注：英語原文取自最古老版本的帝國時代一的幫助文件中，關(guān)于歷史的文本量相當(dāng)巨大，但在win7系統(tǒng)更新后，以win95為基礎(chǔ)的hlp文件被淘汰，如今已經(jīng)很難找到打開hlp文件的方法。如有大佬能提供支援就好了。

注：因為原h(huán)lp文件并未隨著羅馬復(fù)興資料片的更新而更新，所以這個系列不包含新增的羅馬、迦太基、馬其頓和巴爾米拉文明。

注：因為年代久遠(yuǎn)（1996年左右），很多記述可能已經(jīng)與最新的考古發(fā)現(xiàn)有著顯著的差異。

注：蹩腳英語，翻譯腔，懶得潤色的語句。

注：英語原文放在前面，漢語翻譯放在后面。

更多資料：世界地理歷史小常識39——土耳其（CV5267085）

Hittite culture (2000 to 1200 BC)

The extent of the Hittite civilization and empire was rediscovered only within the last hundred years. The Hittites had been mentioned several times in the Old Testament, but were considered only bit players. Excavations of sites in Turkey and Syria, plus the decipherment of inscriptions and recovered clay tablets, revealed that the Hittites were a world power at one time, rivals of the Egyptians and conquerors of Babylon.

Location

The Hittite empire was centered in Asia Minor (modern Turkey). At its maximum, it extended from the Aegean coast of Anatolia, east to the Euphrates River, southeastward into Syria as far as Damascus, and south along the eastern Mediterranean coast of the Levant. Hittite King Mursuli sacked Babylon around 1600 BC, but did not attempt to hold the region.Historians do not know where the Hittites originated or how they got to Asia Minor. Studies of their language indicate that they were probably of European origin and migrated south through the Balkans or past the eastern end of the Black Sea sometime around 2000 BC.

Capital

The greatest Hittite capital was at Hattusas, outside the modern Turkish town of Bogazk'y in north central Turkey, inland from the Black Sea. This city had previously been the capital of the Hatti, a local kingdom that was conquered by the Hittites around 1900 BC. The name Hittite derives from the name of the Hatti. The capital was moved to Hattusas around 1500 BC and the city was noted for its massive walls and placement in rugged terrain.

Rise to power

Around 2000 BC when the Hittites entered Asia Minor, the region was populated by small yet sophisticated, kingdoms each no larger than a thousand people. The Hittites began expanding their kingdom around 1900 BC, using both force and diplomacy to bring rival city-states and kingdoms in Asia Minor under control. The Hittite kingdom went through several periods of expansion and contraction until around 1400 BC.Beginning then, several strong kings in succession expanded the Hittite empire across all of Asia Minor, into Syria, and beyond the Euphrates River. The push into Syria brought the Hittites into conflict with the Egyptians who also sought to dominate this area.For several generations the Hittites and Egyptians remained diplomatic and military rivals. The great battle of Kadesh was fought between these superpowers around 1300 BC and was commemorated in Egypt by a great pictorial relief, an epic poem, and an official written record. After several decades of uneasy stalemate, the two powers signed a peace treaty and mutual defense pact, perhaps in response to growing Assyrian power to the east. A copy of the treaty was inscribed on the walls of an Egyptian temple at Karnak where it can be read today. Duplicate copies of this treaty on clay and silver tablets were also found by archaeologists in both countries.

Economy

The Hittite imperial boundaries encompassed a diverse geography, including expansive grassy plains, mountains, sea coast, river valleys, and desert. Their economy was based mainly on grain and sheep raising, but they also possessed large deposits of silver, copper, and lead ore. They were adept metalworkers and among the earliest makers of iron, although during their time iron was more valuable than gold and not available in any quantity.They were an important provider of copper and bronze to Mesopotamia. When they attempted to control the trade to and from that area by extending their influence into Syria, the Levant, and upper Euphrates River region, they came into conflict with the Egyptians.

Religion and culture

The Great Temple at Hattusas, below the hill on which the palace stood, was the religious center of the empire. The Hittite king was also the high priest of the kingdom and split his time between government, religious duties, and conquest. The king's dual role was useful in unifying the culture of the kingdom among its diverse peoples. Each year the king/high priest traveled extensively to preside at festivals. These personal appearances brought in rich donations and helped stabilize the realm.Hittite religion was polytheistic. It was tolerant of other beliefs and flexible about incorporating new gods already worshipped by newly conquered peoples. Their supreme deity, Teshub, the Storm God, was borrowed.Hittite culture discovered so far pales in comparison to that of their contemporaries in Bablyon and Egypt. We have only a few bronze and stone statuettes, seal impressions, and rock carvings to judge their artistic ability. One enduring symbol from their artwork is the double-headed eagle that was adopted as a national symbol by both Austria and Russia.They used cuneiform for writing as well as their own hieroglyphics. They patterned their laws on those of Babylon, though they tempered their severity.

Government

Some researchers believe that the early Hittite government was the first constitutional monarchy. The pankus, probably an assembly of noblemen, monitored the king's activities in relation to their laws and probably had the power to remove and install kings as needed. Because they had no law of succession until circa 1500 BC, the death of a king prior to then often triggered a struggle for power. The authority of the pankus waned as the empire began to grow and after a law of succession was adopted.During the empire years, the Hittite ruler was called the Great King. Each year the rulers of vassal states brought gifts to Hattusas and pledged their loyalty. In return for military protection and favorable trading status, vassal states contributed money and troops to the empire.

Diplomacy

Extensive records and correspondence preserved on clay tablets have revealed much detail about Hittite diplomacy and politics. Decipherment of specific tablets connected the Hittites with two of the most famous events in antiquity ——The sacking of the legendary city of Troy from the Iliad and the death of the Egyptian boy Pharaoh Tutankhamen. Diplomatic letters to a city on the east coast of Asia Minor helped establish the site of the city of Troy.In 1353 BC the greatest Hittite king, Suppiluliuma I, was besieging the city of Carchemish that controlled an important ford and trade route over the Euphrates River. During the siege he received a letter from Ankhesenamun, the newly widowed wife of Tutankhamen. The queen of Egypt asked that Suppiluliuma send one of his sons to be her new husband and king of Egypt. The stage was set for a very important alliance by marriage. Suppiluliuma took too long to investigate and negotiate, however. An Egyptian courtier-priest seized the widow and the throne, and peace between the two great powers was not arranged until 70 years later.

Military

Hittite foot troops made extensive use of the powerful recurved bow and bronze-tipped arrows. Surviving artwork depicts Hittite soldiers as stocky and bearded, wearing distinctive shoes with curled-up toes. For close combat they used bronze daggers, lances, spears, sickle-shaped swords, and battle-axes shaped like human hands. Soldiers carried bronze rectangular shields and wore bronze conical helmets with ear flaps and a long extension down the back that protected the neck. They were apparently very competent at conducting sieges and assaulting cities that resisted.They were possibly the first to adopt the horse for pulling light two-wheeled chariots and made these vehicles a mainstay of their field armies. Egyptian engravings of the Battle of Kadesh show three men in the Hittite chariots using spears, but other evidence suggests that they carried only a driver and archer. Perhaps the chariot archer replaced the chariot javelin thrower. Hittite chariot armies were feared by most of their contemporaries.

Decline and fall

Following the establishment of peace with Egypt around 1280 BC, there ensued 80 years of relative peace and prosperity for much of the civilized world. During the great catastrophe circa 1200 BC, however, the Hittite empire was suddenly destroyed. The fortifications at Hattusas were thrown down and the city burned. Stone sculptures were smashed apart. It is not known by whom, but it is possible that the Hittite armies fell off in ability during decades of relative peace while the growing riches of the empire made it an ever more attractive target, probably to barbarians from the west and north. The Kaskans, barbarians from the Russian steppes, penetrated the empire around 1300 BC and plundered Hattusas. They may have returned to finish the job for good.

Legacy

The legacy of the Hittites is limited because they were lost as a culture until rediscovered only recently. They are remembered in the Bible as relatively small but sturdy warriors, but for little else. A small remembrance of the Hittites is their pointed shoes with turned-up toes seen in many carvings and reliefs that survive. This style of shoe is still seen occasionally in Turkey as ceremonial dress.

赫梯文明（公元前2000至1200年）

赫梯帝國及其文明程度是近一百年才被重新認(rèn)識的，赫梯曾經(jīng)在舊約中被多次提及，但人們一般認(rèn)為這只是個小部落。土耳其和敘利亞的土地挖掘以及銘文和重塑的粘土片的解密，才揭示了赫梯人曾經(jīng)是埃及的對手，巴比倫的征服者。

位置

赫梯帝國以小亞細(xì)亞（現(xiàn)代的土耳其）為中心，最大時，從安納托利亞愛琴海沿岸向東延伸到幼發(fā)拉底河，東南向敘利亞延伸至大馬士革，南部沿著黎凡特，地中海的東岸延伸。赫梯國王摩蘇里在公元前1600年攻克巴比倫，但并沒有試圖控制這個地區(qū)。歷史學(xué)家不知道赫梯人起源的地方，或者他們?nèi)绾蔚竭_(dá)小亞細(xì)亞地區(qū)。他們的語言研究表明，可能來自于歐洲起源，并且在公元前2000年左右的某個時候從巴爾干半島向南并且向東來到了黑海的岸邊。

首都

最大的赫梯首都是哈圖薩斯，位于黑海內(nèi)陸現(xiàn)在土耳其中北部城市伯加斯季城外。這個城市曾經(jīng)是哈替的首都，這個小王國在公元前1900年左右被赫梯人征服，赫梯人的名字就來自于此。首都在公元前1500年搬到哈圖薩斯，因其巨大的城墻和崎嶇的地形而被記住。

發(fā)展壯大

約公元前2000年，赫梯進(jìn)入小亞細(xì)亞時，該地區(qū)人口眾多，只有小而復(fù)雜的王國，每個不超過一千人。赫梯人在公元前1900年左右開始擴(kuò)張王國，利用武力和外交手段，使小亞細(xì)亞地區(qū)的對手的城邦和王國得到控制。赫梯經(jīng)過了幾個擴(kuò)張和收縮的階段，直到公元前1400年左右。當(dāng)時，幾個強(qiáng)大的國王連續(xù)將帝國擴(kuò)展到整個小亞細(xì)亞，進(jìn)入敘利亞，并到達(dá)了幼發(fā)拉底河。向敘利亞的推進(jìn)引發(fā)了赫梯與埃及的軍事沖突，埃及人也試圖控制這一地區(qū)。幾代以來，埃及和赫梯一直是外交和軍事對手。公元前1300年發(fā)生的卡疊什戰(zhàn)役就是在這兩個超級大國間進(jìn)行的，并且在埃及留下了大幅壁畫、史詩和官方的書面記錄。經(jīng)過幾十年艱難的對峙，也許是為了應(yīng)對東部亞述力量的增長，兩國簽署了和平條約和互防條約，條約的副本被刻在卡納克神廟的墻壁上，現(xiàn)在也可以閱讀。這兩個國家的考古學(xué)家都發(fā)現(xiàn)了這個條約的粘土和銀片副本。

經(jīng)濟(jì)

赫梯帝國國境包含了廣泛的草地平原、山脈、海岸、河谷和沙漠等多種地理環(huán)境，他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)主要依靠糧食和養(yǎng)羊，同時也有大量的銀、銅、鉛礦。他們是熟練的金屬工人，也是最早的制鐵者之一，雖然在他們的時代，鐵比黃金更有價值，且數(shù)量上無法比較。他們是美索不達(dá)米亞的銅和青銅的重要提供者，當(dāng)他們試圖通過敘利亞、黎凡特、幼發(fā)拉底河上游地區(qū)的影響來控制這一領(lǐng)域的貿(mào)易時，就與埃及人發(fā)生了沖突。

宗教與文化

位于宮殿所在的山丘下方的哈圖薩斯大神廟是帝國的宗教中心。赫梯國王也是王國的大祭司，將他的時間分給了政府、宗教義務(wù)和征服之間，國王的雙重角色有助于統(tǒng)一各國人民的文化。每一年，國王大祭司都大量出席主持節(jié)日活動。這些個人的出席帶來了豐厚的報酬，并且?guī)椭€(wěn)定了這個區(qū)域。赫梯的宗教是多神論的，它容忍其他信仰，靈活的讓新征服的人民的新神被崇拜，他們的最高神特舒斯就是被借來的。與他們在圣經(jīng)中和埃及的同時代的人來比，赫梯文化到目前為止，只有幾個青銅和石質(zhì)小雕像、印章刻像和巖石雕刻展現(xiàn)他們的藝術(shù)能力。他們的藝術(shù)品中，雙頭鷹成為了后來奧地利和俄羅斯的國家象征，是最持久的一個。他們使用楔形文字作為自己的象形文字，他們也將巴比倫的法律模式化，盡管他們認(rèn)為巴比倫的法律太嚴(yán)厲。

政府

一些研究人員認(rèn)為，赫梯早期政府使用了君主立憲制度。潘庫斯，可能是貴族的聚會，監(jiān)督國王的法律活動，并有權(quán)根據(jù)需要廢除和選出國王。因為公元前1500年左右，他們沒有繼承法。所以在此之前，一個國王的死亡經(jīng)常引發(fā)權(quán)力斗爭。貴族的權(quán)威在帝國開始成長，并通過了繼承法后逐漸消失。帝國時期，赫梯的統(tǒng)治者被稱為大王。每年各地統(tǒng)治者都將禮物送到哈圖薩斯來表現(xiàn)他們的忠誠。作為軍事保護(hù)和有利的貿(mào)易地位回報，邊境的城邦向帝國捐錢并提供軍隊。

外交

在粘土片上保存的廣泛的記錄和通信已經(jīng)揭示了關(guān)于赫梯的很多外交政治細(xì)節(jié)，將赫梯與兩個最著名的古代事件聯(lián)系起來而解密——從伊利亞特攻克傳奇的特洛伊城到埃及男孩法老圖坦卡蒙的死亡。向小亞細(xì)亞東海岸的一個城市發(fā)出的一枚外交信件幫助發(fā)現(xiàn)了特洛伊城的遺址。公元前1353年，最偉大的赫梯國王蘇皮魯流馬一世圍困了卡切米什城，控制了幼發(fā)拉底河的重要牧場和貿(mào)易路線。圍困期間，他收到了圖坦卡蒙留下的妻子安科塞納姆的一封信，埃及王后要求蘇皮魯流馬派他的一個兒子成為她的新丈夫和埃及之王，這是通過婚姻而建立的非常重要的聯(lián)盟。然而，蘇皮魯流馬花了太長時間來調(diào)查和談判。一名埃及的祭司牧師奪取了寡婦和王位，直到70年后，兩國之間的和平才得以安排。

軍事

赫梯的步兵廣泛使用強(qiáng)大的煣制弓和青銅箭頭，現(xiàn)存的藝術(shù)作品描繪了赫梯士兵，身材矮小，胡子粗大，穿著獨特的尖靴子。對于近距離戰(zhàn)斗，他們使用匕首、長矛、鐮刀劍以及像人手的戰(zhàn)斧。士兵們攜帶青銅長方形盾牌，帶著耳環(huán)和青銅錐形頭盔，后面有一個保護(hù)脖子的延伸。他們顯然非常有能力進(jìn)行圍困和攻擊抵抗的城市。他們可能首先采用了馬拉輕型雙輪車，并使這些戰(zhàn)車成為野戰(zhàn)部隊的支柱。埃及雕刻的卡疊什戰(zhàn)役中表示赫梯戰(zhàn)車上有三名男子使用矛，但其他證據(jù)表明，他們只攜帶司機(jī)和弓箭手。也許戰(zhàn)車射手取代了戰(zhàn)車標(biāo)槍手。赫梯戰(zhàn)車也成為了大多數(shù)競爭者的困擾。

衰落與滅亡

隨著公元前1280年與埃及建立了和平協(xié)約，大部分文明世界維持了80年的相對和平與繁榮，但是在公元前1200年的大災(zāi)難中，赫梯帝國被突然摧毀。哈圖薩斯的防御工事被破壞，城市被燒，石雕也被砸碎，不知道是誰干的。但是赫梯人在幾十年的和平中，軍隊喪失能力也有可能，而帝國日益增長的財富使其成為一個有吸引力的目標(biāo)。可能是來自西方和北方的野蠻人，來自俄羅斯草原的卡斯克人在公元前1300年左右滲透到赫梯帝國，掠奪了哈圖薩斯，他們之后可能回去完成其他的掠奪工作了。

遺產(chǎn)

赫梯人的遺產(chǎn)是有限的，因為他們失去了整個文化，直到前不久才重新被發(fā)現(xiàn)。他們在圣經(jīng)中被記成了小但堅實的戰(zhàn)士，還有一點就是赫梯人的尖鞋子，在許多現(xiàn)存的雕刻和物品中存在著尖鞋子。這種風(fēng)格的鞋子現(xiàn)在在土耳其也作為一種禮服出現(xiàn)。

這是帝國時代一相關(guān)文明說明文件翻譯的第（6/12）部：

1.埃及：CV13647116?

2.希臘：CV13828033

3.巴比倫：CV13907052

4.亞述：CV13984562

5.米諾斯：CV14070144

6.赫梯：本篇

7.腓尼基：

8.蘇美爾：

9.波斯：

10.商：

11.朝鮮：

12.大和：?