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【簡譯】亞拉拉特山（Mount Ararat，亞拉臘山）

2023-06-16 12:14 作者:神尾智代 0人讀過 | 我要投稿

Mount Ararat (Armenian: Masis; Turkish: A?r? Da??; Kurdish: ?iyaye Agiri; Azeri: A?r?da?; Persian: Kūh-e Nū?) is a dormant, compound volcanic mountain, consisting of two ancient volcanic peaks, located in present-day eastern Turkey very close to the border with Armenia. Strongly associated with Armenian culture, mythology, and identity, Mt. Ararat is also where, according to some legends, Noah's Ark landed after the biblical flood.

? ? ? ? ? 亞拉拉特山（亞美尼亞語：Masis；土耳其語：A?r? Da??；庫爾德語：?iyaye Agiri；阿塞拜疆語：A?r?da?；波斯語：Kūh-e Nū?）是一座休眠的復(fù)合火山，由兩座古老的火山峰組成，位于今天的土耳其東部，非常靠近亞美尼亞的邊界。亞拉拉特山與亞美尼亞文化、神話和身份密切相關(guān)，根據(jù)一些傳說，亞拉拉特山也是圣經(jīng)中洪水過后諾亞方舟登陸的地方。

地理環(huán)境

Located roughly halfway between Lake Van to the southwest in Turkey and Lake Sevan to the northeast in Armenia, the Ararat Mountains dominate the Armenian Highlands. The Ararat Mountains are located within the southern end of the Ararat Plain, and they thus create a fertile agricultural zone with a temperate climate. Together, the Ararat Mountains straddle the borders of what are present-day Turkey, Armenia, Iran, and Azerbaijan. Mt. Ararat (“Greater Ararat”) rises to a height of 5,137 m (16,854 ft). Mt. Ararat's neighboring mountain, Little Ararat (“Ararat the Lesser”) rises upwards to 3,925 m (12,877 ft). Mt. Ararat and Little Ararat are the highest and sixth highest points in Turkey. On a clear day, both can be seen from downtown Yerevan, Armenia, which is 54 km (33 mi) away from Mt. Ararat. The monastery Khor Virip additionally affords stunning views of the Ararat Mountains from Armenia.

? ? ? ? ? 亞拉拉特山位于土耳其西南部的凡湖和亞美尼亞東北部的塞萬湖之間，占據(jù)了亞美尼亞高地。這些山脈位于亞拉臘平原的南端，因此形成了氣候溫和的肥沃農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)。亞拉拉特山跨越了今天的土耳其、亞美尼亞、伊朗和阿塞拜疆的邊界。亞拉拉特山（“大亞拉拉特”）高達(dá)5137米（16854英尺），鄰近的山峰被稱為“小亞拉拉特”，海拔高達(dá) 3925 米（12877 英尺）。總的來說，它們分別是土耳其的最高點(diǎn)和第六高點(diǎn)。在晴朗的日子里，從距離亞拉臘山 54 公里（33英里）的亞美尼亞首都埃里溫市中心可以看到這兩座山。此外，人們還能從亞美尼亞的霍爾維拉普修道院 (Khor Virap)看到亞拉拉特山的迷人景色。

古代神話傳說

In ancient times, successive Mesopotamian peoples regarded the mountains as sacred, but they were also wary of the fierce, local inhabitants. The Sumerians, Akkadians, and Assyrians each believed that Mt. Ararat was not only the home of their gods, but also the source of their civilizations, as the waters of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers flowed downwards from the mountain to fertilize the lands adjacent to their cities and settlements. Assyrian texts, in particular, praise the holiness and majesty of the mountains, describing them as a place where “heavenly birds cannot reach.”

? ? ? ? ? 在古代，美索不達(dá)米亞的各個(gè)民族都將這些山脈視為圣地，但他們也對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)貎疵偷木用窀械娇謶帧ＬK美爾人、阿卡德人和亞述人都認(rèn)為亞拉拉特山不僅是他們神的故鄉(xiāng)，也是他們文明的搖籃，因?yàn)榈赘窭锼购雍陀装l(fā)拉底河的水從山上流下，滋潤了他們城市和定居點(diǎn)。亞述文獻(xiàn)贊揚(yáng)了山的神圣與威嚴(yán)，將其描述為“天鳥無法到達(dá)”的地方。

Mesopotamians, however, also associated the mountains with the fierce tribes that inhabited Mt. Ararat's slopes; regularly, they raided Mesopotamian villages and settlements. Another perceived danger associated with Mt. Ararat was that of disastrous flooding. Sumerians, Akkadians, and Babylonians each had their own flood account, but they all in turn referenced the Mountains of Ararat as the place in which their respective heroes found refuge after surviving torrential rains and perilous waters. An ancient Akkadian tale from the 3rd millennium BCE delineates the exploits of a man called “Utnapishti” who became immortal and survived a catastrophic flood by landing his vessel upon the tallest mountains in the north of his country. Gilgamesh, the celebrated Sumerian hero, reached a northerly mountain called “Mashu,” which was the location through which the sun rose and set every day.

? ? ? ? ? 然而，美索不達(dá)米亞人也將山脈與居住在山坡上的兇猛部落聯(lián)系在一起，這些部落經(jīng)常襲擊美索不達(dá)米亞的村莊和定居點(diǎn)。另一個(gè)與亞拉拉特山有關(guān)的威脅是災(zāi)難性的洪水。蘇美爾人、阿卡德人和巴比倫人都有自己的洪水記述，但都提到亞拉拉特山是他們各自的英雄在暴雨中幸存下來的避難所和危險(xiǎn)水域。公元前三千年的一個(gè)古老的阿卡德故事，描述了一個(gè)叫烏特納皮斯蒂的人的事跡，他通過將船停在他國家北部最高的山峰上而成為不朽的人，并在一場災(zāi)難性的洪水中幸存下來。吉爾伽美什，這位著名的蘇美爾英雄，到達(dá)了一座被稱為“Mashu”的北方山峰，那里是太陽每天日出日落的地方。

Ancient Armenians called the mountain “Azatn Masis,” which meant “holy” and “free” in the Old Armenian language. Kajs, which were guardian spirits of royal and noble families, dwelled on Greater Ararat. Pagan Armenians found it taboo to scale the mountains as they believed, much like the Sumerians, that Mt. Ararat was the place where the sun came to rest during the night. Even after their conversion to Christianity, Armenians were still reluctant to risk climbing to Mt. Ararat's peak. There is, nevertheless, a legend that King Trdat III, Armenia's first Christian king, climbed Mt. Ararat to bring down stones for the foundations of eight new churches.

? ? ? ? ? 古代亞美尼亞人稱這座山為“Azatn Masis”，在古亞美尼亞語中意為“神圣”和“自由”。在大亞拉拉特山上居住著 kajs，即皇室和貴族家庭的守護(hù)神。亞美尼亞異教徒認(rèn)為爬山是禁忌，因?yàn)樗麄兿裉K美爾人一樣相信亞拉拉特山是太陽在夜間休息的地方。即使在他們皈依基督教之后，亞美尼亞人仍然不愿意冒險(xiǎn)爬上亞拉拉特山的山頂。然而，有一個(gè)傳說，亞美尼亞的第一位基督教國王蒂里達(dá)特三世 (King Tiridates III) 爬上亞拉臘山 (Mount Ararat) ，搬運(yùn)石頭來建造八座新教堂的地基。

Armenians have many myths and legends about the base of the Ararat Mountains, many of which predate Christianity, and include dragons, snakes, and other reptilian monsters. These myths and legends are strongly correlated with the volcanic steam, ash, and black waters that spewed forth out of Mt. Ararat during eruptions and earthquakes. Movses Khorenatsi (c. 410-490s CE), an Armenian historian and the author of the History of Armenia, wrote that Armenians are the direct descendants of Noah through his son Japheth, and that Haik, the mythical founder of Armenia and ancestor to all Armenians, established his nation within the vicinity of Mt. Ararat.

? ? ? ? ? 亞美尼亞人有許多以亞拉拉特山為背景的神話傳說，其中許多是在基督教傳播之前就有的，包括龍、蛇和其他爬行動(dòng)物的怪物。這些神話傳說與火山爆發(fā)和地震期間從亞拉拉特山噴出的火山蒸汽、火山灰和巖漿密切相關(guān)。亞美尼亞歷史學(xué)家、《亞美尼亞歷史》的作者莫夫謝斯·霍列納齊（約公元410-490年代）寫道，亞美尼亞人是諾亞的兒子雅弗（Japheth）的直系后裔，而神話中的亞美尼亞創(chuàng)始人、所有亞美尼亞人的祖先?？耍℉aik）在亞拉拉特山附近建立了自己的國家。

圣經(jīng)和歷史文獻(xiàn)中的亞拉拉特山

There is much historical speculation as to when and how the biblical story of Noah and the great flood first became associated with Mt. Ararat. Some linguists contend that “Ararat” is merely a variation of “Urartu,” which was the leading ancient polity to the north of Assyria during the Iron Age. The Hebrew Book of Jubilees composed around c. 100 BCE, related that Noah's Ark was located on "Mount Lubar" in "the land of Ararat." (Jubilees 5.28, 10.15). The Jewish historian Flavius Josephus (37-100 CE) used the "Ararat" to denote a mountain south of Lake Van, but he subsequently attested traditions that Noah's Ark came to rest on "Mount Baris." (Jewish Antiquities 1.93)

? ? ? ? ? 關(guān)于圣經(jīng)中諾亞和大洪水的故事何時(shí)以及如何與亞拉拉特山聯(lián)系在一起，有很多歷史猜測。一些語言學(xué)家認(rèn)為，“Ararat”只不過是“Urartu”的變體，后者是鐵器時(shí)代亞述以北的主要古代國家。公元前 100 年左右編寫的希伯來文《禧年書》提到，諾亞方舟位于“亞拉拉特之地”的“盧巴山”。(Jubilees 5.28, 10.15)。猶太歷史學(xué)家弗拉維烏斯·約瑟夫（公元37-100年）曾用“Ararat”來表示凡湖以南的一座山，但后來證實(shí)了諾亞方舟?？吭凇鞍屠锼股健钡膫髡f。(Jewish Antiquities 1.93)

In ways similar to the older Mesopotamian myths and legends, the Bible references the Mt. Ararat in Genesis 8.4 in relation to the story of Noah:

? ? ?...And the ark rested in the seventh month, and on the seventeenth day of the month, upon the mountains of Ararat.

? ? ? ? ? 與古代美索不達(dá)米亞神話和傳說類似，《圣經(jīng)》在創(chuàng)世記 8:4中提到了亞拉拉特山與諾亞的故事有關(guān)：

? ? ? ? ? ...... 七月十七日，方舟?？吭趤喞厣?。

The Qu'ran is explicit in naming the mountain upon which Noah's ark landed as “Mt. Judi” and not Mt. Ararat:

? ? ?A voice cried out: 'Earth, swallow up your waters. Heaven, cease your rain'. The floods abated and His will was done. The ark came to rest upon al-Judi, and a voice declared: 'Gone are the evil-doers'. (11:43)

? ? ? ? ?《古蘭經(jīng)》明確將諾亞方舟?？康纳矫麨椤爸斓仙健?，而不是亞拉拉特山：

? ? ? ? ? 一個(gè)聲音喊道：‘大地，吞下你的水吧。天堂，請(qǐng)停止你的雨。洪水退去，祂的旨意成就了。方舟停靠在朱迪山上，一個(gè)聲音宣布：“作惡者已經(jīng)離開。” (11:43)

The Arab geographer Ibn Khordadbeh (c. 820-912 CE) and the Arab historian Abu al-Hasan 'Ali al-Masudi (c. 896-956 CE) both asserted that the ark came to rest in in "Assyria", not too far from one of the sources of the Tigris River.

? ? ? ? ? ?阿拉伯地理學(xué)家伊本·胡爾達(dá)茲比赫(Ibn Khordadbeh)（約820-912年）和阿拉伯歷史學(xué)家阿布哈桑·阿里·伊本·海珊·伊本·阿里·馬蘇第（Abu al-Hasan Ali al-Masudi）（約896-956年）聲稱，方舟?？吭凇皝喪觥?，離底格里斯河的一個(gè)源頭不太遠(yuǎn)。

Previously it was thought by some historians that the presence of Jews in Armenia's Araxes Valley might have provided the catalyst in the reassociation of Mt. Ararat with Noah's Ark, but this assertion seems improbable. Just like historians throughout early medieval Europe (c. 400-1000 CE), early Armenian historians opined that the biblical Ararat was located in the ancient province of Corduene (Armenian: Korduk), situated to the southeast of Lake Van. Today this area is part of modern Turkey, and close to the source of the Tigris River and the city of Cizre. The arrival of European crusaders and intermarriage between Armenians and European crusaders in the 11th and 12th century CE seem to have accelerated the reassertion that Mt. Ararat was the spot where the Ark came to land. When Europeans returned to continental Europe from the Holy Land or Armenia, they reiterated that Mt. Ararat, located in the heart of Armenia, was where the ark could be found. It is worth noting that in later times, Mt. Ararat marked the frontier between Turkey and Iran between c. 1600-1800 CE.

? ? ? ? ? 此前，一些歷史學(xué)家認(rèn)為，猶太人在亞美尼亞阿拉斯河谷的存在可能是將亞拉拉特山與諾亞方舟重新聯(lián)系起來的催化劑，但這種說法似乎不太可能。與中世紀(jì)歐洲（大約公元 400-1000 年）的歷史學(xué)家一樣，亞美尼亞歷史學(xué)家認(rèn)為圣經(jīng)中的亞拉拉特山位于古科爾杜恩（亞美尼亞語：Korduk）省。), 位于凡湖東南部。今天這個(gè)地區(qū)是現(xiàn)代土耳其的一部分，靠近底格里斯河的源頭和吉茲雷市。公元11、12世紀(jì)歐洲十字軍的到來以及他們與亞美尼亞人的通婚，似乎加速了亞拉拉特山是方舟上岸地的再界定。當(dāng)歐洲人從圣地回到歐洲大陸時(shí)，他們重申位于亞美尼亞中心的亞拉拉特山是可以找到方舟的地方。值得注意的是，在后世，亞拉拉特山在約公元1600-1800年期間是土耳其和伊朗的邊界。

與亞美尼亞人和文化的聯(lián)系

For thousands of years, the Armenian people have utilized the Ararat Mountains as emblems of their national and cultural identity. Appearing frequently in modern material culture - on everything from t-shirts and bumper stickers to wooden sculptures and necklaces - Mt. Ararat has also graced Armenian currency, stamps, and its three coats of arms since 1918 CE. Although Armenians see Mt. Ararat as a symbol for their deep losses and tragedies in the 20th century CE as it currently lies within the borders of Turkey, they also view the mountains as intricately connected to their faith, religious beliefs, and artistic traditions.

? ? ? ? ? 幾千年來，亞美尼亞人民一直將亞拉拉特山視為其民族和文化身份的象征。亞拉拉特山經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)代物質(zhì)文化中，從T恤衫和保險(xiǎn)杠貼紙到木制雕塑和項(xiàng)鏈，自公元1918年以來，亞美尼亞的貨幣、郵票和所有三種亞美尼亞盾形紋章也都出現(xiàn)過亞拉拉特山。盡管亞美尼亞人把亞拉拉特山看作是他們?cè)诠?0世紀(jì)遭受深重?fù)p失和悲劇的象征，因?yàn)樗壳拔挥谕炼渚硟?nèi)，但他們也認(rèn)為這座山與他們的信仰、宗教信念和藝術(shù)傳統(tǒng)有著密切聯(lián)系。

參考書目：

American Oriental Society. "Armenian Traditions about Mt. Ararat." Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 5 (1855 - 1856), pp. 189-191.

ARARAT a€“ Encyclopaedia IranicaAccessed 29 Apr 2019.

A??ri Da??i (the so-called Ararat)--LiviusAccessed 25 Jan 2018.

Bryce, James. "On Armenia and Mount Ararat." Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Vol. 22, No. 3 (1877 -1878), pp. 169-186.

Eberhard Schrader. The cuneiform inscriptions and the Old Testament. University of Michigan Library, 1885, 64-66.

Lewis, J.P. "Noah and the Flood: In Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Tradition." The Biblical Archaeologist, December 1984, p. 237.

Nersessian, V. Treasures from the Ark. Oxford University Press, 2001.

Panossian, R. The Armenians. Columbia University Press, 2006.

Petrosyan, Hamlet. "The Sacred Mountain." Armenian Folk Arts, Culture, and Identity, edited by Abrahamian, Levon and Nancy Sweezy (eds). Indiana University Press: Bloomington, 2001, 33-39.