Let's imagine together we've gone on an eight-month journey and arrived to the planet Mars. Yes, Mars. Somehow we'll have to figure out how to build protective and durable structures to shield us against solar radiation, galactic cosmic rays and extreme temperatures swings. On a Mars mission, there's only so much that we can bring with us from Earth. And it's prohibitively expensive to launch tons and tons of construction materials into space.

我們一起來想象一下， 我們踏上了長達八個月的旅途， 來到了火星。 沒錯，就是火星。 我們得搞明白 如何建造耐久的防護建筑， 保護我們免受太陽輻射、 宇宙射線和溫度劇變的傷害。 探索火星之時， 我們能從地球帶走的東西十分有限。 將成噸的建筑材料發(fā)射升空， 價格十分高昂。

So to realize a pioneering habitat that progressively grows, adapts and expands into a permanent outpost, we have to think differently about how we build. These habitats and the robots that build them will enable humanity to thrive off-world.

如果我們想要 找到一個全新的棲息地， 讓其逐漸發(fā)展、 調整、擴張成一個永久基地， 我們需要在建造方式上 “不同凡想”。 這些新家園和建造它們的機器人 可以讓人類的繁榮延伸至宇宙。

I am a space architect. I design and conceive habitats supporting human exploration in deep space, like on the surface of Mars. Not only do I design spaces for optimal crew health and performance, but I also investigate what these habitats are and how they're going to be built.

我是一名太空建筑師。 我設計規(guī)劃我們未來的棲息地， 讓人類可以探索外太空， 比如火星表面。 我不僅會為乘組的健康 和狀態(tài)設計最佳空間， 還會研究這些棲息地是什么， 如何建造。

Now, Mars is so far from us that communications delays can take up to 22 minutes one way to or from Earth. And what that means is that we can't rely on real-time telerobotics controlled by people on Earth to supervise what happens in construction on Mars or for that matter, to supervise anything that happens when we're exploring the planet. But if we leverage autonomous robotics, we'll send 3D printers and other construction robots to build protective habitats and shelters before the crew even arrives.

火星與我們相隔“千”里， 與地球之間的單程 通信延遲可達 22 分鐘。 這就意味著， 我們無法使用實時遙控機器人， 由地球上的人員操控， 監(jiān)控火星上的施工進程， 或者監(jiān)控我們探索火星時 發(fā)生的任何事。 但是如果我們考慮使用自主機器人， 就可以把 3D 打印機 和其他工程機器人先送過去， 在人員抵達之前， 建造防護設施和住所。

So how exactly would 3D printers build a habitat on Mars? Well, first we have to figure out what these structures are made out of. Just like early civilizations, will use in situ regolith, commonly known as dirt, and other resources that are local and indigenous to the planet, including water, and possibly combine them with additives and binders that we bring from Earth to engineer high-performance construction materials. Our goal when we're designing these habitats is to introduce an airtight structure that can withstand internal pressurization, which is what will allow people to live in a breathable and temperate environment on the inside.

3D 打印機 如何在火星上創(chuàng)造家園呢？ 首先，我們得搞清楚 這些建筑都由什么材料構成。 如同早期文明會 利用原有的風化層， 即我們熟知的“泥土”， 以及該星球其他的本地原生資源， 包括水， 也許加上一些從地球帶來的 添加劑和粘合劑， 由此制造出高性能建筑材料。 我們設計棲息地的目標是 設計出一種可以承受 內部增壓的密閉結構， 讓人類可以在可呼吸、 溫和的內部環(huán)境中生存

The robots that we deploy on Mars will need to perceive and interpret the complexity of a construction site in order to sequence and choreograph different types of tasks. These tasks will include prospecting Mars and surveying for a site to build, collecting raw materials, processing those materials and maneuvering them around. Some of these bots might resemble the character Wall-E, except, you know, not so cute. Once the site has been excavated and foundations are printed, these structures are manufactured layer by layer by layer. And as construction progresses, prebuilt and preintegrated hardware like airlocks or life support equipment brought from Earth are inserted into the print until finally they're sealed at various connection points.

我們部署在火星上的機器人 必須監(jiān)測、解析 建筑工地上的復雜情況， 然后進行不同任務的排序和協調。 這些任務包括勘探火星、 選擇建設地點、 收集原材料、 處理材料、運輸材料。 有些機器人可能會 長得像瓦力（Wall-E）， 但是沒有那么可愛。 工地動工、地基設計完成之后， 這些結構就會被 一層一層地搭建起來。 隨著項目進展， 預先建造和組裝的硬件， 如從地球帶來的 氣密艙和救生設備， 會被納入建筑設計， 直至被安裝固定在 不同的連接點上。

To do more than just survive in space, we need to create environments that positively contribute to well-being for months and years into the future. And as more civilian astronauts travel to space, it's important that our environments are more than the tightly packed mechanical interiors of the International Space Station, which today represents the state of the art for long-duration human life in space. We also want to incorporate practical architectural elements such as access to natural light through windows and greenery. These were features that were missing aboard the space station when it was first commissioned, but which we know are critical to positive psychological functioning and well-being. For long duration missions in deep space, it's important that crew members feel less like they're living in a machine and more like they're living in a home.

我們部署在火星上的機器人 必須監(jiān)測、解析 建筑工地上的復雜情況， 然后進行不同任務的排序和協調。 這些任務包括勘探火星、 選擇建設地點、 收集原材料、 處理材料、運輸材料。 有些機器人可能會 長得像瓦力（Wall-E）， 但是沒有那么可愛。 工地動工、地基設計完成之后， 這些結構就會被 一層一層地搭建起來。 隨著項目進展， 預先建造和組裝的硬件， 如從地球帶來的 氣密艙和救生設備， 會被納入建筑設計， 直至被安裝固定在 不同的連接點上。

There are other ways of approaching habitat construction on Mars. Hard-shell or inflatable structures may not provide the radiation protection that we need, and living underground in lava tubes doesn't quite support direct surface exploration on the planet. And also, why would you travel for eight months to live underground? Designing structures in space is all about mitigating risks and the habitats that we create will need to be the most durable and the most resilient structures ever conceived. Future off-world surface habitats will be self-regulating and self-maintained structures to support the crew members while they're there, but also to operate autonomously when they are not.

我們部署在火星上的機器人 必須監(jiān)測、解析 建筑工地上的復雜情況， 然后進行不同任務的排序和協調。 這些任務包括勘探火星、 選擇建設地點、 收集原材料、 處理材料、運輸材料。 有些機器人可能會 長得像瓦力（Wall-E）， 但是沒有那么可愛。 工地動工、地基設計完成之后， 這些結構就會被 一層一層地搭建起來。 隨著項目進展， 預先建造和組裝的硬件， 如從地球帶來的 氣密艙和救生設備， 會被納入建筑設計， 直至被安裝固定在 不同的連接點上。

Before we send anyone to Mars, we need data to answer some very key questions about human health, safety, and to validate each of these construction activities. Fortunately for us, we have a testbed and a proving ground much, much closer to Earth. That's our own Moon. Today we're working with NASA to demonstrate how we'll 3D-print infrastructure like landing pads, roadways and eventually habitats directly on the lunar surface. The Moon is a critical pit stop to refuel, resupply and serve as a general platform for vehicles traveling to deep space, and we'll use the technologies establishing a permanent human presence on the Moon to travel to, from and operate on the surface of Mars.

在我們把人送上火星之前， 我們需要一些數據來 回答幾個關于 人類健康和安全的關鍵問題， 還要驗證每一個建設項目。 幸運的是， 我們有一個離地球近得多的 試驗臺和試驗場。 那就是我們的月球。 我們現在正與美國國家 航空航天局（NASA）合作， 證明如何 3D 打印出基建， 如停機坪、道路和直接建在 月球表面的住所。 月球是一個關鍵的?？空?， 提供燃料補給，補充供給， 為飛向外太空的航天器 提供一個通用平臺， 我們將利用科技讓人類 永久存續(xù)于月球表面之上， 穿梭于月球和火星之間， 并在火星表面進行工程。

What else are we doing to advance the viability of 3D printing for building in space? Well, for one thing, we can demonstrate that 3D-printed structures can support people in a mission-like environment right here on Earth, and use data from those experiments to set standards and requirements for future Mars missions. This is what we did in designing and building Mars Dune Alpha, a 3D-printed analog habitat at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, referred to as the Crew Health and Performance Exploration Analog -- that's a really long name, I know -- this structure will house four volunteer crew members simulating a one-year mission to Mars, including a 20-minute communications delay. The first mission is kicking off later this year, but you could actually apply to be a crew member in this habitat sometime in the future. Or if you're not so inclined, you can suggest it to someone else in the name of research.

在我們把人送上火星之前， 我們需要一些數據來 回答幾個關于 人類健康和安全的關鍵問題， 還要驗證每一個建設項目。 幸運的是， 我們有一個離地球近得多的 試驗臺和試驗場。 那就是我們的月球。 我們現在正與美國國家 航空航天局（NASA）合作， 證明如何 3D 打印出基建， 如停機坪、道路和直接建在 月球表面的住所。 月球是一個關鍵的停靠站， 提供燃料補給，補充供給， 為飛向外太空的航天器 提供一個通用平臺， 我們將利用科技讓人類 永久存續(xù)于月球表面之上， 穿梭于月球和火星之間， 并在火星表面進行工程。

If you're one of the chosen few, you'll be sharing 1700 square feet of living and working areas with three others, and that includes an aeroponic garden for plant growth, a communications area, an exercise room, as well as individual crew cabins that are very cozy, just six by 12 feet.

如果你成為了入選的天之驕子， 你將與另外三人共享 1700 平方英尺的生活和工作空間， 包括種植用的氣培花園、 交流空間、健身房、 非常舒適的獨立座艙， 面積為 6 × 12 英尺。

Some of you may be thinking, "Well, building in space, this is a topic pretty far removed from our day-to-day lives. How might it impact what we do on Earth today? In my experience, designing for an extreme environment that is the most restrictive and that presents the most constraints, and which literally no human has ever gone before, is what gives us the best chances of creatively engineering solutions to problems here on Earth that seem completely beyond our grasp today. Problems like housing solutions for the chronically homeless or hurricane and disaster relief housing. Or rethinking sustainable practices within construction overall, which, according to the UN, is responsible for up to 30 percent of carbon emissions worldwide. The autonomous technologies that we develop for building in space redound to us on Earth. They feed back and pay dividends to how we reimagine and reconceive construction happening today.

有些人可能會想： “嗯，太空施工， 與我們的日常生活 風馬牛不相及。 怎么會影響我們現在 在地球上做的事呢？” 憑我的經驗， 為極端環(huán)境做設計， 這種環(huán)境限制很多，條件嚴苛， 以前從未有任何人類涉足于此， 但是，正是這樣的環(huán)境 給了我們一個絕佳機會， 讓我們可以巧妙地解決地球上 一些目前看似超出 我們能力范圍的問題。 比如為長期流浪者提供住房問題， 颶風、救災臨時住所。 重新考慮施工過程中的 可持續(xù)實踐， 據聯合國， 占據了全球碳排放的近 30%。 我們?yōu)樘帐┕ら_發(fā)的自主技術 也可以讓地球上的人們受益。 這些技術反饋、助益我們 重新構建、設想當今的施工過程。

The fact of the matter is that the most habitable planet is the one we live on right now. I don't like treating space like it's a lifeboat for humanity from an ailing planet Earth. We can either solve for how to build smarter and more sustainably today, or we'll have to think about designing for survival on an Earth more extreme and more foreign than any of us have ever known. And this to me cannot be the primary reason or driver why we explore and venture into deep space.

重要的是最適合居住的星球 就是我們現在身處的星球。 我不想把太空看作人類的救生船， 逃離病危的地球。 我們現在得解決如何更智慧、 更可持續(xù)地進行建設， 或者思考如何在未來更極端、 陌生的地球上 為生存做計劃。 對我來說，這不應該是我們 探索深入外太空的主要理由和驅動

It's been over 50 years since any human has traveled outside of Earth's orbit. Things are about to change. We will develop a permanent Moon base, and we will build autonomously on Mars. We are on the cusp of seeing radical transformation and how we build on Earth and how we push past limits to a new frontier of human exploration in space.

人類飛越地球軌道 已經過去了超過 50 年的時間。 該發(fā)生一些改變了。 我們將建設一個永久的月球基地， 并在火星上自主建設。 巨變近在眼前， 我們將改變地球上的建設方式， 如何超越極限， 到達人類太空探索的新境界。

Thank you so much.

謝謝大家。