8.distributive justice(veil of irigorance)

vocabulary

freedom of conscience in the life prowess

①utilitarianism ×- equal basic liberties

We would not want to take the chance that we would wind up as members of an oppressed or a despised minority with the majority tyrannizing over us.

We wouldn't trade off our fundamental rights and liberties for any economic advantage.

②an equal distribution of incomes and wealth ×- We could do better than that even we're wind up of the bottom.- a qualified principle of equality, the difference principle

Only those social and economic inequalities that work to the benefit of every one especially those at the bottom are just.

Rawl's arguments

gamblers- straightforwardly moral argument:

distribution of wealth, income and opportunities shouldn'd be based on factors for people can claim no credit(or arbitrary from a moral point of view).

e.g.a feudal aristocracy

People's life prospects are determined by the accident of birth. And u can do nothing to chage it.

→Career should be open to talents, there should be formal equality of opportunity regardless of the accident of birth. Every person should be free to strive, to work, to apply for any job in the society.

(meritocratic system→start at different starting points for permitting distributive shares to be improperly influenced by factors arbitrary from a moral point of view. May eliminate the influence of social contingencies and upbringing.)

→Rawls thinks even this doesn't go far enough in remedying or addressing the moral arbitrariness of the natual lottery.

A more egalitarian conception of distributive justice defined by the difference principle:

leveling quality×

“Those who have been favored by nature, whoever they are, may gain from their good fortune only on terms that improve the situation of those who have lost out." e.g.taxation

-incentives: paid differencials' effect on incentives for the least well-being

-efforts

The efforts that defenders of meritocracy invoke is actually contribution, and it take us back to our natual talents and abilities, not just effort.

-libertarians: self-ownership

It's a coercion when we tax others agaist his willing.

Whether i own myself in a sense that i have a privilegded claim on the benefits that come from the exercise of my talents in a market economy. We don't.

The difference between moral deserts and entitlements:

We are entitled to the benefits that the rules of the game promise for the exercise of the talents. But it's a mistake and a conceit to suppose that we deserve in the first place a society that values the qualities we happen to have in abundance.

Distributive justice is not a matter a moral desert, though it is a matter of entitlements to legitimate expectations.

(moral at stakes: efforts; contigency that i live in a society that happens to prize my talents.- the law of supply and demand+ the qualities that this society happens to prize)

9.affirmative action

vocabulary:

segregate segregationas racist

anti-Semitic quotas or prohibitions

malice malicious

intrinsically

concede

egalitarian

nobility of birth: aristocrats

flute

intuitive plausibility

We're talked out of this way of thinking about the world.

①corrective--for difference in educational backgrounds--principle: only academic promise and scholarly potential should count in admissions, we just need to go beyond test scores and grades alone, considering difference in educational backgrounds to get a true academic promise and scholarly ability.

②compensatory--for past wrongs and historic injustice

objective: unfair to ask one today to pay the compensationfor an injustice that was admittedly committed and egreious, in the past, by which one was not implicated.

③diversity--for the educational experience for everyone; for society as a whole--the common goal

objection: individual rights violated, maybe the right must be considered according to factors eithin one's control and one shouldn'd be used for the sake of common good and social mission.

Aristotle:

"Justice involves two factors: things and the persons to whom the things are assigned. Persons who are equal should have equal things assigned to them."

All justice involves discrimination. What matters is that the discrimination be according to the relevant excellence.

Telos: the point, end, goal of flute playing

Teleological moral reasoning: reasoning from the goal.

10.a good citizen

vocabulary: characteristic honorific polis guarantor covenant deliberate precept dodgy

get the hang of Pericles the dominant say sway

single out intrinsic testimony dissent thrust rumble billiard excel at stake

①politics--offices and honors

(TELOS--shape moral characters of citizens, realize good life)

We only fully realize our nature, unfold our human capacities when we exercise our faculty language, which means when we deliberate with our fellow citizens about good and evil.

The only way we can aquire the virtues that consitute the good life is to exercise the virtues, to have certain habits inculcated in us.

And then to engage in the practice of deliberating with citizens about the nature of the good.

②Casey Martin-golfer