The world has lost 68 percent of its wildlife populations in under 50 years.

在不到50年時間里68%的野生動物從地球上消失。

And there are people around the world working to protect and grow the wildlife that is left.

世界各地的工作者正在努力保護、培育幸存的野生動物。

In Africa, however, the approach to conserving this wildlife has almost always involved a separation of people from nature, the involvement,

然而，非洲的野生動物保護工作往往將人類與自然割裂開，當(dāng)?shù)厝酥荒軈⑴c其中，

but never leadership, from local people, and a problem statement that has often come from outside our continent.

而不能領(lǐng)導(dǎo)工作，另外，提出問題的往往不是非洲人。

Basically years ago, colonial governments decided that we, as Africans, were not fit to take care of our own wildlife.

多年前，殖民政府決議，非洲人自己并不適合保護野生動物。

And so people who had lived alongside wildlife for generations were removed from their ancestral lands and called new names.

因此，生生世世與野生動物相依而居的人們被迫離開自己祖先居住的土地。

Poachers, encroachers, squatters.

還被冠以新的名號：偷獵者、侵占者、非法占有者。

The story of conservation, as a result, has almost always then involved only a foreign scientist with a clipboard or a guy in green with a gun,

所以，野生動物保護的故事大都是個拿著寫字板夾的外國專家，或者是一個手持槍械、

there to protect that wildlife from everyone else.

身穿綠衣的人來保護野生動物不受他人侵害。

The rest of us have never existed in this story.

故事中沒有我們其他人。

And those who came to save species, came from the outside.

而那些動物保護專家都是外來的。

And when they came, they were labeled heroes.

人們稱這些外來的動物保護專家為英雄。

They had to teach local people how to live alongside wildlife on the fringes of wild lands that they used to own.

他們站在當(dāng)?shù)厝嗽鴵碛械耐恋厣现笇?dǎo)他們?nèi)绾闻c野生動物共生。

This has created two distinct problems.

這就出現(xiàn)了兩個明顯問題。

One, because we don't often tell our own stories,

第一，因為我們很少講述自己的故事。

it means that those who are closest to the wildlife are not seen as invested in conserving that wildlife compared to those who've come from the outside.

所以最親近野生動物的人對野生動物的付出鮮為人知，相比之下，外來者的投入更為人所知。

And because foreign conservationists have sometimes not taken into consideration the needs of local people,

還有，由于外來環(huán)保主義者有時并沒有考慮當(dāng)?shù)厝说男枨螅?/p>

they are then seen as caring more for animal life than for human life.

他們被視為關(guān)心動物多于關(guān)心人類。

If we do not change this approach to conservation in Africa, we will lose all of our wildlife and with it, a part of our humanity.

如果非洲野生動物保護的政策不變，我們就會失去所有野生動物，我們部分的人性也將隨之消失。

I believe that the time for Africans to define conservation ourselves has come.

我相信，非洲人自己定義野生動物保護時機已經(jīng)到了。

And when Africa leads its own conservation efforts,

非洲人自己領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的保護工作，

we will not only restore our wildlife populations but our land and our cultures and our broken relationship with nature.

不僅要恢復(fù)野生動物數(shù)量，還要捍衛(wèi)我們的土地、我們的文化，修復(fù)我們與自然破碎的關(guān)系。

Through my work with Ewaso Lions, an organization based in northern Kenya doing lion conservation, I am working with a group of people who,

我與埃瓦索獅子合作，這是肯尼亞北部的一個獅子保護工作組織，

together we are co-designing what that conservation could look like.

我和我的同事一起繪制野生動物保護的藍圖。

But first, a little about myself.

但是首先，我來介紹一下自己。

I grew up in a crumbling bungalow in the heart of Nairobi, Kenya's capital city.

我在內(nèi)羅畢市中心的一個破舊小平房里長大，內(nèi)羅畢是肯尼亞的首都。

Long before it was called Nairobi by the Maasai, the nomadic pastoralists where I get my heritage, they had called it a different name.

早在馬賽部落稱它為內(nèi)羅畢之前，游牧民族，我的文化遺產(chǎn)的來源，我的祖先用一個不同名字稱呼內(nèi)羅畢：

Nakusontelon.

納庫森特隆。

The beginning of all beauty.

“所有美麗的起點”。

As they would graze their cows and goats on the banks of the river, they would watch the evening sun creep down the acacia trees.

他們在河邊放牧著牛羊，看著夕陽西下，映照金合歡的樹影。

That was their vision of beauty.

那就是他們心中的美好。

Centuries later, I would do the same.

幾百年后的我目睹同樣美好的事物。

I would watch the monkeys in the giant trees.

我看見生活在大樹上的猴子。

And colorful birds would call to each other in the morning.

色彩斑斕的鳥兒每天早晨相互呼喚。

In October, when the nandi flame trees would drop the last of their fiery orangy flowers, that we would use for hopscotch in school,

十月，南迪火焰樹落下最后一朵火焰般的橘色花朵，我們撿起來，用它在學(xué)校玩跳房子，

there would be thousands and thousands of jacaranda trees in full bloom across the city, reminding us that it was the start of exam season.

整座城市里，數(shù)不清的藍花楹木的花朵爭相開放，提醒著我們考試周馬上就要到了。

Have you studied?

你復(fù)習(xí)了嗎？

Are you ready?

你準(zhǔn)備好了嗎？

They seemed to say.

它們好像在對我們說。

We were just a part of nature.

我們就是自然的一部分。

It was just a fact.

事實就是這樣。

And then the chainsaws came.

后來，那群人拿著電鋸來到這里。

They cut down so much of what I loved.

他們砍倒了許多我心愛的樹木，

They cut down my memories.

還帶走了我的回憶。

And they have kept coming not just to my city, but to places around the world.

他們不僅來到我的城市，還去到世界其他地方，

And not just for trees, but for everything.

不僅砍伐樹木，還在自然界搞別的破壞。

Let me put some numbers here so you understand what I mean.

我來用一組數(shù)據(jù)解釋。

Lions have lost 92 percent of the area that they used to roam in Africa.

非洲的獅子已經(jīng)失去了92%的生存空間。

Out of a possible 100,000 lions maybe just a century ago, there are now only about 20,000 lions left in Africa.

一百年前，非洲獅子的數(shù)量大致是十萬只，而現(xiàn)在只剩下大約兩萬只了。

And in Kenya, there are only 2,500 lions left or thereabouts.

而在肯尼亞，獅子只有大約2500只了。

So what do you do when you're confronted with such loss?

要如何應(yīng)對如此大的損失？

The answer for me was to study.

我的答案是努力學(xué)習(xí)。

And so at the University of Nairobi, equipped with new zoological expertise,

我在內(nèi)羅畢大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)了最新的動物學(xué)專業(yè)知識，

I was informed that I could go out and teach local people how to live alongside wildlife.

有人對我說，我可以去指導(dǎo)當(dāng)?shù)厝巳绾闻c野生動物共存了。

Where did that thinking come from, that I could go out and teach people how to live?

讓我去教別人該怎么生活，這怎么可能？

At the University of Oxford, I took my studies further.

我前往牛津大學(xué)繼續(xù)深造。

And I really began to unearth the conservation models that had led us to this point.

我才真正開始摸索到今天這一步的保護模式。

And while my studies have provided a frame with which to view what was happening,

雖然我的研究為觀察現(xiàn)狀提供了框架，

it is really on the ground in my country doing the work that I have gained the most perspective and clarity.

但只有在我的國家腳踏實地地工作時，我才有了更多視角和清晰的認知。

In the Samburu region of northern Kenya, there's still little separation between people and wildlife and livestock.

在肯尼亞北部桑布魯?shù)貐^(qū)，人與野生動物、家畜相處融洽。

Here, you can still hear the cow bells clanging as a little boy brings his goats to water on the mighty Ewaso Ng'iro river.

這里有男童牽著羊群到美麗的埃瓦索恩吉羅河邊飲水，羊群的鈴鐺叮鈴作響，

And behind him, nibbling on the tops of trees, are giraffes.

長頸鹿在后咀嚼著樹葉，

And behind that, the rumble of elephants.

大象在更遠處發(fā)出低沉的聲響。

It is here that I have found a group of people who are pushing back on that narrative,

我就是在這里遇見了一群伙伴，他們抵制排除當(dāng)?shù)厝恕?/p>

that excludes us and tells us that we're not fit to lead and really building true community-led conservation.

當(dāng)?shù)厝藷o法領(lǐng)導(dǎo)保護工作的諸多言論，并真正設(shè)立社區(qū)主導(dǎo)的野生動物保護工作。

There is so much to this approach that I believe, could be important to form the new Kenyan and the new African conservation.

我相信這套方法可以真正建設(shè)肯尼亞乃至整個非洲的新野生動物保護政策。

So let me share some of those things.

我來分享幾個故事。

First, out with parachute conservation and in with indigenous local leadership.

首先，拒絕“空降保護”，捍衛(wèi)本地領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。

Parachute conservation might be a new term for some.

也許有些人沒有聽說過空降保護。

But it's just that old superhero story.

但這不過就是老掉牙的超級英雄故事。

You jet in, you have all the answers.

一個超級英雄手握所有答案從天而降，

You employ a few people to effect your solutions.

雇傭幾個人來實施自己的計劃，

And then you leave or you never hand over.

隨后就直接離開，或者一直不把權(quán)利轉(zhuǎn)交給別人。

And the world labels you a hero.

然后世人都說他是個英雄。

This sort of conservation is so detrimental.

這樣的保護手段有明顯弊端。

Because it means that local people will forever be the helpers or the local informants, and never the leaders and the decision makers.

這意味著當(dāng)?shù)厝擞肋h只能打打下手、提供信息，卻不能成為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者、決策者。

And when that happens, people lose.

發(fā)生這樣的事情，我們就輸?shù)袅诉@場游戲。

And when people lose, wildlife loses.

人們一旦被打敗，野生動物也隨之被打敗。

So what's a better way?

那么有什么更好的方法呢？

Let me give you an example.

我來舉個例子。

One of the first people to join the Ewaso Lions project was Jeneria Lekilelei, a young Samburu warrior at the time, and now a junior elder.

耶內(nèi)利亞·萊基萊萊是埃瓦索獅子項目的創(chuàng)始成員之一，他當(dāng)時是一名年輕桑布魯部落勇士，現(xiàn)在是一名初級長老。

Now this is not some crazy thing you wouldn't understand.

這些瘋狂的事情你們可能無法理解。

A Samburu warrior is just a young man between the ages of 15 and 30 or thereabouts.

桑布魯部落勇士是大約15-30歲的年輕人，

And it is his job to take care of the family's livestock.

負責(zé)照顧家族養(yǎng)的牲畜。

The Samburu and the Maasai are brother tribes.

桑布魯和馬賽是兄弟部落。

But while I have lost quite a lot of my Maasai heritage to city life, Jeneria still lives a very traditional Samburu life.

雖然城市生活方式已經(jīng)代替了我的許多馬賽傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗，但是耶內(nèi)利亞仍然過著非常傳統(tǒng)的桑布魯部落生活。

And so while I was at home, watching David Attenborough and loving lions, Jeneria was hating lions.

所以，我在家里看英國自然紀(jì)錄片主持人大衛(wèi)·愛登堡的節(jié)目，喜歡著獅子的時候，耶內(nèi)利亞卻憎恨著獅子。

He saw them as the killers of his cows.

在他眼里獅子是牛群的殺手。

And it's understandable that when a lion comes along and takes the family cow or the family camel, there's going to be anger.

這是能理解的，因為獅子會吃掉家族飼養(yǎng)養(yǎng)的牛、駱駝，

And people will go out and kill lions.

人們發(fā)怒了就會去捕殺獅子。

But Jeneria had an idea.

但是耶內(nèi)利亞有了一個主意。

He wanted to involve warriors like himself in conservation.

他希望自己這樣的勇士加入保護的隊伍。

He knew that these warriors had the exact skills to track and kill lions every time they'd go after livestock.

他知道，部落勇士們技術(shù)高超，能夠在獅子傷害家畜后跟蹤、捕殺獅子。

He also knew that these warriors had never been brought to the decision-making table.

他也知道這群勇士從未坐上決策椅。

And so he brought them.

所以耶內(nèi)利亞請勇士們一起來決策。

And he said: Instead of us tracking lions to kill them, let us track lions and then tell every other herder where these lions are,

他說，“我們應(yīng)該追蹤獅子，告知其他放牧者獅子生活的區(qū)域，而不應(yīng)該捕殺獅子。

so that livestock are safe and lions are safe.

這樣家畜和獅子都是安全的。

And they can share the space.

這樣他們就可以共存?！?br>

And it is through Jeneria's Warrior Watch program that he has worked with these warriors as conservation leaders.

通過耶內(nèi)利亞與勇士們領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的勇士守望項目，

And they have saved lions hundreds of times in this way.

他們用這種方式拯救獅子數(shù)百次。

And Jeneria, as the director of community conservation, has worked with his community over these years.

耶內(nèi)利亞作為社區(qū)主導(dǎo)保護工作的負責(zé)人，幾年來與整個社區(qū)共同努力，

And the Samburu lion population has tripled.

使桑布魯部落的獅子數(shù)量翻了三倍。

Next, let us stop merely involving women.

下一步，讓女性不僅僅是參與者。

Women must be as much part of the solution as men.

女性一定要在保護工作中擁有與男性同等的地位。

And if our imagination for 50 percent of the world's human population ends at involvement, we have already lost.

如果我們對世界50%人口的想象力僅僅停止在參與工作，我們就已經(jīng)輸了。

So women where I work demanded to be part of conservation.

所以，與我共事的女性強烈要求加入保護工作。

They said...

她們說——

They did this, not just because they saw the men.

自己這么做，不僅是因為看見了男人的工作，

But because they have a historical stake in the game.

還有一個歷史原因。

In the Samburu creation story, wildlife belong to women.

桑布魯?shù)纳裨捁适轮?，野生動物屬于女人?/p>

So the story goes that all the animals in the world at the beginning of time belong to the Samburu, and they were all livestock.

故事是這樣說的：在很久很久以前，桑布魯擁有世界上所有動物，那時這些動物都是家畜。

The men were apparently very good livestock keepers, whereas the women were terrible and irresponsible.

顯然男人擅于飼養(yǎng)家畜，而女人既糟糕又不負責(zé)任，

And they let the livestock out of the enclosure.

把家畜都放出去了。

And donkeys became zebras.

就這樣，驢子變成了斑馬。

And camels became giraffes.

駱駝變成了長頸鹿。

And that's how the wildlife of the world came to be.

世界上的野生動物就是這樣而來的。

So these women took this myth and they said: We are turning this patriarchal myth on its head.

因此女人們面對這樣的神話故事說，“我們要徹底顛覆這父權(quán)制的神話。

We are the people who own the wildlife.

既然野生動物屬于我們。

And so you're doing wildlife conservation?

你在做野生動物保護工作嗎？

Then that's our business.

那是我們該做的事?！?/p>

And one of them who said this was Munteli, who is the coordinator of the Mother of Lions program.

蒙泰利就是其中一員，她是獅子之母項目的負責(zé)人，

The Mama Simba program.

辛巴媽媽項目。

So Munteli said that as part of their work providing lion locations and forming a home network, that all the women, including herself,

蒙泰利說，她們的工作之一是確定獅子的位置，建立家庭網(wǎng)絡(luò)，

need to be taught to read and write.

因此包括她的所有女性都要學(xué)習(xí)讀寫。

And so they were attending class once a week.

所以她們每星期上一次課。

And then Munteli came back and said: Actually, you know, we have far overtaken the men.

蒙泰利回來對我們說，“實際上我們早就超過男人了。

So we have built an enclosure in our village.

我們在村子里建立了一處場地，

Bring your teacher and bring your whiteboard.

把你們的老師請過來，帶上白板，

We want lessons four times a week.

我們想一周上四次課?！?/p>

And so the women were learning.

就這樣女人開始上課了。

And then Munteli came back and said: You people are not letting me do my work.

接下來蒙泰利又說，“我還是不能好好工作啊，

I need to reach women in so many other villages.

我得和那么多其他村子的女人打交道?！?/p>

And so we asked her: Munteli, what would you like?

我們問她：“蒙泰利，你需要什么呢？”

And she said: Teach me how to drive.

她說，“教我開車吧?！?/p>

Munteli is now one of the first traditional Samburu women to drive a car.

現(xiàn)在，蒙泰利是第一批會開車的傳統(tǒng)桑布魯女人。

In her region.

在她的地區(qū)。

And she, after just learning how to read and write just a few years ago, she texts lion locations in three different languages.

她幾年前剛剛學(xué)會閱讀寫字，現(xiàn)在她能用三種語言發(fā)信息交流獅子的位置。

She has proved that the impossible is now possible.

她將不可能的事情變成了可能。

She has expanded the room for women to participate in conservation.

她擴大了女性參與保護工作的空間。

And there is room for all of them.

現(xiàn)在人人都有機會參與。

Conservation is about people.

保護工作與人類息息相關(guān)。

I have learned that the people who are keeping lions roaming in Kenya today are warriors and women and children and elders.

我認識到今天讓獅子暢游在肯尼亞的大地上的人是勇士、女人、兒童和老人。

They are people educated by their culture.

他們是受傳統(tǒng)文化滋養(yǎng)的人。

They are urbanites with a respect for that culture.

他們是尊重傳統(tǒng)文化的城市居民。

And as more Africans allow co-existence to happen in our spaces,

在這里，隨著更多非洲人與野生動物共存，

we will turn back the clock on wildlife declines and really make life better for all of us.

我們就能逆轉(zhuǎn)野生動物數(shù)量下降的趨勢，真正讓我們的生活更美好。

It is time for conservation to be broad.

現(xiàn)在是時候擴大保護工作的范疇了，

Broad enough not just to include a species in trouble,

不但要保護一個瀕危物種，

but our land and our cultures, our innovation, our story, us.

還要保護我們的土地，我們的文化，我們的創(chuàng)造，我們的故事，我們自己。

Who we were, who we are and who we want to be.

我們的過去，我們的現(xiàn)在，我們希冀的未來。