聲明：本專欄主要對生命科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的一些期刊文章標(biāo)題進(jìn)行翻譯，所有內(nèi)容均由本人手工整理翻譯。由于本人專業(yè)為生物分析相關(guān)，其他領(lǐng)域如果出現(xiàn)翻譯錯誤請諒解。

1.Net loss. The past few decades have seen exponential growth in the volume of new scientific and technological knowledge. But, as Russell Funk and his colleagues reveal in this week’s issue, this increase in knowledge has not led to a similar spate of major advances — in fact, several big fields show signs of progress slowing. Analysing data on 45 million papers and 3.9 million patents published in the past six decades, the researchers find that both are becoming less disruptive of the status quo, leading to a web of knowledge that is less vibrant (visualized on the cover by the increasing simplification and washed out look of the threads). The team suggests that the slower rate of disruption might signal a fundamental shift in the nature of science and technology.

凈虧損。過去幾十年來，新科學(xué)技術(shù)知識的數(shù)量呈指數(shù)級增長。但是，正如拉塞爾·馮克（Russell Funk）和他的同事在本周的期刊中所揭示的那樣，知識的增長并沒有帶來類似的重大進(jìn)展——事實上，幾個重大領(lǐng)域顯示出進(jìn)展放緩的跡象。通過分析過去 6 年來發(fā)表的 4500 萬篇論文和 390 萬項專利的數(shù)據(jù)，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，兩者對現(xiàn)狀的破壞性都在減弱，從而導(dǎo)致知識網(wǎng)絡(luò)不再那么活躍（封面上的內(nèi)容越來越簡單化并洗掉了螺紋的外觀）。該團(tuán)隊認(rèn)為，破壞速度減慢可能標(biāo)志著科學(xué)和技術(shù)性質(zhì)的根本轉(zhuǎn)變。

2.Carried away. The flow of sediment across deserts, through rivers or along coasts transports vast quantities of granular material over huge distances. Understanding the mechanics of this movement has a wide range of applications including river and coastal restoration, pollution mitigation and even understanding past and present climates on other worlds. But developing accurate models for sediment transport has proved challenging. In this week’s issue, Eric Deal and his colleagues reveal that although many models consider grain size, grain shape also exerts a significant influence on sediment movement and might account for differences between previous models and measurements. The researchers have developed a theory that accounts for the effects of grain shape on drag and friction. Having verified the theory in the lab, they propose a shape-corrected law for sediment transport that they believe will provide more accurate results for natural sediment grains.

被帶走。沉積物流經(jīng)沙漠、河流或沿海，將大量顆粒物質(zhì)輸送到很遠(yuǎn)的地方。了解這種運動的機(jī)制具有廣泛的應(yīng)用，包括河流和海岸恢復(fù)、污染減輕，甚至了解其他世界過去和現(xiàn)在的氣候。但事實證明，開發(fā)準(zhǔn)確的沉積物輸送模型具有挑戰(zhàn)性。在本周的期刊中，埃里克·迪爾（Eric Deal）和他的同事透露，盡管許多模型考慮了顆粒尺寸，但顆粒形狀也對沉積物運動產(chǎn)生了重大影響，并可能解釋了先前模型和測量之間的差異。研究人員開發(fā)了一種理論來解釋顆粒形狀對阻力和摩擦的影響。在實驗室驗證了這一理論后，他們提出了一種沉積物傳輸?shù)男螤钚Ｕ?，他們相信這將為天然沉積物顆粒提供更準(zhǔn)確的結(jié)果。

3.Lines of descent. The historic isolation of Finland’s population has resulted in a genetic make-up that is relatively homogeneous (as illustrated on the cover). In this week’s issue, two papers make use of Finland’s unique heritage to probe the genetics of disease. At the heart of this work is the FinnGen study, which aims to explore the genomes and health data of 500,000 Finns. The first paper analyses data from 224,737 Finns, finding 1,838 genetic variants that influence 681 different diseases. These include 702 potentially novel, low-frequency variant associations. The second paper focuses on recessive conditions — in which the genes inherited from each parent must both be defective to cause disease — finding a number of Finnish-specific associations and uncovering a larger complexity of genetic inheritance than previously appreciated.

血統(tǒng)線。芬蘭人口歷史上的隔離導(dǎo)致其基因組成相對同質(zhì)（如封面所示）。在本周的期刊中，有兩篇論文利用芬蘭獨特的遺產(chǎn)來探討疾病的遺傳學(xué)。這項工作的核心是 FinnGen 研究，旨在探索 50 萬芬蘭人的基因組和健康數(shù)據(jù)。第一篇論文分析了 224,737 名芬蘭人的數(shù)據(jù)，發(fā)現(xiàn)了影響 681 種不同疾病的 1,838 種遺傳變異。其中包括 702 個潛在新穎的低頻變異關(guān)聯(lián)。第二篇論文重點關(guān)注隱性病癥（其中從父母雙方繼承的基因都必須有缺陷才能導(dǎo)致疾?。?，發(fā)現(xiàn)了許多芬蘭特有的關(guān)聯(lián)，并揭示了比以前認(rèn)識到的更復(fù)雜的遺傳遺傳。

4.Stops making sense. When genes are read by ribosomes, stop codons act as punctuation, telling the ribosome when to halt protein synthesis. But in some protozoa, the base sequences that comprise stop codons can also encode amino acids, depending on where in the messenger RNA the codon appears. In this week’s issue, Leo? Shivaya Valá?ek and his colleagues reveal how these organisms recognize when codons should be read as an instruction to code and when as an order to stop. The researchers focused on a previously undescribed unicellular parasite called Blastocrithidia nonstop. They found that it has fundamental changes associated with the transfer RNA molecules that allow the ribosome to read stop codons as amino acids and so produce full-length proteins.

不再有意義了。當(dāng)核糖體讀取基因時，終止密碼子充當(dāng)標(biāo)點符號，告訴核糖體何時停止蛋白質(zhì)合成。但在一些原生動物中，包含終止密碼子的堿基序列也可以編碼氨基酸，具體取決于密碼子在信使 RNA 中出現(xiàn)的位置。在本周的期刊中，Leo? Shivaya Valá?ek 和他的同事揭示了這些生物體如何識別何時應(yīng)將密碼子視為編碼指令以及何時應(yīng)將其視為停止命令。研究人員將注意力集中在一種以前未被描述過的單細(xì)胞寄生蟲上，這種寄生蟲被稱為“Blastocrithidia”。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)它具有與轉(zhuǎn)移RNA分子相關(guān)的根本性變化，使核糖體將終止密碼子讀取為氨基酸，從而產(chǎn)生全長蛋白質(zhì)。

5.Heartbeat of brain tumours targeted.

腦腫瘤的心跳有針對性。

6.Senescent cells damage the body throughout life.

衰老細(xì)胞終生都會損害身體。

7.Global estimates of excess deaths from COVID-19.

全球因 COVID-19 導(dǎo)致的超額死亡人數(shù)估計。

8.From the archive: how kangaroo rats limit their salt intake, and searching for trout.

來自檔案：袋鼠如何限制鹽攝入量，以及尋找鱒魚。

9.Electric switch found for a superconductor.

發(fā)現(xiàn)超導(dǎo)體的電開關(guān)。

10.How to feed the world while reducing nitrogen pollution.

如何在減少氮污染的同時養(yǎng)活世界。

11.The WHO estimates of excess mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.

WHO 估計了與 COVID-19 大流行相關(guān)的超額死亡率。

12.Intracluster light is already abundant at redshift beyond unity.

星團(tuán)內(nèi)的光在紅移范圍內(nèi)已經(jīng)非常豐富，超出了統(tǒng)一值。

13.Photonic flatband resonances for free-electron radiation.

自由電子輻射的光子平帶共振。

14.Coupled ferroelectricity and superconductivity in bilayer Td-MoTe2.

雙層 Td-MoTe2 中的鐵電性和超導(dǎo)性耦合。

15.Ultrathin quantum light source with van der Waals NbOCl2 crystal.

采用范德華 NbOCl2 晶體的超薄量子光源。

16.Hydroxamic acid pre-adsorption raises the efficiency of cosensitized solar cells.

異羥肟酸預(yù)吸附提高了共敏化太陽能電池的效率。

17.Solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of more than 9% in photocatalytic water splitting.

光催化水分解太陽能制氫效率超過 9%。

18.A few-layer covalent network of fullerenes.

富勒烯的幾層共價網(wǎng)絡(luò)。

19.Cost-effective mitigation of nitrogen pollution from global croplands.

以具有成本效益的方式緩解全球農(nóng)田的氮污染。

20.Extreme redox variations in a superdeep diamond from a subducted slab.

來自俯沖板片的超深鉆石的極端氧化還原變化。

21.Neogene burial of organic carbon in the global ocean.

全球海洋中新近紀(jì)有機(jī)碳的埋藏。

22.Recurrent repeat expansions in human cancer genomes.

人類癌癥基因組的反復(fù)重復(fù)擴(kuò)增。

23.Cortical–hippocampal coupling during manifold exploration in motor cortex.

運動皮層流形探索過程中的皮質(zhì)-海馬耦合。

24.A cortico-collicular circuit for orienting to shelter during escape.

用于在逃生時尋找庇護(hù)所的皮質(zhì)-丘腦回路。

25.Microglia regulate central nervous system myelin growth and integrity.

小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞調(diào)節(jié)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)髓磷脂的生長和完整性。

26.Papers and patents are becoming less disruptive over time.

隨著時間的推移，論文和專利的破壞性越來越小。

27.NLR surveillance of pathogen interference with hormone receptors induces immunity.

NLR 對病原體干擾激素受體的監(jiān)測可誘導(dǎo)免疫。

28.Periodic inhibition of Erk activity drives sequential somite segmentation.

Erk 活動的周期性抑制驅(qū)動順序體節(jié)分割。

29.CLSTN3β enforces adipocyte multilocularity to facilitate lipid utilization.

CLSTN3β 強(qiáng)制脂肪細(xì)胞多室性以促進(jìn)脂質(zhì)利用。

30.Senescence atlas reveals an aged-like inflamed niche that blunts muscle regeneration.

衰老圖譜揭示了一個類似衰老的發(fā)炎生態(tài)位，會阻礙肌肉再生。

31.Autonomous rhythmic activity in glioma networks drives brain tumour growth.

神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的自主節(jié)律活動驅(qū)動腦腫瘤生長。

32.R-loop-derived cytoplasmic RNA–DNA hybrids activate an immune response.

R 環(huán)衍生的細(xì)胞質(zhì) RNA-DNA 雜交體可激活免疫反應(yīng)。

33.BRD8 maintains glioblastoma by epigenetic reprogramming of the p53 network.

BRD8 通過 p53 網(wǎng)絡(luò)的表觀遺傳重編程來維持膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤。

34.Colliding neutron stars ring in a clue to puzzle of extreme matter.

碰撞的中子星為解開極端物質(zhì)之謎提供了線索。

35.Mysterious Asgard archaea microbes reveal their inner secrets.

神秘的阿斯加德古細(xì)菌揭示了它們的內(nèi)在秘密。

36.Nuclear reaction rules out sterile-neutrino hypothesis.

核反應(yīng)排除了惰性中微子假說。

37.A mechanism for inheriting radiation-induced DNA damage.

遺傳輻射引起的 DNA 損傷的機(jī)制。

38.From the archive: growing seeds by moonlight, and a shower of stars at sea.

來自檔案：在月光和海上的星星雨下種植種子。

39.25th anniversary of the first known feathered dinosaurs.

第一個已知的有羽毛恐龍誕生 25 周年。

40.Kilohertz quasiperiodic oscillations in short gamma-ray bursts.

短伽馬射線爆發(fā)中的千赫茲準(zhǔn)周期振蕩。

41.STEREO neutrino spectrum of 235U fission rejects sterile neutrino hypothesis.

235U 裂變的立體中微子譜拒絕了惰性中微子假說。

42.Unitary p-wave interactions between fermions in an optical lattice.

光學(xué)晶格中費米子之間的酉 p 波相互作用。

43.Enhanced superconductivity in spin–orbit proximitized bilayer graphene.

自旋軌道鄰近雙層石墨烯中增強(qiáng)的超導(dǎo)性。

44.Approaching the quantum limit in two-dimensional semiconductor contacts.

接近二維半導(dǎo)體接觸的量子極限。

45.An electric molecular motor.

電動分子馬達(dá)。

46.A ligand insertion mechanism for cooperative NH3 capture in metal–organic frameworks.

金屬有機(jī)框架中協(xié)同捕獲 NH3 的配體插入機(jī)制。

47.Seasonal temperatures in West Antarctica during the Holocene.

全新世期間南極洲西部的季節(jié)性氣溫。

48.Grain shape effects in bed load sediment transport.

顆粒形狀對河床沉積物輸送的影響。

49.Periclase deforms more slowly than bridgmanite under mantle conditions.

在地幔條件下方鎂石的變形速度比橋鎂石慢。

50.The molecular evolution of spermatogenesis across mammals.

哺乳動物精子發(fā)生的分子進(jìn)化。

51.Locus coeruleus activity improves cochlear implant performance.

藍(lán)斑活動可改善人工耳蝸的性能。

52.Pathogenic bacteria modulate pheromone response to promote mating.

致病菌調(diào)節(jié)信息素反應(yīng)以促進(jìn)交配。

53.Actin cytoskeleton and complex cell architecture in an Asgard archaeon.

阿斯加德古菌中的肌動蛋白細(xì)胞骨架和復(fù)雜的細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)。

54.Pathogen spillover driven by rapid changes in bat ecology.

蝙蝠生態(tài)的快速變化導(dǎo)致病原體溢出。

55.Integrated intracellular organization and its variations in human iPS cells.

人類 iPS 細(xì)胞的整合細(xì)胞內(nèi)組織及其變異。

56.A DNA methylation atlas of normal human cell types.

正常人類細(xì)胞類型的 DNA 甲基化圖譜。

57.Inheritance of paternal DNA damage by histone-mediated repair restriction.

組蛋白介導(dǎo)的修復(fù)限制導(dǎo)致父系 DNA 損傷的遺傳。

58.Structural basis of broad-spectrum β-lactam resistance in Staphylococcus aureus.

金黃色葡萄球菌廣譜β-內(nèi)酰胺耐藥性的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)。

59.Structures and mechanisms of tRNA methylation by METTL1–WDR4.

METTL1-WDR4 tRNA 甲基化的結(jié)構(gòu)和機(jī)制。

60.Structural basis of regulated m7G tRNA modification by METTL1–WDR4.

METTL1-WDR4 調(diào)節(jié) m7G tRNA 修飾的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)。

61.Metabolism dictates the pace of development across species.

新陳代謝決定了物種的發(fā)育速度。

62.The β-selection step shapes T-cell identity.

β 選擇步驟決定了 T 細(xì)胞的身份。

63.A neural strategy for directional behaviour.

定向行為的神經(jīng)策略。

64.Vertical architecture improves performance of transistor family.

垂直架構(gòu)提高了晶體管系列的性能。

65.Self-publishing is common among academic-journal editors.

自我出版在學(xué)術(shù)期刊編輯中很常見。

66.Broken mirror symmetry boosts current conversion in a superconductor.

破鏡對稱增強(qiáng)了超導(dǎo)體中的電流轉(zhuǎn)換。

67.River ecosystem metabolism and carbon biogeochemistry in a changing world.

不斷變化的世界中的河流生態(tài)系統(tǒng)代謝和碳生物地球化學(xué)。

68.Stellar initial mass function varies with metallicity and time.

恒星初始質(zhì)量函數(shù)隨金屬豐度和時間而變化。

69.Magnetically mediated hole pairing in fermionic ladders of ultracold atoms.

超冷原子費米子梯中磁介導(dǎo)的空穴配對。

70.Preparing random states and benchmarking with many-body quantum chaos.

準(zhǔn)備隨機(jī)狀態(tài)并用多體量子混沌進(jìn)行基準(zhǔn)測試。

71.Observation of intrinsic chiral bound states in the continuum.

連續(xù)體中固有手性束縛態(tài)的觀察。

72.Giant spin polarization and a pair of antiparallel spins in a chiral superconductor.

手性超導(dǎo)體中的巨大自旋極化和一對反平行自旋。

73.Room-temperature magnetoresistance in an all-antiferromagnetic tunnel junction.

全反鐵磁隧道結(jié)中的室溫磁阻。

74.Octupole-driven magnetoresistance in an antiferromagnetic tunnel junction.

反鐵磁隧道結(jié)中的八極驅(qū)動磁阻。

75.Vertical organic electrochemical transistors for complementary circuits.

用于互補(bǔ)電路的垂直有機(jī)電化學(xué)晶體管。

76.Modern temperatures in central–north Greenland warmest in past millennium.

格陵蘭島中北部的現(xiàn)代氣溫是過去千年以來最溫暖的。

77.FinnGen provides genetic insights from a well-phenotyped isolated population.

FinnGen 提供來自表型良好的分離群體的遺傳見解。

78.Mono- and biallelic variant effects on disease at biobank scale.

單等位基因和雙等位基因變異對生物庫規(guī)模疾病的影響。

79.Financial incentives for vaccination do not have negative unintended consequences.

疫苗接種的經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵不會產(chǎn)生意想不到的負(fù)面后果。

80.Synaptic gradients transform object location to action.

突觸梯度將對象位置轉(zhuǎn)換為動作。

81.Structured cerebellar connectivity supports resilient pattern separation.

結(jié)構(gòu)化小腦連接支持彈性模式分離。

82.Metabolic regulation of species-specific developmental rates.

物種特異性發(fā)育速率的代謝調(diào)節(jié)。

83.Multiple pathways for SARS-CoV-2 resistance to nirmatrelvir.

SARS-CoV-2 對 nirmatrelvir 產(chǎn)生耐藥性的多種途徑。

84.Pre-T cell receptor self-MHC sampling restricts thymocyte dedifferentiation.

前 T 細(xì)胞受體自身 MHC 采樣限制胸腺細(xì)胞去分化。

85.A quantitative map of nuclear pore assembly reveals two distinct mechanisms.

核孔組裝的定量圖揭示了兩種不同的機(jī)制。

86.RNA targeting unleashes indiscriminate nuclease activity of CRISPR–Cas12a2.

RNA 靶向釋放 CRISPR-Cas12a2 的任意核酸酶活性。

87.Cas12a2 elicits abortive infection through RNA-triggered destruction of dsDNA.

Cas12a2 通過 RNA 觸發(fā)的 dsDNA 破壞引發(fā)流產(chǎn)感染。

88.Cryo-EM structures of the active NLRP3 inflammasome disc.

活性 NLRP3 炎性體盤的冷凍電鏡結(jié)構(gòu)。

89.No stopping with a short-stem transfer RNA.

短莖轉(zhuǎn)移 RNA 無需停止。

90.Unconventional tracers show that spring waters on Mount Fuji run deep.

非常規(guī)示蹤劑顯示，富士山的泉水流得很深。

91.First full views of a CRISPR-guided system for gene insertion.

CRISPR 引導(dǎo)的基因插入系統(tǒng)的首次完整視圖。

92.Machine learning classifies catalytic-reaction mechanisms.

機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)對催化反應(yīng)機(jī)制進(jìn)行分類。

93.Targets mapped for almost all human kinase enzymes.

幾乎所有人類激酶的靶點均已繪制。

94.Questioning the fetal microbiome illustrates pitfalls of low-biomass microbial studies.

對胎兒微生物組的質(zhì)疑說明了低生物量微生物研究的陷阱。

95.Down-conversion of a single photon as a probe of many-body localization.

單光子的下轉(zhuǎn)換作為多體定位的探針。

96.In-plane charged domain walls with memristive behaviour in a ferroelectric film.

鐵電薄膜中具有憶阻行為的面內(nèi)帶電疇壁。

97.Attosecond field emission.

阿秒場發(fā)射。

98.A wearable cardiac ultrasound imager.

可穿戴心臟超聲成像儀。

99.Regulating surface potential maximizes voltage in all-perovskite tandems.

調(diào)節(jié)表面電位可最大化全鈣鈦礦串聯(lián)的電壓。

100.Rotational multimaterial printing of filaments with subvoxel control.

具有亞體素控制的長絲旋轉(zhuǎn)多材料打印。

101.Organic reaction mechanism classification using machine learning.

使用機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)行有機(jī)反應(yīng)機(jī)理分類。

102.Social trauma engages lateral septum circuitry to occlude social reward.

社會創(chuàng)傷會影響側(cè)隔膜回路，從而阻礙社會獎勵。

103.Discriminatory attitudes against unvaccinated people during the pandemic.

大流行期間對未接種疫苗的人的歧視態(tài)度。

104.A molecular network of conserved factors keeps ribosomes dormant in the egg.

保守因子的分子網(wǎng)絡(luò)使核糖體在雞蛋中保持休眠狀態(tài)。

105.Undecaprenyl phosphate translocases confer conditional microbial fitness.

十一異戊二烯磷酸酯轉(zhuǎn)位酶賦予有條件的微生物適應(yīng)性。

106.Two broadly conserved families of polyprenyl-phosphate transporters.

聚異戊二烯磷酸轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白的兩個廣泛保守的家族。

107.Antibody feedback regulates immune memory after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination.

SARS-CoV-2 mRNA 疫苗接種后抗體反饋調(diào)節(jié)免疫記憶。

108.γδ T cells are effectors of immunotherapy in cancers with HLA class I defects.

γδ T 細(xì)胞是具有 HLA I 類缺陷的癌癥免疫治療的效應(yīng)器。

109.Short tRNA anticodon stem and mutant eRF1 allow stop codon reassignment.

短 tRNA 反密碼子莖和突變體 eRF1 允許終止密碼子重新分配。

110.An atlas of substrate specificities for the human serine/threonine kinome.

人類絲氨酸/蘇氨酸激酶組底物特異性圖譜。

111.Structure-based design of bitopic ligands for the μ-opioid receptor.

μ-阿片受體雙位配體的基于結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計。

112.Structures of the holo CRISPR RNA-guided transposon integration complex.

Holo CRISPR RNA 引導(dǎo)的轉(zhuǎn)座子整合復(fù)合物的結(jié)構(gòu)。

113.Structural basis for intrinsic transcription termination.

內(nèi)在轉(zhuǎn)錄終止的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)。