pharmaco- : drugs; medications
• -morpho : denoting form or structure
• Nutri(o)- : relating to nutrition; to nourish
• Lumin(o)- : light
• Nomen- : name
• Nom(o)- : custom; law
• Spectro- : spectrum
• -type : class
• Techn(o)- : skill
• Vir(o)- : virus
• Zygo- : union; junction
• Calori- : heat
• -coma : deep sleep
• -gymn(o) : naked
• Vito- : life

Medical Conditons

• -myco : fungus
• -mycosis : disease caused by fungi
• Onco- : cancer; relating to tumor or mass
• -poiesis : formation (blood)
• -partum : birth or labor
• Sanit- : health

Process and Modifiers

• Acu- : needle
• Anomalo- : abnormal/ irregular
• Baro- : weight
• dynia- : pain; relating to pain
• Dynamo- : strength; power
• Equi- : equal; equality
• Eti(o)- : cause; relating to cause
• Ion(o)- : ion
• -labile : unstable; fragile
• Lyo- : loosen; dissolve
• Radio- : radiation
• Scler- : hardening or thickening
• Scirrj(o)- : hard
• Schisto- : fissure; split
• -schisis : cleft or split
• Schiz(o)- : denoting a split or division
• -lucent : light emitting
• Tumesc(o)- : swelling
• -tumescence : swelling
• Tempo- : relating to time
• -phoria : feeling; or relating to a feeling
• -physis : growth; relating to growing
• Psammo- : sand-like quality/ material

Practice:

• Anthropomorphic: pertaining to a form/structure of the human race ("having human characteristics")

anthropo- : human race

-morph- : denoting form or structure

-ic : pertaining to

• Baroreceptor: pressure receptor; blood pressure receptor

baro- : pressure

-receptor : receptor

• Dysphoria: abnormal (negative) feeling ("state of unease")

dys- : problem; abnormal

-phoria : feeling; relating to feeling

• Radio: being transparent on X-ray

radio- : radiation

-luscent : light emitting

• Hematopoiesis: formation of blood

hemato- : blood

-poiesis : formation

• Scleroderma: hardening or thickening of the skin

sclero- : hardening; thickening

-derma : skin; relating to skin

___________________________________

?LESSON 5 (P7) :

Locations and Directions

• Apo- : away from; separation
• Acr(o)- : extremity
• Anter(i/o)- : in front; to the front
• Amb(i)- : both sides
• Amph(i/o)- : both sides
• Poster(i/o)- : behind; referring to behind
• Dextr(o)- : right; towards the right
• Levo- : left; towards the left
• Retro- : behind; backwards
• Alt(i)- : high

Locations and Directions

• Ather(o)- : fat
• Albumin(o)- : albumin
• Band(o)- : band (band cells; immature white blood cells)
• Amyl(o)- : starch
• -coccus : round

General Terms

• Andro- : male
• Gyn(o/eco)- : female
• Anim- : life
• Calc- : stone
• Arachn(o)- : spider
• Aer(o)- : air or gas
• Abras(o)- : to rub away
• -port : to carry; mobile
• Phon- : sound
• Cryo- : cold
• Auto- : self
• Allo- : different (different human)
• Xeno- : different; foreign; alien (different animal)
• Choano- : a funnel
• Chord- : string
• Chym- : juice; fluid
• -cilia : hair
• Carn- : flesh
• Carcin(o)- : cancer; tumor
• Crypt- : hidden
• Dipl(o)- : double
• Dolich(o)- : long; abnormally long

Processes and Modifiers

• Astheni(o)- : weakness
• Alter- : change
• Aspir(o)- : inhaling; inhalation
• Aspirat(o)- : inhaling; inhalation
• Ante- : before
• Pre- : before
• Post- : after
• Primi- : first
• Acoust(o)- : to hear; hearing
• Aud(i/o)- : hearing
• Aux- : to grow or enlarge
• Ben(i/e)- : good
• Ambul- : walk; to walk
• Ankyl(o)- : fused; fusion; not straight
• Contra- : against; to counter
• -crine : to secrete
• -rrhage/-rrhagia : heavy flow; bursting with blood
• -malacia : softening
• -tresia : perforation; opening
• -rrhaphy : suture
• -clysis : irrigation; washing
• -desis : surgical union; surgical fixation
• -centesis : removal of fluid; aspiration
• -graft : organ/ tissue used for transplantation to replace

Practice:

• Myasthenia: abnormal condition of muscle weakness

my- : muscle

-asthen- : weakness

-ia : abnormal condition

• Osteomalacia: softening of bones (due to inadequate mineralization)

osteo- : bone

-malacia : softening

• Diplococcus: Double/ two round-shaped cells (type of bacterium)

diplo- : double

-coccus : round (shaped cell)

• Xenograft: organ/ tissue from animal of one species transplanted to animal/ human of another species

xeno- : different; foreign; ailen

-graft : organ/ tissue used for transplantation to replace

• Arthrocentesis: removal/ aspiration of fluid from a joint.

arthro- : joint

-centesis : removal of fluid; aspiration

• Gastrorrphaphy: suturing of the stomach

gastro- : stomach

-rrhaphy : suture

THE BASICS:

LESSON 1-5 COMPLETE

pdf 版