正文翻譯

How is it possible that Russia per capita GDP is so low, compared to Western Europe? I have been to Moscow for three days and it looked a quite wealthy place. Is the rest of Russia that much poorer?

與西歐相比，為何俄羅斯的人均GDP如此之低？我在莫斯科住了三天，感覺相當(dāng)富裕？難道俄羅斯除莫斯科外的地方很窮嗎？

Data on the gross domestic product of any country is largely an illusion. In order to see the real situation, we must look at least two things: the gross domestic product and the purchasing power parity. The purchasing power parity gives an opportunity to estimate the real volume of the economy without reference to the dollar exchange rate, as well as the real standard of living in the country.

任何一個(gè)國家的國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值數(shù)據(jù)某種程度上來說都是一種假象。為了看清楚這個(gè)問題，我們必須注意兩個(gè)指標(biāo)。一個(gè)是國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值，另外一個(gè)是購買力平價(jià)。購買力平價(jià)指數(shù)可以讓我們?cè)诓豢紤]美元匯率的情況下，真實(shí)的反映當(dāng)?shù)氐纳钏?。從而能夠以此來更好的估?jì)當(dāng)?shù)氐慕?jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模。

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評(píng)論翻譯

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This means that real industrial production in the US is more than ours at 4.8 / 2.2 = 2.18 times. And if we take into account the shadow sector, which is much larger in Russia than in the US, the gap will become even less noticeable. A similar calculation for China shows that the volume of the product produced there is higher than we have 7.44 times. In terms of per capita we come to interesting and unexpected conclusions. The US population is 2.2 times more than ours, and the population of China is 9.38 times.

這意味著俄羅斯生產(chǎn)的比例比美國要高。如果我們把俄羅斯影子經(jīng)濟(jì)也考慮進(jìn)去的話。這一差距會(huì)變得更小。以中國為例，中國生產(chǎn)總值是我們的7.44倍。從人均來看，我們得出一個(gè)非常有意思的結(jié)論。美國的人口是我們的2.2倍，中國人口是我們的9.38倍。

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2.Bob MacKenzie
, former Business Owner and Manager. at Private Business Self Employed Thinker (1993-2010)
Per capita GDP does not show you anything of any importance. It is just the gross GDP divided by the population. That certainly does not say who got more money than the next guy.What you need to look at as far as GDP is concerned is NGDP ppp that is the nominal gross domestic product as compared to purchasing power parity. Simply put that means how much a given currency can buy with the same currency compared to another economy.In Europe it may cost 15 Euros for a kilo of beef but in Russia it might cost 5 Euros for a kilo of beef. That mean the people in Russia can live on 33% of what people in the EU need to live on.

人均GDP并沒有顯示出很多非常重要的信息。人均GDP算法就是根據(jù)GDP具體規(guī)模然后除以人口。就GDP而言，你需要關(guān)注的是購買力評(píng)價(jià)。簡單的來講，購買力評(píng)價(jià)定義了一種貨幣相對(duì)于另外一種貨幣可以購買貨物的多少。在歐洲，1公斤牛肉的價(jià)格可能是15歐元。但是在俄羅斯，1公斤牛肉價(jià)格可能只需要五歐元。這意味著俄羅斯人的生活費(fèi)僅為歐盟人所需的33%。

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It also means that Russia can manufacture goods cheaper than some comparative countries. If needs be it can make five missiles to the US one at the same cost without going into debt. The US however has go into debt even farther to keep pace. In an arms race it is a question of who will go broke first.

這同時(shí)也意味著俄羅斯所生產(chǎn)的商品比其他國家的商品更加便宜。這也意味著，羅斯可以用同樣的成本造五枚導(dǎo)彈。但是美國武器價(jià)格就高的多，如果美國也按照這個(gè)比例去增加它的導(dǎo)彈的話，美國可能就要破產(chǎn)了。美國現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)債臺(tái)高筑了。在軍備競(jìng)賽當(dāng)中，重要的問題是誰會(huì)先破產(chǎn)。

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The over all NGDP of a country does not tell you how wealthy the country is. Russia is growing its economy even though the US is trying to stop it with sanctions and vilifying propaganda.Russia has cash and low debt of 17.4% of GDP. The US has no cash and high debt ratio of 109% of GDP China by comparison has large amount of cash with a debt ratio of about 14% GDP.

一個(gè)國家的國民生產(chǎn)總值并不會(huì)告訴你這個(gè)國家有多富有。美國一直都試圖通過宣傳和誹謗來阻止俄羅斯發(fā)展，但是俄羅斯依然在進(jìn)步當(dāng)中。俄羅斯現(xiàn)金充足，債務(wù)很低，俄羅斯的債務(wù)僅占GDP規(guī)模的17.4%。美國是沒有剩余資金的，美國負(fù)債率高達(dá)GDP的109%。中國有大量的資金，中國負(fù)債率占GDP的14%。

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There is a market test called the Macdonald’s comparative. That is just a question of how much it costs for a Macdonald’s Hamburger in comparative countries as an indication of purchase power parity between economies. As an illustration it costs on average about $4.50 for a Big Mac in the US and about $2.75 in China and in Russia the same Big Mac will cost about 7 Rubles or about 11 cents in US currency . So in Russia you could buy a lot of hamburgers for $4.50 USD

有一種簡單的測(cè)試叫做麥當(dāng)勞指數(shù)。這種算法是簡單的。比較這個(gè)國家的麥當(dāng)勞與其他國家麥當(dāng)勞價(jià)格。人們將此作為購買力評(píng)價(jià)的一個(gè)指標(biāo)。簡單來講，一個(gè)巨無霸在美國平均價(jià)格為4.5美元。在中國和俄羅斯為2.75美元。所以在俄羅斯的話，可以花相同的價(jià)格買到更多的漢堡包。

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3.Freddy Smith
, lives in Sometimes Broxbourne, Hertfordshire, UK; Sometimes London
Moscow is very wealthy. What you have seen there is typical of big country/big city wealth. You’d see the same in Paris and London (and, like Moscow, their peripheral regions). If you spend three days in central Paris, or central London, you will see plenty of evidence of stratospheric wealth and enormous affluence.

俄羅斯的莫斯科是非常富有的。你在莫斯科看到的是一個(gè)典型的大國中心城市的狀態(tài)。其實(shí)你會(huì)在巴黎和倫敦周圍也看到類似的狀況。如果你在巴黎市中心或者倫敦市中心待上三天。你就能夠感受到大量的證據(jù)。你能夠看到這兩個(gè)城市擁有超高的財(cái)富。

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But go to a small town in Limousin or Yorkshire and things are very different. It’s the same in Russia. Moscow, London and Paris are all huge and Russia, UK and France are very dependent on these mega-cities. You’ll notice that countries such as Germany are more equalised and spread out. The functions of, say, London are spread between Berlin, Frankfurt, Hamburg and Munich in Germany.

但是，在利木贊或者是約克郡的一個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)上，情況就完全不同了。在俄羅斯也是一樣的。莫斯科，倫敦和巴黎都很大。俄羅斯，英國和法國都非常依賴這些巨型城市。你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)德國和這些國家是不同的，德國的城市相對(duì)就比較分散。德國的城市普遍發(fā)展的更加均衡。在德國，倫敦所執(zhí)行的功能被柏林，法蘭克福，漢堡和慕尼黑分別承擔(dān)。

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But there are still some very grim, grotty, sketchy towns and districts there all the same, and they are poorer than their Western European or North American equivalents. I could take you to towns in France, UK and even Germany that are run-down, depressing, and going nowhere. They are not as bad as some poor towns in Russia, however.

但是那依然是一個(gè)非常嚴(yán)峻，非常糟糕的，功能非常不完善的城鎮(zhèn)地區(qū)。他們比西歐和北美的同等規(guī)模的城鎮(zhèn)更加貧窮。我可以帶你去法國，英國甚至德國的城鎮(zhèn)。那里也破敗不堪，令人沮喪。但是他們絕對(duì)不會(huì)像俄羅斯的城鎮(zhèn)那樣破敗貧困。俄羅斯的城鎮(zhèn)實(shí)在是太糟糕了。

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Huge cities tend to generate their own wealth and seem to rise to a common big-city standard. Moscow, Paris, London, New York (etc) often have more in common with each other than they do with distant regions in their own countries. A wealthy Parisian or Londoner might feel much more at home in Moscow than in a de-industrialised dump in the French or British ex-coalfields. The following cities are probably poorer than Moscow, but on a quick three day visit, they can also seem much wealthier than their country’s GDP might suggest: Bangkok, Buenos Aires, Sao Paolo, Mexico City.

大城市往往是創(chuàng)造財(cái)富的地方。莫斯科達(dá)到了大城市的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。莫斯科，巴黎，倫敦，紐約，他們之間的共同點(diǎn)往往比他們與本國其他遙遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的共同點(diǎn)還要多。富裕的巴黎人或倫敦人有莫斯科的感覺。下面我列出一些城市，這些城市可能比莫斯科更窮。但是，如果你只做三天的短暫訪問的話，你依然能夠感受到，從這幾個(gè)地區(qū)看起來，他們要比他們國家所在的GDP的水平看起來要更高。

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4.Wladimir Feldman, studied Economics (1998)
·Upvoted by Serhiy Kalinovsky, EMBA Economics, Stockholm School of Economics (2012)
And Paul Zaychik, MS Computer Science & Economics, New York Institute of Technology (1995)
A picture worth a thousand words.
This is a photo I’ve made just outside of my office:

這是我在辦公室外邊拍到的一張照片。

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This wooden houses are more than 100 years old but people still live in them because they do not have money to buy anything better.
And this is a picture I’ve made after a 5-minute walk:

這座木房子已經(jīng)有100多年的歷史了。但是人們依然住在里面。因?yàn)樗麄儧]有錢買更好的。如下是我在散步五分鐘后拍到的一張照片。

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You see that modern building at the background? It is a theatre that was built about 5 years ago. It costed more than $300 million and about half of that sum was stolen by government officials (starting with a federal minister who was responsible for funding). It is large and pretty but is surrounded by 100+ years old houses inhabited by people earning $200 per month.It is Russia in a nutshell: a small islands of “normal” life, mostly built on the foundation of oil revenues and theft, surrounded by vast ocean of poverty.

你看到遠(yuǎn)處的那個(gè)背景了嗎？那是一棟現(xiàn)代的建筑。那是一個(gè)五年前建造的劇院。這個(gè)項(xiàng)目耗資3億多美元。這其中大約有一半的資金被當(dāng)?shù)卣賳T貪污。聯(lián)邦部長是其中最主要的參與者。這座劇院又大又漂亮，但是它的周圍是超過100年的老房子。里面的人每月收入僅有兩百美元。以上就是俄羅斯非常正常的一個(gè)畫面。俄羅斯大部分的收入建立在石油和腐敗的基礎(chǔ)上。除此之外，其他地區(qū)是一片貧困的海洋。

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5.Ralph Raymond
, former Professor
Moscow and St. Petersburg (Leningrad) were the showplaces of the former Soviet unx, and they have retained their advantages in the age of Putin-associated billionaire kleptocrats. These cities are booming. But outside the major cities, in the Russian villages, one can get a very authentic sense of 19th-century Russia in the age of Tolstoy, Chekhov, or Turgenev. As one of my students said a few years ago as we were touring post Soviet Russia, "This has got to be the largest third-world country in the world."

莫斯科和圣彼得堡是前蘇聯(lián)向整個(gè)世界展示成果的地方。在我們所處的這個(gè)時(shí)代，那些與普京有著緊密聯(lián)系的億萬富翁依然保持著自己的優(yōu)勢(shì)。這兩個(gè)城市依然在蓬勃發(fā)展。但是俄羅斯除了少數(shù)城市之外的其他地方發(fā)展相當(dāng)落后。人們可以真切的感受到19世紀(jì)托爾斯泰，契訶夫或屠格涅夫時(shí)代的俄羅斯。幾年前，我的學(xué)生去俄羅斯旅游，正如他所說的那樣“俄羅斯一定是世界上最大的第三世界國家”。

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Economic polarization in Russia in the age of Putin's mafia-kleptocracy exceeds even that of the US under Trump. In Russia's case, it goes far to explain why liberal democratic reforms were unable to take hold in the 1990's. In the case of the US, economic polarization threatens to undermine the foundations of American democracy.

俄羅斯現(xiàn)在經(jīng)濟(jì)的兩極化甚至超過了特朗普治下的美國。俄羅斯的狀態(tài)很好的解釋為何上世紀(jì)90年代改革都無法成功。就美國而言，經(jīng)濟(jì)兩極化可能會(huì)破壞美國民的基礎(chǔ)。
俄羅斯少部分人非常富有，他們直接受益于腐敗和經(jīng)濟(jì)機(jī)會(huì)的不平等。

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6.Roger H Werner
, Geoarchaeologist, cartographer, historian (1979-present)
I visited the former Soviet unx 2 years after the collapse and what I saw astounded me. One city of almost 300,000 people provided running water three days a week with hot water for two hours on Saturday. In another city of about the same size, public urinals consisted of stalls over concrete with holes with which to squat over; there was an attendent wearing a white smock providing clean cloth hand towels. rural areas, public places were serviced by latrines, some of which contained air so acrid it burned one’s eyes. Twety-four years later, we’ve seen the average income in Russia decrease from $15,000 per annum to abot $9,000. Why? Russia is a kleptocracy. Its leaders rip off billions of dollars in national wealth, which effects the ability of everyone else to earn money. Russia started from a position of relative poorness compared to the west.

在蘇聯(lián)解體的兩年之后，我曾經(jīng)訪問過蘇聯(lián)。我被當(dāng)時(shí)看到的景象令我震驚。當(dāng)時(shí)我去了一個(gè)小城市，這個(gè)擁有30萬人口的城市每周提供三天的自來水。僅提供兩個(gè)小時(shí)的熱水。在另外一個(gè)大小差不多的城市。公共衛(wèi)生間的小便池是由混凝土上的小隔間組成的。公共場(chǎng)所有廁所，但是廁所里面的環(huán)境非常惡劣。四年之后，我看到俄羅斯平均收入從每年15000美元下降到9000美元。為什么呢？因?yàn)槎砹_斯效率實(shí)在是太低了。他們的官員掠奪了數(shù)十億美元的國家財(cái)富。這影響了其他人賺錢的能力。與其他西方的國民相比，俄羅斯的國民是從一種很貧困的狀態(tài)開始的。所以他們發(fā)展非常緩慢。

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in the 1990s, western financial institutions did their best to rip off Russia and then came Putin, who decided that situation was intollerable. He set things up so that Russian oligarchs are ripping off Russia and that’s acceptable. Putin’s daughter and her husband have an estimate net worth of over a billion dollars and neither have a viable source of income. Wealth concentration simply prevents wealth from being spread among the many.

上世紀(jì)90年代。西方金融機(jī)構(gòu)曾經(jīng)竭盡所能的去欺騙俄羅斯。最后，普京出現(xiàn)了。他認(rèn)為這種局面是不可避免的。他把很多事情給安排好。他讓俄羅斯的寡頭們可以盡情的去剝削俄羅斯。他認(rèn)為這是可以接受的。普京的女兒以及女婿的資產(chǎn)估計(jì)超過10億美元。但是兩個(gè)人都沒有可行的收入來源。俄羅斯財(cái)富集中只會(huì)導(dǎo)致其他人的貧困。

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7.Roger Buffington
, Managing Attorney (1998-present)
Upvoted by
Daria Ulashchik
, born in USSR and live in Russia
Russia has always been well-blessed and badly cursed. It is blessed with intelligent, talented, and likable people, and abundant natural resources. It is cursed by geography and no cultural foundation for representative democracy and good government, as are, for example Britain, the USA and Canada, most of Western Europe, and the rest of the English speaking world. Geographically Russia suffers from having very little coastline, which has always made the country one of the poorest in Europe due to the high cost to transport bulk goods. Railroads and modern technology should have begun to remedy this by the late 18th Century, but unfortunately bad government and corruption aborted what was a promising Russian modernization (and rising prosperity) in the late 1800s.

一直以來，俄羅斯既是福星高照，又飽受詛咒。俄羅斯擁有聰明，有才干以及非常可愛的人們。俄羅斯擁有著非常豐富的自然資源。但是俄羅斯也與英國，美國和加拿大以及大多數(shù)西歐國家一樣。他們被地理?xiàng)l件，被缺乏良好代議制的民主組織模式所詛咒。在地理上來講，俄羅斯的海岸線很少。俄羅斯大宗貨物運(yùn)輸成本很高，這使得俄羅斯一直都是歐洲最窮的國家之一。在18世紀(jì)晚期，鐵路和現(xiàn)代化的進(jìn)步開始逐步解決這一問題。但不幸的是，俄羅斯政府腐敗，他們扼殺了19世紀(jì)俄羅斯的現(xiàn)代化。

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The Russian Revolution killed capitalism and the entrepreneurial spirit, which are the biggest drivers of prosperity in human history. Combine that with two serious wars, and overall bad government, and bad geography and all the pieces are in place for Russia to be poor.The dissolution of the USSR opened a brief window to Russian economic progress, but alas, Russia’s lack of a tradition for non-corrupt democratic governance again asserted itself, and we now have Russia governed autocratically and poorly. A sad state of affairs to afflict a great people.

俄國的社會(huì)主義革命扼殺了資本主義和企業(yè)家精神。而資本主義和企業(yè)家精神是人類歷史上最大的驅(qū)動(dòng)力。此外，俄羅斯還經(jīng)歷了嚴(yán)重的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。俄羅斯有著很糟糕的政府。俄羅斯的地理位置也非常糟糕。所有這些都是俄羅斯貧窮的原因。蘇聯(lián)的解體為俄羅斯的發(fā)展帶來了一扇短暫的窗口。但遺憾的是，俄羅斯缺乏民主治理模式。傳統(tǒng)的政治模式再次興起。我們現(xiàn)在看到的俄羅斯是一個(gè)獨(dú)裁且糟糕的俄羅斯。這就是一個(gè)偉大民族痛苦而可悲的狀態(tài)。

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8.Valentin Filippov
, a Russian from Saint-Petersburg
Upvoted by Serhiy Kalinovsky , EMBA Economics, Stockholm School of Economics (2012)
And James Lacey, Ph.D. Economics, unx Institute & University (1996)
Yes, much poorer. You don’t have to go far from Moscow to see that.The reason is simple: Russia is very ineffective as a country. The way everything is organized, the culture of power, laws on business create an atmosphere where it’s hard to earn money. That atmosphere is also toxic for investors, for money in general. Since there’s no really independent law, officials are able to take someone’s posessions using fake accusations — and rich people store and invest their money abroad, transfer companies to offshores etc.

是的，俄羅斯其他地方要窮的多。你離開莫斯科不需要走很遠(yuǎn)就可以真實(shí)見證這個(gè)狀況。原因也非常簡單，作為一個(gè)國家，俄羅斯本身是非常低效的。俄羅斯的組織方式，俄羅斯的權(quán)力文化，俄羅斯的商業(yè)和法律使得俄羅斯創(chuàng)造了一種很難賺錢的社會(huì)氛圍。這種氛圍對(duì)于外資和國內(nèi)的投資人來講都是非常有害的。由于俄羅斯沒有尊重獨(dú)立的法律，羅斯的官員可以通過自己虛假的指控拿走別人的財(cái)產(chǎn)。所以俄羅斯的富人都將他們的錢存儲(chǔ)到海外，或者是去海外置業(yè)。他們有些人會(huì)將企業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移到海外等等。

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9.Jan Stubbs
, former Manager of Software Engineers, Economics Wizard. at Yahoo! (2000-2007)
·Upvoted byJames Feigenbaum, Ph.D. Economics, University of Iowa (2003)
In a word, yes, the rest of Russia is much poorer. Russia has one of the most unequal income distributions, in the world. The money, power, and rich people are mostly in Moscow. The rest of Russia, the largest country in the world is not so lucky.Top 10% of Russian Wealth holders own 89% of wealth. Russia has 96 $Billionaires. Many of them live in Moscow, in fact not long ago Moscow had more $billionires than any other city.

簡而言之，你的結(jié)論是對(duì)的，俄羅斯其他地區(qū)確實(shí)要窮得多。俄羅斯是世界上收入分配最不平等的國家之一。俄羅斯的金錢，權(quán)利和富人大多集中在莫斯科。作為世界上面積最大的國家。俄羅斯其他地區(qū)就沒有那么幸運(yùn)了。俄羅斯前10%的人持有89%的財(cái)富。俄羅斯有96位億萬富翁。他們中很多人都住在莫斯科。

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Just 110 of the Richest Russsian Oligarchs own 33% of all Russian wealth. Only .2% of the world’s 30 million $Millionaires, but 20% of the worlds $Billionaires. The average salary in Moscow is more than $1000/month, while it is 1/2 that in the rest of Russia. The minimum wage was recently raised to about $180/month, which is just enough to survive.

俄羅斯110位最富有的寡頭擁有俄羅斯全部財(cái)富的33%。俄羅斯只有全球2%的百萬富翁。但是俄羅斯的億萬富翁卻占全世界的20%。莫斯科的平均工資超過1000美元每月。但是俄羅斯其他地區(qū)的工資只有莫斯科的一半都不到。俄羅斯有些地方最低工資只有180美元每月。這些錢只夠維持基本的生計(jì)。

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10.Tim Ryan
The level of corruption and lack of human rights stifles hard work, creativity and Entrepreneurship. There is no reward for a regular person in the market so they do not take risks or work hard.I agree parts of Western Russia are very wealthy but only a few people control the vast resources of this country so there is no middle class or upper middle class.

俄羅斯政治腐敗，人權(quán)紀(jì)錄也不好，這扼殺了俄羅斯人努力工作，努力創(chuàng)業(yè)的精神。俄羅斯進(jìn)行商業(yè)缺乏利潤，所以他們不愿意冒險(xiǎn)或努力工作。我同意，俄羅斯西部確實(shí)非常富有。但是俄羅斯只是少數(shù)人控制國家的大量資源。俄羅斯沒有中產(chǎn)階級(jí)或者是上層中產(chǎn)階級(jí)。

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I believe the World Bank estimated that 20 percent of the RUSSIAN economy is corruption.Sad for the world this is was has come of it. We were all hoping Russia would join the ranks of the world’s great open market and democratic nations but instead they have move from a soviet communism to a fascist oligarchy.

世界銀行估計(jì)，俄羅斯經(jīng)濟(jì)的20%是來源于腐敗。我相信世界銀行的估計(jì)。這真是一件非常悲哀的事情。我們都希望俄羅斯能夠加入世界上開放市場(chǎng)。能夠進(jìn)入民主國家的行列。但是俄羅斯卻從蘇聯(lián)的共產(chǎn)主義變成了現(xiàn)在的寡頭政治模式。

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11.Vojta Rod
, studied Media Studies at Metropolitan University Prague (2018)
Easy answer - highly centralised developing country. Moscow and St. Petersburg are only places that could be compared with Western/Central Europe in main economical/social metrics.

答案非常簡單，俄羅斯是一個(gè)高度集權(quán)的發(fā)展中。在主要經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)指標(biāo)方面，莫斯科和圣彼得堡是唯一可以與西歐和中歐相比較的地方。

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Even Russians often say that these two cities are not “Russian” or don't represent real Russia.

甚至連俄羅斯人也經(jīng)常說，這兩個(gè)地方不是俄羅斯的。這兩個(gè)地方不能代表真正的俄羅。

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Your question could represent fundamental problem about understanding of term developed/wealth country because your opinion Is based on the capital. Even relatively poor countries in Asia/Africa/south America have quite wealthy/developed capitals/big cities. So you are right Moscow is quite wealthy/developed but majority of Russia is sqsnot Moscow and mainly small towns and countryside have extremely low standars and I am talk often about basic standars such as sanitation…

你的問題可以很好的作為一個(gè)國家的注解。你基于一個(gè)國家的觀點(diǎn)主要是基于首都。其實(shí)，即使是那些相對(duì)貧窮的亞洲，非洲，南美洲國家的首都，你也會(huì)看到有很多富裕的人口。所以你是對(duì)的，莫斯科非常富有，非常發(fā)達(dá)。但是俄羅斯其他大部分地區(qū)。不是這樣的。俄羅斯主要的城鎮(zhèn)和農(nóng)村的生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)非常低。我討論基本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的時(shí)候，通常都會(huì)說到衛(wèi)生設(shè)施……