?開篇聲明：

? 由于http://btvt.info上由原作者Andrey Tarasenko先生團(tuán)隊(duì)所著文章被大陸大量不明引用源抄襲甚至斷章取義，為了避免誤人子弟以及造成更惡劣的影響，因此經(jīng)過部分授權(quán)對(duì)原作者該篇文章進(jìn)行完整搬運(yùn)。期間也會(huì)進(jìn)行個(gè)人的補(bǔ)充與評(píng)價(jià)，力圖使讀者能對(duì)蘇聯(lián)未來主戰(zhàn)坦克計(jì)劃中本該帶領(lǐng)蘇聯(lián)陸軍裝甲部隊(duì)進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)的這些主戰(zhàn)坦克與整個(gè)計(jì)劃管中窺豹，對(duì)蘇聯(lián)的設(shè)計(jì)藝術(shù)與工業(yè)美學(xué)有初步了解。很明顯，即使是這輛車本身也絕非是一兩百字就能敷衍寫完然后隨便扣一個(gè)基于粗鄙認(rèn)知的評(píng)價(jià)的。這輛車以及背后的設(shè)計(jì)思路之精妙遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不是什么“奇葩”這樣的侮辱性詞語及其使用者所配描述的（尤其是連直接抄這篇都能抄廢了的情況下），其可能缺乏最基本的教養(yǎng)和建立在常識(shí)與受教育水平上的專業(yè)知識(shí)。

? 最后，再次感謝原作者Andrey Tarasenko的傾力付出，與那些為一個(gè)又一個(gè)計(jì)劃付出心血的，或聞名遐邇或默默無聞的蘇聯(lián)坦克設(shè)計(jì)工作者。無論如何，創(chuàng)作這篇文章所使用的大量文字與第一手圖片素材資料絕非一日之功。

免責(zé)&權(quán)利聲明: 全文中非個(gè)人注釋段落均為原作者個(gè)人原文，不完全代表本人（轉(zhuǎn)載翻譯）自身的立場(chǎng)與想法，因而本人并不為該文造成的一切后果負(fù)責(zé)，但同時(shí)本人及原作者仍然保留對(duì)侵權(quán)行為進(jìn)行追責(zé)的權(quán)利。本文版權(quán)素材禁止非授權(quán)運(yùn)用。

前篇 : ?CV13644399

（書接上回）……

Protection?防護(hù)

?04.04.74. Proskuryakov (VNIITM): - Protection should be differentiated and provide a firing?angle of ± 25///35 degrees.? Types of protection: armor, active protection and disguise.? Armor must be significantly?raised compared to?the products "225" and?"226". It is necessary?to provide protection from?a 120-mm NATO?projectile with an increased?initial velocity.??Without armor we won’t?have?a Tank.? Protection is not decided by the LOS thickness, but?by new solutions.

04.04.74.珀斯卡亞科夫 (VNIITM): -保護(hù)應(yīng)區(qū)分開來，并提供25///35度的射擊角度。防護(hù)類型:裝甲、主動(dòng)防護(hù)和偽裝。與“225”和“226”工程相比，裝甲必須大幅提升，有必要提供能防止初速增加的120毫米北約射彈的全面防護(hù)。沒有裝甲，我們就沒有坦克。而防護(hù)不是單純由LOS厚度決定的，而是由新的解決方案決定的。

Maneuverability should be?enhanced by hydromechanical transmission.??Isakov is doing it?now with?VNIITransmash for a 1500 hp engine.? This?should increase the average speeds, reduce?acceleration time, increase controllability, smoothly change the turning radius of the Tank, andensure maximum reversing speed.

機(jī)動(dòng)性應(yīng)該通過液力機(jī)械傳動(dòng)來提高。伊薩科夫現(xiàn)在正在用VNIITransmash為1500馬力的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)做這件事。這應(yīng)該增加平均速度，減少加速時(shí)間，增加可控性，平穩(wěn)地改變坦克的轉(zhuǎn)彎半徑，并確保最大倒車速度。

The?Tank design?solutions of the 21st century paid key attention to ensuring the protection of?Tank components?in accordance with their contribution to combat effectiveness. If the first (fuel) compartment had a frontal counter-missile protection?at the level specified by the?tactical-technical?requirements, then the last compartment (of?the crew) would be practically protected 2-2.5 times higher. Since the?creation of projectiles?with such a level of?armor penetration is impossible in the foreseeable future, this design?scheme?makes it possible to ensure a high?probability of a Tank survival in battle with a minimum mass of armor.

21世紀(jì)的坦克設(shè)計(jì)方案根據(jù)部件對(duì)戰(zhàn)斗力的貢獻(xiàn)，重點(diǎn)關(guān)注它們的防護(hù)。如果第一個(gè)(燃料)艙有技戰(zhàn)術(shù)要求規(guī)定水平的正面反導(dǎo)彈保護(hù)，那么最后一個(gè)艙(乘員艙)的實(shí)際防護(hù)將高出2-2.5倍。由于在可預(yù)見的將來不可能制造出具有如此高裝甲穿透力的射彈，因此這種設(shè)計(jì)方案使得以最小的裝甲重量確保坦克在戰(zhàn)斗中存活的高概率成為可能。

This?approach to development?of a Future Tank was grounded by A. A. Morozov back in the 70-s, after the completion?of the design and?the beginning of the large-scale production?of?the T-64A Tank. Details of?the solutions?are described in the diaries of the design of the?Tank Object “450” on the topic “?101” .

早在70年代，莫洛佐夫基于設(shè)計(jì)完成并大規(guī)模投產(chǎn)的T-64A坦克來嘗試這種開發(fā)未來坦克的方法。決方案的細(xì)節(jié)在主題為“101”的“450工程”坦克的設(shè)計(jì)日記中有所描述。

Scheme?of the Tank (in plan) with sequentially placed compartments:

按順序放置隔間的坦克方案(平面圖):

1 – front hull armmor前部車體裝甲;? 2 - fuel compartment燃料艙;? 3 - fuel compartment cross wall燃料艙橫壁;4 - engine compartment發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)艙;? 5 - cross wall橫壁;? 6 - combat compartment戰(zhàn)斗室;? 7 – ammo compartment partitions彈藥艙隔板;? 8 - compartments of ammunition彈藥艙;??9 - crew compartment cross wall乘員艙橫壁;? 10 - crew compartment乘員艙;? 11 -?firing angle of the most powerful attacking means?α?最強(qiáng)攻擊手段的射擊角度α

The?approach to the?protectionof a future Tank is described in the article?by A. I. Mazurenko, E. A. Morozov.? P. I. Nazarenko "Ways to increase the survivability of the Tank [Russ]."

A.I.馬祖?zhèn)惪啤.A.莫洛佐夫和P.I.納扎連科在《提高坦克生存能力》的方法一文中描述了未來坦克的防護(hù)方式。

1and 2 - with the vertical placement of rounds in two automatic loader conveyors and the expendable mechanism in the center, “blow off” plates are made in the roof of the autoloader compartment;

圖示方案1和2 -將炮彈垂直放置在兩個(gè)自動(dòng)裝彈機(jī)傳送帶上，消耗性機(jī)構(gòu)位于中間，在自動(dòng)裝載機(jī)室的頂部制造泄壓板；

3 - with horizontal placement of rounds in two conveyors. ?Blow off plates are made in the bottom of the compartment of the autoloader. The requirements for protection against top-attack projectiles required a significant increase of top armor of the Future Soviet Tank.

圖示方案3則在兩條傳送帶上水平放置炮彈。自動(dòng)裝彈機(jī)隔間底部設(shè)置有泄壓板。對(duì)頂部來襲射彈的防護(hù)要求讓未來蘇聯(lián)坦克的頂部裝甲顯著增加。

In the early version of the development of the project, the protection of the upper part of the nose assembly of the hull included a plate of steel 80 mm thick set at an angle of 60°. ?A removable package (170 mm/60°) with tandem-installed active protection elements was installed on the plate, which were separated by a 50 mm steel plate. In its idea, such protection was similar to the “Duplet” ERA module installed nowadays on the “Oplot” Tank.

在項(xiàng)目開發(fā)的早期版本中，車體前部組件上方的防護(hù)包括一個(gè)設(shè)置為60度角的80毫米厚鋼板。帶有串聯(lián)安裝的主動(dòng)保護(hù)組件（反應(yīng)裝甲）的可拆卸裝甲(170mm/60)安裝在其上，由50mm鋼板隔開。它的這種防護(hù)類似于現(xiàn)在安裝在“堡壘”坦克上的“利刃”ERA模塊。

Armor protection of the turret was a combined structure with spaced apart (armor), combined with active [reactive] elements (front and side) armor.

炮塔的裝甲防護(hù)是一個(gè)組合結(jié)構(gòu)，由間隔開的(裝甲)和主動(dòng)［反應(yīng)］元素(正面和側(cè)面)裝甲組合而成。

?The equivalent of protection from the upper hemisphere was 180...200 from explosively formed projectiles (EFP) and 600 from Cumulative ammunition (CE). ?The only weak point of the Tank was top of the the turret in its central part,where the protection was 50 mm (5°). ?However, even in the event of the destruction of this section by Cumulative ammunition or EFP, only one of the engines could be put out of action.

對(duì)于車體上半球的防護(hù)，大約是等效180-200mm（末敏彈），600mm（攻頂彈藥）。坦克唯一的弱點(diǎn)是其中心部分的炮塔頂部，那里的防護(hù)是50毫米(只有5度)。然而，即使末敏彈和攻頂彈藥破壞了這一部分，最大概率也只會(huì)有一個(gè)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)可能停止工作。（注:而正常情況下對(duì)方非攻頂彈藥根本不可能擊中這里，所以對(duì)于常規(guī)戰(zhàn)斗而言這幾乎不是弱點(diǎn)）

?The roof of the ammunition compartment represented a combined structure with active elements and multi-layered armor; in the final version, the “ejection plates” were made in the bottom to reduce the weakened protection zones from above.

彈藥艙的頂部是一個(gè)由主動(dòng)防護(hù)和多層裝甲組成的組合結(jié)構(gòu)；在最終版本中，“泄壓板”開設(shè)在底部，以盡量避免削弱頂部防御。

?The outer and central parts in the protective structures of the hull and the turret were made of high-hardness steel, the inner parts were of medium-hardness steel. ?This made it possible to reduce the formation of a fragmentation flow when the penetrating elements were broken through.

車體和炮塔防護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的外部和中部由高硬度鋼制成，內(nèi)部由中硬度鋼制成。這使得在防護(hù)模塊被穿透時(shí)減少碎片流的形成成為可能。

（注:哪怕結(jié)構(gòu)鋼也是防御的重要部分）

The final variant of the design of a 21-st century Tank had combined armor (steel + filler + ?steel + ERA) located at an angle of 80° along all frontal part of the hull, this served both as protection against projectiles attacking from above.

21世紀(jì)坦克設(shè)計(jì)的最后一個(gè)構(gòu)型使用復(fù)合裝甲(鋼+填充物+鋼+ ERA)，沿著車體的所有前部成80度角布置，這既起到正面防護(hù)作用，又能抵御來自上方的射彈攻擊。

a - longitudinal section縱向截面;? b - plan view with the turret and the hull roof removed拆除炮塔和車體頂部后的平面圖;? 1 - cannon主炮;? 2 - turret炮塔; 3 - turret ring race炮塔座圈;? 4 - cover of the automatic loader自動(dòng)裝彈機(jī)蓋;? 5 - crew compartment乘員艙;? 6 - crew stern hatches乘員車尾艙門;? 7 - loader compartment裝彈機(jī)艙;? 8 - engine compartment動(dòng)力室;? 9 - fuel compartment燃料艙;? 10 - Tank hull;? 11, 16 - engines引擎;? 12, 15, 19, 20 - side gearboxes for transmitting power to the driving wheels of the front and rear contours側(cè)變速箱，用于將動(dòng)力傳導(dǎo)至前后主動(dòng)輪;? 13, 14, 18, 21 - the driving wheels of the front and rear contours前后部分的主動(dòng)輪;? 17, 22 - tracks front and rear contours履帶組誘導(dǎo)輪.

The protection arrangement included the layer of active elements of the protection scheme combined with a longitudinal compression of the filler (steel + reactive tile + filler) that improves protection up to ~40%. The total thickness was 260 mm at 80°. the Structure provided protection from munitions ?attacking horizontally, but also protection from ammunition attacking from above.

防護(hù)組合包括方案中的主動(dòng)部分層以及填料(鋼+反應(yīng)裝甲塊+填料)的縱向壓縮，可將防護(hù)提高約40%，總體厚度為260毫米，呈80度布置。該結(jié)構(gòu)提供防止來襲彈藥進(jìn)行水平攻擊時(shí)的防護(hù)，但如前所述也能防止彈藥從上方攻擊。

The compartments of the Tank was separated by 20 mm bulkhead for fuel compartment and systems of the engine compartment. 20 mm bulkhead between 1 and 2 engines. Bulkhead with a size of 50 mm was installed in front of compartment of ammunition and crew. In the bottom of the crew capsule an escape hatch was provided, which also could be transformed in sanitary unit. Protection at the bottom of the hull was also differentiated 20, 50 and 100 mm (combined) in the areas of fuel and engine compartment; compartment of ammunition; crew capsule.

油箱的隔間有用于隔開燃料隔間和引擎系統(tǒng)隔間的20mm隔板，而在1號(hào)與2號(hào)引擎之間也有20毫米隔板，50毫米厚度的隔板則安裝在彈藥和乘員艙的前面。在乘員艙的底部設(shè)置了一個(gè)逃生艙門，也可以在衛(wèi)生單元（注：應(yīng)該就是廁所）中進(jìn)行改造。在燃料和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)艙區(qū)域、彈藥艙和載員艙，車體底部的保護(hù)也有所區(qū)別，分別為20、50和100毫米。

該圖為由鋼鐵科學(xué)研究所開發(fā)的幾種反應(yīng)裝甲塊（1990年代）。中間的為32Э，左邊的組件則是Gofr。未來反應(yīng)組件的尺寸是4C22系列的一半，有可能提供更大的防護(hù)面積。

Mobility 機(jī)動(dòng)性

Located in the middle part of the Tank, in front of the crew compartment, the power plant provided additional protection for the crew. ?The four-tracked undercarriage, due to such a layout scheme, significantly increases the survivability of the Tank during mine explosions. ?Increased survivability also contributes to the separate execution of systems serving each engine.

動(dòng)力裝置位于坦克的中部，乘員艙的前面，為乘員提供了額外的保護(hù)。由于這種布局方案，四履帶底盤顯著提高了坦克在地雷爆炸中的生存能力。增加的生存能力也有助于為每個(gè)引擎服務(wù)的系統(tǒng)（在戰(zhàn)斗中的）的單獨(dú)運(yùn)作。

On the basis of a Tank with two engines a family of vehicles using one or two engine can be created, depending on the type and purpose of the machine, on the mass and power consumed by the equipment (IFV, missile Tank and so on).

在具有兩個(gè)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的坦克的基礎(chǔ)上，可以根據(jù)機(jī)械的類型和用途、設(shè)備消耗的質(zhì)量和功率(步兵戰(zhàn)車、導(dǎo)彈坦克等)創(chuàng)建使用一個(gè)或兩個(gè)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的車輛系列。（注：即490車族）

Requirements for mobility of Tanks are constantly increasing. ?It is assumed that the average speed of the Tank of the near future when driving on dry dirt roads should be 50...55 km/h. ?To achieve this speed, the specific power of the Tank must be at least 21...23 kW /t, and the maximum speed provided by the speed range of the transmission 80...90 km / h.

對(duì)坦克機(jī)動(dòng)性的要求不斷提高。假設(shè)在不久的將來，坦克在干燥的土路上行駛時(shí)的平均速度為50至55公里/小時(shí)。要達(dá)到這個(gè)速度，油箱的比功率必須至少為21至23 kW /t，以及由變速器在理論速度范圍內(nèi)提供的最大速度，即80至90公里/小時(shí)。

Overcoming natural and artificial obstacles, making passages using attached and built-in equipment requires an additional increase in the power of the power plant.

克服自然和人為障礙，使用附屬和內(nèi)置設(shè)備建造通道，則需要額外增加動(dòng)力裝置的功率。

One of the important measures to protect the Tank is to increase mobility for the purpose of effective maneuvering under fire (including reversing, without exposing the vulnerable rear of the Tank). ?Studies show that due to defensive maneuvering on the battlefield, the probability of hitting a Tank decreases by 2-4 times, security increases by 1.5-2 times. ?This applies in particular to protection against guided missiles. Thus, to increase the mobility of a Tank with a predicted weight (over 54 tons), a power unit with a capacity of 1320...1470 kW is required.

保護(hù)坦克的重要措施之一是增加機(jī)動(dòng)性，以便在炮火下進(jìn)行有效機(jī)動(dòng)(包括倒車，而不暴露坦克脆弱的后部)。研究表明，由于戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上的防御機(jī)動(dòng)，擊中坦克的概率降低了2-4倍，安全性提高了1.5-2倍，這尤其適用于防御導(dǎo)彈。因此，為了增加預(yù)計(jì)重量(超過54噸)的坦克的機(jī)動(dòng)性，需要一個(gè)單位達(dá)到1320至1470千瓦的動(dòng)力裝置。

High dynamic qualities of the Tanks in the capacity range combined with good fuel economy under light loads, it is possible to provide motors with two power levels (4TD – 800 and 1000 HP).

兩種功率水平的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)（4TD—800與1000馬力）能為坦克在能力范圍內(nèi)的高動(dòng)力品質(zhì)與輕負(fù)載下良好的燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性帶來可能。

The second, lower, power level required for economical operation of the Tank with limited speed and relatively light traffic conditions.

第二個(gè)較低的功率水平，能在有限的速度和相對(duì)較輕的通過條件下，使坦克經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行。

For future Tanks can be applied engine compartament with two identical engines, located in the middle part of the Tank, with transmission with hydrostatic drive of the turning mechanism. Reverse mechanism enables movement of the front and rear move at the same speed.

對(duì)于未來坦克，可以用現(xiàn)有單發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)與兩個(gè)相同的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)相比較。（后者）位于坦克的中部，傳動(dòng)裝置采用液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)的轉(zhuǎn)向機(jī)構(gòu)。反向動(dòng)力機(jī)構(gòu)使前后移動(dòng)速度相同。

Marching movement of the Tank in column was expected to perform stern-foremost. In the aft hatch of the driver there was a window and TV system for rear view. The chair was done turning 360°.

坦克在縱隊(duì)中的行進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng)預(yù)計(jì)將在車尾進(jìn)行。乘員艙的駕駛員擁有一個(gè)視窗和電視系統(tǒng)用于后視，以及能旋轉(zhuǎn)360度的座椅。

?

?The layout was made on the basis of two T-64A Tanks with a 5TDF engines.? The Tanks cut out the upper part of the body with fighting compartments; control compartment and the engine-transmission are connected in a single module.? Connected by the stern parts, they form a two-engine undercarriage model with four caterpillar contours.

布局是基于兩個(gè)裝有5TDF發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的T-64A坦克底盤。坦克被戰(zhàn)斗室分成兩個(gè)部分；控制室和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)-變速器連接在一個(gè)模塊中。通過尾部連接，它們形成了一個(gè)雙引擎底盤模型，具有四個(gè)履帶。

The mass of the test rig was 35.6 tons. The side gearboxes of the rear part of the model are modernized so that they provide movement at a speed corresponding to the speed of movement of the front part.? In front of the vehicle engine management system was installed.

試驗(yàn)車的重量為35.6噸。該車型后部的側(cè)變速箱進(jìn)行了現(xiàn)代化改造，使其與前部運(yùn)動(dòng)速度相一致，并在車輛前面安裝了發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)管理系統(tǒng)。

Each of the engines provides a power of 590…660 kW·with a short-term boost to 740 kW. Thus, the total capacity of the power plant reaches...1180 1320 kW, and power density of the layout 33...37 kW/t. This will ensure that the specific capacity of the Tank is equal to 29 kW/t.

每臺(tái)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)提供590至660千瓦的功率，短期功率提升至740千瓦。因此，動(dòng)力裝置的總?cè)萘窟_(dá)到了1180 1320千瓦，功率密度布局33至37 kW/t。這將確保坦克的比功率等于29 kW/t。

With this design, obviating the need for long-term development of a new Tank engine of high power. The proposed scheme increases durability and fuel efficiency of the power plant due to the efficient power utilization of one or both engines. See Tank power unit with two engines.

采用這種設(shè)計(jì)，避免了長(zhǎng)期開發(fā)高功率新型坦克發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的需要。由于一個(gè)或兩個(gè)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的高效動(dòng)力利用，所提出的方案增加了動(dòng)力裝置的耐久性和燃料效率。參見帶兩個(gè)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的坦克動(dòng)力裝置。

The chassis of the Tank was developed basing on Object “ 219” [T-80] elements (rollers and so on).

坦克的底盤是基于“219”工程[T-80]的組件(滾軸等)開發(fā)的。

Variants of the Tank were studied with ejection, combined (ejection+fan) and fan cooling.

在坦克構(gòu)型上研究了采用噴氣、組合(噴氣+風(fēng)扇)和風(fēng)扇冷卻的冷卻方式。

For future Tanks of the 21-st century was supposed to use the engine 4TD, based on the design and techniques used on a serial produced engine 6TD-2. Installation of two engines 6TD-2 had excess capacity, in addition to reduce the size of the optimal was to install two engines of smaller size. Creating a new engine 4TD in the 90-s was not risky in? the technical aspects and lack of problematic issues. 4TD developed capacity in nominal and forced modes 800 and 1000 h/p.

對(duì)于未來的坦克，21世紀(jì)構(gòu)型應(yīng)該使用4TD發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，基于6TD-2系列發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)和技術(shù)。安裝兩臺(tái)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的6TD-2本來產(chǎn)能過剩，除了縮小尺寸之外最優(yōu)的是安裝兩臺(tái)更小尺寸的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。在90年代制造一個(gè)新的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)4TD在技術(shù)方面沒有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和問題。4TD增強(qiáng)了能力，在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和增強(qiáng)模式下分別為800和1000 h/p。

Many years it took once clashed on the territory of the USSR Tanks developers in order to come to a conclusion –

多年來曾一度在蘇聯(lián)坦克研發(fā)領(lǐng)域上發(fā)生過的爭(zhēng)論也得出了一個(gè)結(jié)論—

"As a result of our collaboration with the Kharkiv side, it was agreed to take the decision for further development of common procurement with the Kharkiv engine 6TD-2, but with supporting systems created in Tagil". E. B. Vavilonsky (head of Department of power plants, the leading designer Department design a new UKBTM).

“由于我們與哈爾科夫方面的合作，雙方同意決定進(jìn)一步發(fā)展與哈爾科夫發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)6TD-2的共同采購(gòu)，但支持系統(tǒng)在塔吉爾創(chuàng)建”。

E. B. Vavilonsky(電廠部門負(fù)責(zé)人，設(shè)計(jì)新UKBTM的主要設(shè)計(jì)師部門)。

Another confirmation of the correct direction of the selected E. A. Morozov was a demonstration in October 2018 at the AUSA Symposium of the project of the prospective engine for armored fighting vehicles of the United States , created in the framework of the program "Advanced Combat Engine". They were the American equivalent 4TD created with the use of modern technology level.

2018年10月，在“先進(jìn)戰(zhàn)斗發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)”項(xiàng)目框架內(nèi)創(chuàng)建的美國(guó)裝甲戰(zhàn)車潛在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)項(xiàng)目AUSA研討會(huì)上的演示再次證實(shí)了E. A .莫羅佐夫選定的正確方向。它們是利用現(xiàn)代技術(shù)水平制造的美國(guó)版本4TD。

?The 14.3-liter, four-cylinder, opposed 2-stroke engine was developed for the TARDEC of the US Army (Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center) in partnership with Cummins.? Power 1000 h/p at 2400 rpm. The engine is part of a 30-year modernization strategy for American armored vehicles.

這款14.3升四缸對(duì)置二沖程發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)是與康明斯合作為美國(guó)陸軍TARDEC(坦克汽車研究、開發(fā)和工程中心)開發(fā)的。在2400轉(zhuǎn)/分的轉(zhuǎn)速下，功率為1000 h/p。該發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)是美國(guó)裝甲車輛30年現(xiàn)代化戰(zhàn)略的一部分。

Advantages of the E. A. Morozov’s project of the Tank of the 21st century?

莫洛佐夫21世紀(jì)坦克計(jì)劃的優(yōu)勢(shì)

1. The maximum possible protection for the crew within the weight restrictions ~55 tons.

1.在重量限制范圍內(nèi)對(duì)乘員的最大可能保護(hù)，而達(dá)成這些只用了55噸。

2. The location of the crew in the least susceptible to fire area? at the rear of the Tank in a highly secure capsule.

2.車組高度安全的艙室位于坦克車體后部最不容易著火的區(qū)域。

3. Simple design of sighting complexes corresponding to the level of development of science and technology in the near future. The presence of a visual channel panoramic sight with an overview from the highest point of the Tank.

3.與近期科技發(fā)展水平相對(duì)應(yīng)的，簡(jiǎn)潔的觀瞄綜合體設(shè)計(jì)。可視通道全景瞄準(zhǔn)鏡的存在，可從坦克最高點(diǎn)進(jìn)行觀察。

4. A simple schematic of an automatic loader without any restrictions on the length of the shot L=1400 (the active part of the APFSDS up to 1300 mm ) with fully automated of ammunition. All ammunition main armament is fully mechanized and located in an autoloader with a simple trajectory and kinematics of the delivery of the shot into the breech of the gun.

4.主炮能自動(dòng)化、沒有任何限制地射擊長(zhǎng)度1400毫米(APFSDS的有效部分可達(dá)1300毫米)的彈藥。所有主要武器裝備的彈藥都位于一個(gè)完全機(jī)械化的自動(dòng)裝彈機(jī)中，而自動(dòng)裝彈機(jī)則有一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的方式將彈藥送入后膛。

5. The possibility of movement forward and reverse at the same speed ( 75 km/h ).

5.以同樣的速度(75公里/小時(shí))進(jìn)行前進(jìn)或后退機(jī)動(dòng)的可能性。

6. The ease of creating a family of vehicles with 1 or 2 engines and a convenient placement of troops and payload. For example, highly protected infantry fighting vehicles. A significant effect on the appearance of the Tank, along with the fundamental solutions of the basic units and systems, can provide: reduction of the functional tasks of Tanks in battle; the fixture to the Tank design as a basic machine for a family of armored vehicles and to the conditions of mass production; the need to preserve the possibility of further improvement during the life cycle of the machine.

6.輕松創(chuàng)建一個(gè)擁有1或2個(gè)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的車輛家族，并方便部隊(duì)和有效載荷的放置。例如，高度防護(hù)的步兵戰(zhàn)車。對(duì)坦克外觀的顯著影響，連同基本單位和系統(tǒng)的解決方案，可以提供 :? 減少單一車型的坦克在戰(zhàn)斗中的負(fù)擔(dān)；設(shè)計(jì)上固定的坦克則可以作為一個(gè)車族的基型車和大規(guī)模量產(chǎn)的前提；能在設(shè)計(jì)的生命周期內(nèi)保持進(jìn)一步改進(jìn)的可能性。

7. With the aim of increasing the survivability of the chassis it has a 4-bypass drive each valve. This gives the opportunity to the Tank when you break one of the lines (and even two on different sides) not to lose mobility.

7.為了提高底盤的生存能力，它有一個(gè)4旁路驅(qū)動(dòng)閥。這就給了坦克在其中一條履帶(甚至是兩邊不同的履帶)損壞時(shí)不會(huì)失去機(jī)動(dòng)性的機(jī)會(huì)。

8. Maximum protection of the crew capsule from the entire set of attack weapons, including chemical, bacteriological and radiation exposure, comfort in the crew compartment (the presence of sanitary devices, and the devices for cooking and air conditioning). Co-location of the crew radically solves the issues of mutual assistance and interchangeability, simplifies internal communication and duplication of functions of the Tank.

8.最大限度地保護(hù)乘員艙免受一系列攻擊武器的傷害，包括化學(xué)、細(xì)菌和輻射暴露。而乘員艙內(nèi)也有著適度的舒適性(擁有衛(wèi)生設(shè)備以及烹飪和空調(diào)設(shè)備)。乘員同處一地從根本上解決了兩者互助互換的問題，也簡(jiǎn)化掉了內(nèi)部溝通和坦克部分功能重復(fù)的戰(zhàn)位。

9. Maximum mine protection of the Tank and crew members;

9.對(duì)坦克和乘員的最大防雷保護(hù)；

10. Engines of the Tank have the ability to work in two modes:

10.坦克的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)能夠在兩種模式下工作:

1) the maximum power when driving and heavy traffic conditions and in battle;

1）在交通繁忙的情況下以及在戰(zhàn)斗中行駛時(shí)可以使用最大功率

2) in economic mode (~50% - when driving on good dirt roads and paved roads. Both modes should be equivalent to efficiency, providing the minimum specific fuel consumption. This is the most radical way of increasing Tank driving distance with a limited amount of fuel it carries.

2)在經(jīng)濟(jì)模式下(~50% 功率），應(yīng)用于在良好的土路和鋪裝面路上行駛時(shí)。兩種模式相當(dāng)有效率，提供最低的比油耗。這是用有限的燃料增加坦克行駛距離的最激進(jìn)的方法。

11. Replacement torsion bars with hydropneumatic suspension, in addition to the main goal - increase the average speeds due to the improved smoothness that gives adjustable clearance of the Tank, which increases its cross-country capacity and survivability in combat.

11.除了主要目標(biāo)之外，用液壓氣動(dòng)懸掛代替扭桿——由于提高了平滑度，使坦克的間隙可調(diào)，從而提高了坦克的越野能力和戰(zhàn)斗生存能力，從而提高了平均速度。

In addition, controlled hydropneumatic suspension by changing the clearance of the machine allows to increase the angles of cannon laying in the vertical plane. Thus, the introduction of only one system?increases the rates of mobility (direct effect), protection and firepower (side effect).

此外，通過改變機(jī)器的間隙來控制液壓氣動(dòng)懸掛，可以增加主炮在垂直面上的仰俯角。因此，這個(gè)系統(tǒng)的引入增加了機(jī)動(dòng)性(直接影響)、保護(hù)和火力(間接)的比率。

（原文完）

補(bǔ)充

? 該構(gòu)型準(zhǔn)確的說一般稱之為490工程（21世紀(jì)計(jì)劃構(gòu)型）。而根據(jù)后來的蘇聯(lián)未來主戰(zhàn)坦克計(jì)劃，一旦195工程等坦克無法在2001年大批量投產(chǎn)或在該時(shí)間段前出現(xiàn)了特殊情況，那么490工程（21世紀(jì)/2001）將會(huì)立刻上馬替代投產(chǎn)，而490工程系列本身也包括在不同時(shí)間線開發(fā)的不同構(gòu)型，所以有些時(shí)候?yàn)榱朔奖愫?jiǎn)單區(qū)分也會(huì)將該車稱為490工程（2001）。

? 該車在蘇聯(lián)解體前只完成了一輛全尺寸模型與一輛底盤驗(yàn)證車，但該型坦克依然通過了設(shè)計(jì)驗(yàn)收，準(zhǔn)確的說即便依舊處于研發(fā)狀態(tài)但該項(xiàng)目至少在蘇聯(lián)時(shí)期從未被取消。其中底盤驗(yàn)證車不但在試驗(yàn)場(chǎng)上證明了自己，甚至有說法認(rèn)為該底盤參與了切爾諾貝利事故的搜救行動(dòng)。而不知出于什么原因，490工程（21世紀(jì)/2001）的全尺寸模型一直處于保密狀態(tài)，甚至可能和驗(yàn)證車一樣均已經(jīng)遺失——即便我們根本無法想象那么大一個(gè)玩意是怎么丟失的，但畢竟在那悲劇的20年里甚至連葉利欽資助國(guó)外某XJ集團(tuán)和烏克蘭大量人口被公然販賣的事情都發(fā)生過，那一輛坦克、一件模型的突然人間蒸發(fā)似乎也沒什么大不了的了。

個(gè)人評(píng)價(jià)

? 對(duì)于我個(gè)人來說，490工程（21世紀(jì)/2001）可以說是蘇聯(lián)坦克設(shè)計(jì)的巔峰之作，其在最輕的相對(duì)重量下達(dá)到了最強(qiáng)的機(jī)動(dòng)、防護(hù)與火力三要素的平衡。而四履帶獨(dú)立液氣懸掛、玻璃化可視操作、兩人車組（對(duì)應(yīng)的需要專業(yè)的類似戰(zhàn)機(jī)地勤的保障單位）、全車APS和獨(dú)立防護(hù)座艙以及充分利用外形及材料與隔艙設(shè)計(jì)打造的空前絕后的防護(hù)幾乎是超越時(shí)代的革命性設(shè)計(jì)，而這一切的一切最終締造了一輛就連外觀都科幻到幾乎不屬于這個(gè)時(shí)代的坦克。母庸置疑，490工程（21世紀(jì)/2001）在設(shè)計(jì)上是蘇聯(lián)主戰(zhàn)坦克乃至世界坦克中毫無爭(zhēng)議的王者。

?但是另一方面，1985年該車基底設(shè)計(jì)完成后實(shí)際上仍然處于漫長(zhǎng)的研發(fā)階段，在2001年的最后界限前尚需整整30年的時(shí)間，也許在這段時(shí)間內(nèi)根據(jù)各方面研發(fā)的追趕?和新項(xiàng)目的立項(xiàng)，蘇聯(lián)坦克工業(yè)可以獲得至少堪用的子系統(tǒng)，但歷史沒有也許——蘇聯(lián)并沒能撐到2001年，490工程（21世紀(jì)/2001）也因?yàn)榉e貧積弱的可悲繼任者無力支撐而最終胎死腹中，沒有龐大的工業(yè)體系，幾十個(gè)工業(yè)部門和成千上萬個(gè)生產(chǎn)單位，任何的可能性都只是可能性。因此實(shí)際上我并不認(rèn)為俄羅斯混亂時(shí)期手中屈指可數(shù)的幾樣破爛能代表蘇聯(lián)在可能情況下30年后會(huì)達(dá)到的技術(shù)高度。不過單純以工程定型時(shí)的八十年代末90年代初的狀態(tài)來說，蘇聯(lián)科研部門對(duì)該短板的投入還遠(yuǎn)沒到可以看見產(chǎn)出的程度，依靠綜合光電和電視畫面駕駛這樣的設(shè)想至少在30至40年后才可能實(shí)現(xiàn)，這些問題依舊是該型戰(zhàn)車是否能真正具備戰(zhàn)斗能力的關(guān)鍵。

? 同時(shí)，490工程（21世紀(jì)/2001）雖然在設(shè)計(jì)框架內(nèi)出色地完成了設(shè)想指標(biāo)，但是也依然出現(xiàn)了部分問題，比如無人炮塔并非真正意義上的全向射角，具體的裝填機(jī)構(gòu)實(shí)際上仍然需要優(yōu)化（后期的計(jì)劃似乎并不能做到任意角裝填），對(duì)未來戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)的設(shè)想過于理想導(dǎo)致的作戰(zhàn)方向單一等等。不過這些地方依然未來可期，畢竟其實(shí)際上仍然處于在研發(fā)狀態(tài)并且理論上還擁有著30年的周期可用于完善，最后一些改進(jìn)措施也可能會(huì)繼續(xù)使用，例如二號(hào)炮塔上更加豐富的武器配置等等，但這些現(xiàn)在也只能是設(shè)想——哪怕如今其實(shí)490工程（21世紀(jì)/2001）所需要的所有技術(shù)都已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)，但一個(gè)資本主義的寡頭國(guó)家在這一領(lǐng)域?qū)嶋H上是無論如何都負(fù)擔(dān)不了這樣的成本的。

? 不過，瑕不掩瑜，該型坦克至少在設(shè)計(jì)和除了觀瞄外的其余系統(tǒng)上都展示出了極為強(qiáng)悍的性能，唯獨(dú)生在了一個(gè)悲劇的時(shí)代。毫無疑問，這樣的坦克是社會(huì)主義制度的優(yōu)越性的產(chǎn)物，工人與科研人員勞動(dòng)的結(jié)晶，即便當(dāng)時(shí)的蘇聯(lián)只剩下了這些優(yōu)越性的其中一部分，但該車的計(jì)劃依舊在那樣的官僚壓迫中幸存了下來。

? 這輛坦克無疑屬于真正的社會(huì)主義，而當(dāng)這一切蕩然無存時(shí)，一輛坦克也僅僅是泥沙俱下的浪潮中最不起眼的犧牲者之一，而作為這輛戰(zhàn)車的“父親”，E.A.莫洛佐夫?yàn)檫@個(gè)悲劇畫上了最后的句號(hào)——他直到生命的最后一刻也未能看到自己心血的結(jié)晶從生產(chǎn)線上駛下，投入那已有也將有無數(shù)人為之獻(xiàn)身的究極事業(yè)。

余波

目前來說，該型坦克只有在網(wǎng)游《裝甲戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)》中才能看到。而該車在加入游戲時(shí)做了一點(diǎn)符合時(shí)代，更接近2001年可能投產(chǎn)狀態(tài)的改變，比如換裝了更加現(xiàn)代的2A83主炮。而同時(shí)為了平衡考慮，在該車第一次于0.29版本正式加入前，制作組對(duì)其防護(hù)做了大幅度削弱并且沒收了破甲彈與炮射導(dǎo)彈（之后所有使用2A83的戰(zhàn)車都“繼承”了這個(gè)“平衡”），而后續(xù)版本中該車又遭到了火控與機(jī)動(dòng)方面的持續(xù)削弱。但是即便如此，目前該車依舊是T0級(jí)別的存在，在PVE與PVP和全球行動(dòng)中都有極高的價(jià)值和可玩性。當(dāng)然，別去找大氣層里那幾位要這要那的了，根本出不了，各種意義上都不可能。

當(dāng)然，也最好別出。

我想以某些人低劣的美術(shù)素養(yǎng)估計(jì)也欣賞不了這些線條所勾勒而出的力量和對(duì)未來的向往。

最后的最后，這一杯就敬給未來吧。