The most evident drawback★缺點(diǎn) of government by a single

person is the absence of the successive★連續(xù)的 replacements which,?

in the two other forms, ensure uninterrupted continuity. A king

dies, another is required;?

-

his selection leaves a dangerous interval★間隔; troubles can develop,?

and unless the citizens show a degree of disinterestedness公正無私 and?

integrity正直 that this form of government hardly encourages, plots陰謀?

and corruption play their part.

What remedies have been devised for these ills?

-

the risks of being ruled by children, monsters?

or imbeciles愚人 have been preferred to the necessity?

of debating the choice of a good king.

(也不愿意討論選擇一個好國王的必要性)

As Plato says, it is so rare to find a man who is a king

by nature, how often will nature and chance combine to put

one on the throne??

Everyone knows that when we have a bad government we must?

put up with容忍 it;the question is how to find a good one.

---Chapter vii:Mixed Forms of Government---

STRICTLY speaking, no simple form of government exists.

-

A single leader must have subordinate officers;?

a government of the people must have a leader.?

-

Thus in the distribution of executive power there is always?

a gradation等級, going from the larger number to the smaller,?

the variation★變化 being that sometimes the larger number depends?

on the smaller, and sometimes the smaller on the larger.

★★cohesion：凝聚力

--Chapter viii:That Not All Forms of Government Are Suitable for Every Country

FREEDOM is not a product of every climate, and is?

not within the reach of every people民族.

Under every government throughout the world the public

person consumes, but does not produce.

-

Where then does the substance it consumes come from?

From the work of the members of the public.?

-

The subsistence of the public person is

provided from the surplus過剩 produced by individuals.?

Moreover, not all governments are of the same nature;?

they are more or less voracious貪婪的;

THe burden must not be measured by the amount of tax?

imposed, but by the distance it travels before it?

returns to the people who paid it. (？？)

-

When the redistribution再分配 is rapid and well organized, it?

does not matter whether the payments are large or small;?

the people is always rich and the finances healthy.

-

By contrast, when the amounts

given in tax, however small they may be, do not return to those

who pay, the constant giving soon impoverishes them; the state

is never rich and the people always destitute赤貧的.

-

From this it follows that tax contributions become the more

burdensome ★as the distance between people and government

increases.

Thus in a democracy the burden on the people is

least; in an aristocracy, it is greater; and it?

is heaviest in a monarchy.?

-

Monarchy is only suitable, therefore, to very prosperous繁榮的?

nations; aristocracy to states whose wealth and extent are?

both moderate適度的/中等的; and democracy to states that are?

small and poor.

The more one reflects on this point, indeed, the greater the

difference it seems to make between free states and monarchies.

-

In the former, everything is made to serve the common

interest; in the latter, public and private resources are in a

relation of reciprocity相互性, one becoming greater as the?

other diminishes.?

-

At the extreme, despotism reduces its subjects to

poverty in order to govern them, instead of governing?

them in the aim of making them happy.