原文地址：https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/india-rajkumari-ratnavti-kellogg-school-spc-intl/index.html

在印度北部沙漠中的城鎮(zhèn)杰伊瑟爾梅爾（Jaisalmer），也因其地大量的沙石建筑被稱為“黃金之城”。當(dāng)?shù)氐臏囟仍谑⑾臅r(shí)可達(dá)大約 120 華氏度（49 攝氏度）。

在這里，建筑都被設(shè)計(jì)以適應(yīng)高溫。紐約建筑師戴安娜·凱洛格（Diana Kellogg）在設(shè)計(jì)當(dāng)?shù)氐呐訉W(xué)校 Rajkumari Ratnavati 時(shí)遵循了這一傳統(tǒng)。

這一地區(qū)的女性識(shí)字率是印度最低的。這一工程為該地區(qū)的女性提供了教育機(jī)會(huì)，同時(shí)，這一工程是由 CITTA 組織委托進(jìn)行的，這是一個(gè)位于美國(guó)的非盈利性組織，致力于為偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的女性提供經(jīng)濟(jì)和教育援助。這是該組織三步工程計(jì)劃中的第一步，此計(jì)劃同樣包含了一個(gè)女性協(xié)作中心和一個(gè)展示區(qū)。

據(jù)凱洛格所說，2020 年被印度建筑文摘（Architectural Digest India）稱為 “建筑之年”，該環(huán)保沙石學(xué)校于 2021 年的 11 月啟用，同時(shí) 120 位女孩已入學(xué)接受教育。

自然冷卻

在這個(gè)塔爾沙漠（Thar desert）的中心區(qū)域設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)舒適的學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境是一個(gè)巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。在這里，氣候變化使得旱情更加嚴(yán)重。凱洛格通常設(shè)計(jì)的是一些高端住宅，她于 2014 年旅行來到杰伊瑟爾梅爾，被當(dāng)?shù)氐目釤岘h(huán)境所激發(fā)，想要在這沙漠中通過聯(lián)合傳統(tǒng)的當(dāng)?shù)毓に嚺c現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)建造一座象征希望與堅(jiān)韌的建筑。

凱洛格說：“幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來，有許多方法可以用來降溫避暑。我所做的只是將那些方法整合，使其更好的工作?！?她補(bǔ)充說明，學(xué)校的室內(nèi)溫度大概比室外低了 20 到 30 華氏度。

對(duì)于這些建筑，她選擇使用本地的沙石 —— 一種能夠適應(yīng)氣候變化的材料，該材料在這一地區(qū)有悠久的使用歷史，包括杰伊瑟爾梅爾城堡（Jaisalmer Fort），這個(gè)城市中具有四分之一人口的一部分，同時(shí)也是聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織世界遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)區(qū)。

“這個(gè)區(qū)域非常富裕，在出價(jià)這方面十分合理，并且當(dāng)?shù)氐氖吃谔幚硎蠒r(shí)如同魔術(shù)師一般?！眲P洛格說，“這些石料能夠在白天時(shí)阻隔外界的炎熱，也能在夜晚時(shí)阻擋外部的涼意?！?/p>

在傳統(tǒng)的技術(shù)中，凱洛格選擇了其中的一種融入到她的建筑設(shè)計(jì)當(dāng)中：用一種具有冷卻性質(zhì)的多孔的石灰粉粉刷內(nèi)墻，這有助于釋放空氣中的水分。受該地區(qū)其它建筑的啟發(fā)，她在建筑中安裝了賈利墻（jali wall），一種用來通過文丘里效應(yīng)（venturi effect）加速空氣流通的沙石網(wǎng)格，用來降溫的同時(shí)也提供了樹蔭。較高的天花板和窗戶有助于釋放教室內(nèi)的熱量，同時(shí)裝配著太陽能板的頂棚也能提供陰影和電能。

該結(jié)構(gòu)與風(fēng)向成一定角度，呈橢圓形。選用這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)不僅是因其利用冷空氣的能力，也是因?yàn)槠涓挥信託赓|(zhì)的特點(diǎn)，與此項(xiàng)目所提倡的精神相匹配。凱洛格稱其為“一個(gè)大而緊的擁抱”。

舒適校園中的可持續(xù)性

凱洛格坦承，被使用在這所學(xué)校的許多冷卻技術(shù)原則上也能被使用在其它地方，它們的有效性和可持續(xù)性因地而異。比如說，其它地方特殊的風(fēng)向和不同的沙石材料會(huì)使得對(duì)溫度的控制效果不同于在杰伊瑟爾梅爾。

這幢建筑中沒有使用空調(diào)，不止是因?yàn)榭照{(diào)的環(huán)境影響，空調(diào)在這一地區(qū)并不常見。通過當(dāng)?shù)貙W(xué)生熟悉的傳統(tǒng)的和自然的降溫技術(shù)來取代空調(diào)，她相信學(xué)生們會(huì)通過感受周圍環(huán)境變得更加有信心。

“在過去的三、四個(gè)月里，我獨(dú)自看著，”她說，“在這些女孩身上的變化，從害羞少語到現(xiàn)在的陽光開朗，她們饑渴地吸收著你授予她們的所有知識(shí)?！?/p>

In the north Indian desert town of Jaisalmer, also known as “The Golden City” for its array of yellow sandstone architecture, temperatures can reach approximately 120 degrees Fahrenheit (49 degrees Celsius) at the height of summer.

Here, buildings have long been designed to adapt to the heat, a tradition that New York architect Diana Kellogg has followed with her work on the Rajkumari Ratnavati Girls’ School.

The project, which is meant to empower women and girls through education in a region where the female literacy rate is the lowest in India, was commissioned by CITTA, a US non-profit organization that provides economic and education support to women in remote and marginalized communities. It’s the first step in a three-part architectural project that will also include a women’s cooperative center and an exhibition space.

Named the 2020 “Building of the Year” by Architectural Digest India, the eco-friendly sandstone school opened in November 2021 and 120 girls are currently enrolled in its curriculum, according to Kellogg.

Natural cooling

Designing a comfortable learning space can be challenging in the heart of the Thar desert, where climate change is making drought spells longer and more intense. Kellogg, who usually designs high-end residential projects, was motivated by a 2014 trip to Jaisalmer, and wanted the building to symbolize the hope and resilience of the desert by merging aspects of traditional Jaisalmer architecture with a modern design.

“There are methods to cool spaces that have been used for centuries. What I did is I put them together in a combination that worked,” Kellogg said, adding that indoor temperatures at the school are approximately 20-30 degrees Fahrenheit lower than the outdoors.

For the structure, she opted to use locally sourced sandstone – a climate-resilient material that’s been long used for buildings in the area, including the Jaisalmer Fort, a part of the city that hosts one fourth of its population and is a UNESCO World Heritage site.

“It’s so abundant in this area. It’s very reasonable (in price) and the extremely talented stonemasons are just magicians with the stone,” Kellogg said. “It actually keeps the heat out and also keeps the coolness out at night.”

Among the traditional techniques Kellogg incorporated into the design is lining the inner walls with lime plaster, a porous and natural cooling material that helps release any trapped moisture resulting from humidity. Inspired by other buildings in the region, she also installed a jali wall — a sandstone grid that enables wind to accelerate in a phenomenon called the venturi effect, cooling the courtyard space while also providing shade from the sun. High ceilings and windows release rising heat in classrooms, while a solar panel canopy provides shade and energy.

The structure, which is angled in relation to the prevailing winds, has an elliptical shape, chosen for its ability to capture and circulate cool air, but also for its symbolic connotations of femininity, matching the ethos of the project. Kellogg calls it “a big, tight hug.”

Comfort in sustainability

While many of the cooling techniques used at the school could be applied elsewhere in principle, their effectiveness and sustainability would vary from site to site, Kellogg admits. Particular wind directions and different sandstones would regulate temperatures differently to the materials found and used in Jaisalmer, for example.

Air conditioning isn’t used anywhere in the building, not just because of its environmental impact but because it isn’t common in the area. By adopting traditional and natural cooling mechanisms that the students are familiar with instead, she believes they can get sense of comfort from their surroundings, leading to greater confidence.

“I’ve seen it myself over the last three, four months,” she said.

“The change in the girls, from being quite shy to being these bright lights that are devouring whatever kind of information you put in front of them.”