損失規(guī)避 / loss aversion


「釋義」
損失規(guī)避是指人們面對同樣數(shù)量的收益和損失時,認為損失更加令他們難以忍受。損失帶來的負效用為收益正效用的2至2.5倍。
損失厭惡反映了人們的風(fēng)險偏好并不是一致的,當(dāng)涉及的是收益時,人們表現(xiàn)為風(fēng)險厭惡;當(dāng)涉及的是損失時,人們則表現(xiàn)為風(fēng)險尋求。
「應(yīng)用場景」
事實上,與獲得同等收益相比,人們更傾向于避免虧損。心理學(xué)家稱之為“損失規(guī)避”,這可以幫助營銷人員通過溝通利害關(guān)系來構(gòu)建選擇。例如,顯示冰川如何消融的照片可以成為有效地說明氣候變化帶來的環(huán)境損失。懷特和同事萊昂諾·麥克唐納、達倫·達爾發(fā)現(xiàn),在居民進行回收時,強調(diào)損失的消息(“如果我們不回收,想想我們的社區(qū)會失去什么”)最好能與該行動的相關(guān)細節(jié)結(jié)合,比如何時放好回收車,什么材料可回收,等等。因為重視損失的人希望有具體方法來解決問題。
Indeed, people’s tendency to prefer avoiding losses over making equivalent gains—what psychologists call loss aversion—can help marketers frame choices by communicating what’s at stake. For instance, photos showing how glaciers have receded can be a powerful means of conveying environmental losses associated with climate change. White and her colleagues Rhiannon MacDonnell and Darren Dahl found that in the context of residential recycling, a loss-framed message (“Think about what will be lost in our community if we don’t keep recycling”) works best when it’s combined with specific details about the behavior, such as when to put out the recycling cart, what materials are recyclable, and so forth. That’s because people in a loss-framed mindset tend to want concrete ways to deal with a problem.
以上文字選自《哈佛商業(yè)評論》中文版2019年10月刊《掘金綠色經(jīng)濟》
凱瑟琳·懷特(Katherine White) 大衛(wèi)·哈迪斯蒂(David J. Hardisty)李夏德·哈比比(Rishad Habib)丨文
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