邏輯語(yǔ)義篇Ⅰ

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Ⅰ「Sense Relation between Words」

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先說(shuō)能聽得懂的，

There are generally three kids of sense relations, namely, <sameness relation> <oppositeness relation> <inclusiveness relation>.

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也可以再分為五個(gè)關(guān)系，

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「Synonymy」

Words that are close in meaning are called <synonyms>.

E.g. buy, purchase; establish, build; start, begin, commence; kid, child, offspring.

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又可分為<Dialectal方言同義詞> <Stylistic文體同義詞> <Emotional感情同義詞> <Collocational搭配同義詞> <Semantic shades語(yǔ)義細(xì)微差別同義詞>！

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<Dialectal Synonyms> are words which have the same meaning but used in different regional dialects.

autumn(英)——fall(美)

lift(英)——elevator(美)

baggage(英)——luggage(美)

eraser(英)——rubber(美)

flat(英)——apartment(美)

windscreen(英)——windshield(美)

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<Stylistic Synonyms> are words which have the same meaning but different style.

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E.g. father, daddy, dad, male parent.

start, begin, commence;

kid, child, offspring.

die, decease, pass away.

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與<Stylistic Synonyms>相反的是<Semantic Shades Synonyms>, they are words which seem to have the same meaning but essentially different in use.

E.g. amaze, astound在意思上都接近surprise, 但有一些差距。前者&混亂,疑惑，后者&震驚及難以置信。?

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<Emotional Synonyms> are words which have the same meaning but different in their emotive or evaluative meaning.

E.g. collaborator協(xié)作者, accomplice共犯; 兩者都是指幫助其他人的人，但一個(gè)是正面的，一個(gè)是負(fù)面的。

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<Collocational Synonyms>

I.e. 當(dāng)我們描述已經(jīng)變質(zhì)的東西，對(duì)于不同的食物，搭配的形容詞不同。rotten tomatoes, addled eggs, rancid butter, sour milk.

I.e.當(dāng)我們說(shuō)一個(gè)人犯錯(cuò)甚至犯罪的時(shí)候，我們用“accuse…of…” “charge…with…” “rebuke…for…”搭配不同的介詞。

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[辨證概念]——<搭配同義詞><影子同義詞>區(qū)別在于astonish, amaze都可以用在同一主體上，有替代關(guān)系。但addled, rancid不能用在同一主體上，橫向使用。

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「Anonymy」

Words that are opposite in meaning.

分為<Gradable Antonyms> <Complementary Antonyms> <Relational Opposites>.

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<Gradable Antonyms>

not good≠bad, no good可以是so so(馬馬虎虎)或average.

very good, very bad; better, worse; the best, the worst; hot, warm, cool, cold.

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&程度詞、分等級(jí)

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&相對(duì)性，不絕對(duì)。比如big car比a small plane要小得多。再有，微生物和微型計(jì)算機(jī)同樣是“micro”, 但不能同臺(tái)比較。

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&覆蓋性，即表示較高程度的單詞通?？梢宰鳛檎麄€(gè)性質(zhì)的覆蓋詞。比如“How old are you?”中的old就涵蓋了old和young. 同理，“How long is it?” “How much it costs?”

Length, height, width, breadth, depth, speed, price等都有相應(yīng)的<the cover term>.

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<Complementary Antonyms>

alive——dead

male——female

present——absent

innocent——guilty

odd——even

pass——fail

hit——miss

boy——girl

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&二元對(duì)立、非左即右、非黑即白。

There is no intermediate ground between the two.

In other words, it is a question of two term choice: yes or no; not a multiple choice.

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<等級(jí)反義><互補(bǔ)反義>區(qū)別和差異，有四，

其一是一張圖，如圖，

記得把圖畫到答題卡上！

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其二，<very>等程度詞不可修飾<Complementary Antonyms>, 不能說(shuō)very alive, very present.

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其三，According to logical semantics,

如果<a proposition一個(gè)命題> is true, 則<the contradictory> is false. 不是男就是女。

而“The coffee is hot” “The coffee is cold”這一對(duì)相反的命題都可能是假的。

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其四，拿著前者所擁有的屬性，對(duì)照對(duì)照，后者沒(méi)有的就是區(qū)別！??！互補(bǔ)反義詞沒(méi)有覆蓋詞，沒(méi)有相對(duì)性。

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[頭腦風(fēng)暴]——我知道肯定有bug, 但這個(gè)就是定性去區(qū)別的。如果比如“true”, “false”, 小腦瓜想到“有沒(méi)有一種可能，開放題？或者就沒(méi)有正確答案?！庇行r(shí)候true＝not false, 有些時(shí)候true≠not false. 你感覺(jué)歸到哪里就歸到哪里吧，超綱了！放飛自我，不要約束！

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既然有bug, [胡]給了補(bǔ)丁，在此基礎(chǔ)上再分了一個(gè)<Converse Antonymy>

buy——sell

before——after

lend—borrow

give——receive

parent—child

husband—wife

host——guest

employer——employee

teacher——student

above——below

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比如，很顯然，before, after有<相對(duì)性>，且有intermediate ground, 但又不能被程度詞修飾。

有些時(shí)候貌似可以說(shuō)二元對(duì)立，比如你畫一個(gè)數(shù)軸，隨便取一個(gè)非零的數(shù)，你要么在o左邊，要么在右邊。

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【分類法有局限性，具體問(wèn)題具體分析】！

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然后，這里就要批評(píng)下[胡]大師不懂事了，parent—child; husband—wife; host——guest; employer——employee; teacher——student.

我感覺(jué)這明顯不能分到一組同臺(tái)競(jìng)技，至少是實(shí)體，你見過(guò)實(shí)體有反義詞嗎？Teacher對(duì)應(yīng)student嗎？為什么不能是schoolmaster呢？這是社會(huì)角色的對(duì)應(yīng)，社會(huì)關(guān)系賦予的對(duì)照。

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英雄所見略同，[戴]大師給了補(bǔ)丁<Relational Opposites>, 又可理解為<Counterpart>.

father——son

teacher——pupil

doctor——patient

buy——sell

let——rent

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<買><賣>、<出租><租借>這兩組詞，

首先，不能說(shuō)“非常買”“極其出租”，沒(méi)有程度性可言。

其次，不是二元對(duì)立，我可以不買，我也可以不賣，不是自然的對(duì)立關(guān)系。

再者，你畫不出圖對(duì)應(yīng)，“買”沒(méi)有相反面，或者你如果默認(rèn)“買”的對(duì)立面是“賣”，中間地帶是“不買不賣”，但其特征是非典型的、異常的。

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那對(duì)立是誰(shuí)賦予的呢？想想看，就是<社會(huì)存在、社會(huì)關(guān)系、生產(chǎn)資料與生產(chǎn)關(guān)系>的社會(huì)性賦予的。

所以，把它們歸為<Relational Opposites>而從<Converse Antonymy>中分開是合理的。

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但是，怎么說(shuō)吶，現(xiàn)狀是[胡][戴]不統(tǒng)一意見，[胡]沒(méi)涉及<Relational Opposites>, [戴]沒(méi)涉及<Converse Antonymy>, 把a(bǔ)ll the atypical antonyms歸到各自給的概念里面。

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現(xiàn)狀就是這么一個(gè)現(xiàn)狀，converse搭配antonymy, relational搭配opposite, 自己看著辦！

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關(guān)于<Converse Antonymy>的獨(dú)特性，在于，我們說(shuō)“X is good” “X is male”, without presupposing Y.

But with relational opposite, there are always a counterpart.

If there is a buyer, there must also be a seller.

如果一個(gè)人能被稱作son, 他需要parent, 這就是對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。不能還沒(méi)結(jié)婚吶，哪來(lái)抱孫子！

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「Polysemy」

即，一詞多義！

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&一個(gè)詞用得越頻繁，應(yīng)用越泛化，它就越有可能多義。

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&一詞多義，也可以看作詞義的增加、發(fā)展及變化的過(guò)程。

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「Homonymy」

They are words which have different meanings but have the same sound or form.

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[戴]他以身作則，直面恐懼，勇敢回答了一個(gè)千古難題——假如一個(gè)詞有很多意思，那它是<Polysemy>還是<Complete Homonyms>?

戴：這是個(gè)很有趣但很難回答的問(wèn)題。

具體問(wèn)題具體分析！

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「Hyponymy上下義關(guān)系」

It refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The former is called <Superordinate上坐標(biāo)詞>, and the latter is called <hyponyms下義詞>. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are <Co-hyponyms> to each other. The superordinate includes all its hyponyms.

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It is a matter of class membership. Hyponymy is a relation of inclusion.

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