Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage.?

Bowles et al. posit a positive relationship between Scandinavian settlement locations during the period of Viking expansion, beginning in the 8th?century, and availability of bog iron at these locations. They cite Eriksson’s 1961 map that plots locations of major settlements in relation to known areas where bog iron could have been extracted. Two settlements in particular, Telemark and Bergslagen, were near numerous pockets of available bog iron. The map shows a lack of settlements where evidence for bog iron deposits is lacking. Trondheim is the only settlement of a noticeable distance from any deposit. It may be that our knowledge is incomplete regarding the location of bog iron deposits at that time, or Trondheim may have been used to gather other resources.

1.?The author mentions “other resources” primarily in order to

A. acknowledge that bog iron was only one of many resources required by Viking settlements

B. provide an interpretation of a particular ambiguity in Erikson’s map of Viking settlements

C. offer a possible explanation for differences in the ways in which various Viking settlements exploited natural resources

D. challenge a particular assumption about the resemblance of Trondheim to Telemark and Bergslagen

E. introduce a possible explanation for a discrepancy between the evidence provided by Erikson’s map and the view put forth Bowles et al.

2.?The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following assertions about Trondheim?

A. It was likely established as a settlement before the Vikings began to use bog iron.

B. It could possibly have resembled Telemark and Bergslagen in its proximity to bog iron deposits.

C. It was more distant from other population centers than were Telemark and Bergslagen.

D. Its inhabitants likely had access to a wider range of natural resources than did those who lived in Telemark and Bergslagen.

E. Its location may have prevented it from becoming as important a settlement as were those nearer to bog iron deposits.?

Questions 3 to 6 are based on this passage:

The human colonization of Europe took place in at least two stages. After half a million years ago, settlement is widespread and well documented in both the northern and the southern regions of Western Europe. Sites in most regions yield hand axes and the skeletal remains of people who appear to have been ancestral to the Neanderthals. But prior to 500,000 years ago, the pattern of settlement is different. Firmly dated sites are extremely rare and currently confined to southern Europe. Although scarce, human skeletal remains must be assigned to other hominid taxa. Hand axes and other bifacial tools are largely—if not wholly—absent.

The earlier phase of occupation, which began at least 800,000 years ago, appears to represent one or more colonization events by relatively small numbers of humans. Both their skeletal morphology and their tools suggest that they may have had little connection with the people who colonized Europe after 500,000 years ago, and they might have failed to establish long-term settlement. The lack of known sites in northern Europe suggests that the initial occupants may have been unable to cope with environments above 41?-42? North (that is, above latitudes already settled by?Homo erectus?in Asia.)

Documenting the early phase of European colonization is difficult because of its limited visibility in the archaeological record. The density of the early European population was probably low, and occupation sites may have been small. Few of the sites are likely to have been preserved, and even these may be particularly difficult to find. Most caves and rock shelters—which protect archaeological remains and are easy to identify as potential sites—erode away in a few hundred thousand years. The majority of the early European sites are buried in sediments deposited by streams, lakes, or springs.

The lack of hand axes presents a special problem for the European sites that antedate half a million years. Such tools are unmistakable products of the human hand, and their presence in later deposits—even in isolated settings—is firm evidence of human occupation. But prior to 500,000 years ago, Europeans were making simple pebble and flake tools that differed little from the original Oldowan industry (the earliest tools in human history). These artifacts are often difficult to distinguish from naturally fractured rock, and they are frequently recovered from geologic contexts (such as high-energy stream deposits) likely to contain naturally chipped and broken cobbles and pebbles. As a consequence, most of the reported European sites dating to more than 500,000 years ago are highly problematic.

3.?The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. highlight differences between the two stages of European colonization

B. explain why doing research into early European colonization is difficult

C. reconcile two competing theories regarding the colonization of Europe

D. discuss recent investigations into colonization

E. argue for the relevance of new evidence regarding colonization of Europe

4. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about people who colonized Europe after 500,000 years ago?

A. Their settlements are based to accurately date.

B. Their settlements were quite small.

C. Their settlements were less densely populated than those of earlier colonizers.

D. They used stone tools that closely resembled naturally fractured rock.

E. They were able to survive in locations where there is no evidence of earlier colonizers.

5. The passage implies which of the following about hand axes??

A. They cannot be mistaken for naturally occurring rocks.

B. They were not used by the Neanderthals.

C. They have been found in sites associated with the earliest Europeans.

D. They are usually found buried in sediments deposited by lakes and streams.

E. They make dating European sites that postdate half a million years ago difficult.

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

6. The passage supports which of the following statements about the tools used by Europeans prior to 500,000 years ago?

A. They look very similar to naturally broken rocks.

B. They closely resemble the original Oldowan industry.

C. They have not been found above 41?-42? North.

Question 7 is based on this passage:

The infectious disease known as whooping cough is commonly thought to be a childhood illness, but a recent study suggests that more adults contract this illness than was previously suspected. Although the disease is life threatening in children, in adults it typically causes only a persistent cough which, though annoying, is rarely serious. Therefore, the incidence of whooping cough in adults poses no significant public health threat.

7. Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. Whooping cough is more difficult to diagnose in adults than in children.

B. Adults with whooping cough do not readily transmit the disease to children.

C. Most adults who contract whooping cough get the disease from children with whom they are in close contact.

D. A disease poses no significant public health threat unless it is life-threatening.

E. Under comparable conditions of exposure, adults whooping cough more readily than do children.

Questions 8 - 10 are based on this passage:

Although American jazz musician John Coltrane reportedly wrote other poems, the fact that to date only “A Love Supreme” has been made available to the public assures its literary significance: cast in relief as an accomplishment to his best-selling and most celebrated recording, the poem represents the sole authorized and generally accessible discursive component of what would otherwise be a wholly abstract body of creative output. This has had the effect of heightening its perceived significance for interpreting Coltrane’s artistic motivations and his larger spiritual and intellectual interests. The effect seems to have been at least partly by design: by this point in his career, Coltrane was suspicious of any kind of verbal framing for his music, saying he preferred to put out his albums without liner notes and let the music “speak for itself.” He declined, for instance, to be profiled in what became Spellman’s widely discussed 1966 volume of jazz biography as social critique,?Four Lives in the Bebop Business.?In this respect he contrasted with, for instance, his contemporaries and labelmates Charles Mingus and Archie Shepp,?older and younger representatives of the jazz avant-garde, respectively, who were much more apt to frame their music with expository text, and even to integrate the latter into the former. So the inclusion of the poem in the liner notes to?A Love Supreme,?a suite in four parts for Coltrane’s working quartet, represented a deliberate and conspicuous gesture of artistic self-definition.

8. The author mentions “Spellman’s widely discussed 1966 volume” primarily to

A. compare Coltrane’s influence to that of his peers

B. point to a source of misconception about Coltrane

C. cite a pattern to which Coltrane was an exception

D. comment on a change in Coltrane’s musical style

E. evaluate the social impact of Coltrane’s recording

9. The highlighted sentence includes evidence for which of the following statements?

A. Coltrane later regretted his decision not to be profiled in Spellman’s book of jazz biography.

B. Recordings that included expository text were generally better received than those that did not.

C. Coltrane’s reluctance to speak about his music did not represent a generational shift in jazz.

D. Members of the jazz avant-garde differed in the approach from other jazz musicians.

E. The inclusion of a poem with?A Love Supreme?was a result of influence of Coltrane’s peers.

10. In the context in which it appears, “frame” most nearly means

A. direct

B. prescribe

C. enclose

D. contextualize

E. negotiate