飛行課程 Stage 2 - CFR Part 91 and NTSB 830
Content:
Pilot in Command
General Operating Rules
Flight Rules
Equipment, Instrument, and Certificate Requirements
Special Flight Operations
Maintenance and Alterations
Aircraft Accidents, Incidents, and Overdue Aircraft
1. Pilot in Command
91.3 - Responsibility and Authority of the Pilot in Command
91.7 - Civil Aircraft Airworthiness
Pilot in Command Authority 91.3
The pilot in command of an aircraft is directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to, the operation of that aircraft
In-Flight Emergency 91.3
In an in-flight emergency requiring immediate action, the pilot in command may deviate from any rule of this part to the extend required to meet that emergency
Each pilot who deviates from a rule ... shall, upon request of the Administrator, send a written report of that deviation to the Administrator
Aircraft Airworthiness 91.7
No person may operate a civil aircraft unless it is in an airworthy condition
The pilot in command of a civil aircraft is responsible for determining whether that aircraft is in condition for safe flight
The pilot in command must discontinue the flight when unairworthy mechanical, electrical, or structural conditions occur
2. General Operating Rules
91.15 - Dropping Objects
91.17 - Alcohol or Drugs
Dropping Objects 91.15
No pilot in command of a civil aircraft may allow any object to be dropped from that aircraft in flight that creates a hazard to persons or property
Alcohol and Flying 91.17
No person may act or attempt to act as a crewmember of a civil aircraft:
Within 8 hours after the consumption of any alcoholic beverage
While under the influence of alcohol or
While having an alcohol concentration of 0.04 or greater in a blood or breath specimen
Drug and Flying 91.17
Except in an emergency, no pilot of a civil aircraft may allow a person who appears to be intoxicated or who demonstrates by manner or physical indications that the individual is under the influence of drugs (except a medical patient under proper care) to be carried in that aircraft
3. Flight Rules
91.103 - Preflight Actions
91.105 - Flight Crewmembers at Stations
91.107 - Use of Safety Belts, Shoulder Harnesses, and Child Restraint Systems
91.111 - Operating Near Other Aircraft
91.117 - Aircraft Speed
91.123 - Compliance With ATC Clearances and Instructions
91.127 - Operating on or in the Vicinity of an Airport in Class E Airspace
91.151 - Fuel Requirements for Flight in VFR Conditions
Preflight Action 91.103
Each pilot in command shall, before beginning a flight, become familiar with all available information concerning that flight
Runway Lengths 91.103
You are required, as pilot in command, before beginning any flight, to become familiar with all available information concerning that flight, including runway lengths at airports of intended use, and takeoff and landing distance information
Cross-Country Flights 91.103
You are required, as pilot in command, before beginning any flight, to become familiar with all available information concerning that flight. This information must include, for a flight not in the vicinity of an airport, weather reports and forecasts, fuel requirements, alternatives [alternative courses of action] available if the palnned flight cannot be completed, and any known traffic delays of which the pilot in command has been advised by ATC
Crewmember Safety Belt Requirements 91.107
During takeoff, landing, and while enroute, each required flight vewmember shall ... keep the safety belt fastened while at the crewmember station
During takeoff and landing, each flight crewmember of a U.S. registered civil aircraft shall keep his or her shoulder harness fastened while at his or her assigned duty station. This paragraph does not apply if the seat at the crewmember's station is not equipped with a shoulder harness; or the crewmember would be unable to perform required duties with the shoulder harness fastened
Passenger Safety Belty Requirement 91.107
No pilot may take off on a U.S. registered civil aircraft ... unless the pilot in command of that aircraft ensures that each person on board is briefed on how to fasten and unfasten that person's safety belt and, if installed, shoulder harness
No pilot may cause to be moved [taxi], take off, or land a U.S registered civil aircraft unless the pilot in command of that aircraft ensures that each person on board has been notified to fasten his or her safety belt and, if installed, his or her shoulder harness
Operating Near Other Aircraft 91.111
No person may operate an aircraft so close to another aircraft as to create a collision hazard
No person may operate an aircraft in formation flight except by arrangement with the pilot in command of each aircraft in the formation
No person may operate an aircraft carrying passengers for hire, in formation flight
Airspeed Below 10,000 Feet MSL 91.117
Unless otherwise authorized, no person may operate an aircraft below 10,000 ft. MSL at an indicated airspeed of more than 250 knots (288 miles per hour)
Airspeed in Class C and Class D Airspace 91.117
Unless otherwise authorized or required by ATC, no person may operate an aircraft at or below 2,500 ft above the surface within four nautical miles of the primary airport of a Class C or Class D airspace area at an indicated airspeed of more than 200 knots (230 miles per hour)
Airspeed in Class B Airspace 91.117
No person may operate an aircraft in the airspace underlying a Class B airspace area designated for an airport or in a VFR corridor designated through such a Class B airspace area, at an indicated airspeed of more than 200 knots?(230 miles per hour)
ATC Clearance Deviations 91.123
When an ATC clearance has been obtained, no pilot in command may deviate from that ATC clearance unless an amended clearance is obtained, an emergency exists, or the deviation is in response to a traffic alert and collusion avoidance system resolution advisory
ATC Clearance Deviation Requirements 91.123
Each pilot in command who, in an emergency, or in response to a traffic alert and collision avoidance system resolution advisory, deviates from an ATC clearance or instruction shall notify ATC of that deviation as soon as possible
Each pilot in command who (though not deviating from a rule of this subpart) is given priority by ATC in an emergency, shall submit a detailed report of that emergency within 48 hours to the manager of that ATC facility, if requested by ATC
Uncontrolled Airport Departures 91.127
Each pilot of an aircraft must comply with any traffic patterns established for that airport in Part 93 ...?
Day & Night Flight Fuel Requirements 91.151
No person may begin a flight in an airplane under VFR conditions unless (considering wind and forecast weather conditions) there is enough fuel to fly to the first point of intended landing and, assuming normal cruising speed:
During the day, to fly after that for at least 30 minutes
At night, to fly aafter that for at least 45 minutes
4. Equipment, Instrument, and Certificate Requirements
91.9 - Civil Aircraft Flight Manual, Marking, and Placard Requirements
91.203 - Civil Aircraft: Certifications Required
91.205 - Instrument and Equipment Requirements
91.207 - Emergency Locator Transmitters
91.209 - Aircraft Lights
91.211 - Supplemental Oxygen
01.130 - Operations in Class C Airspace
91.215 - ATC Transponder and Altitude Reporting Equipment and Use
Certificates & Documents Aboard 91.9 & 91.203
No person may operate a civil aircraft unless it has within it ... an appropriate and current airworthiness certificate ... [and] an effective U.S registration certificate
No person may operate a U.S. registered civil aircraft ... unless there is available in the aircraft a current, approved Airplane ... Flight Manual [or] approved manual material, markings, and placards, or any combination thereoff
ARROW - Airworthiness, Registration, Radio station license (when flying outside of the United States), Operation limitations, Weight and balance
Required Instruments 91.205
No person may operate a powered civil aircraft with a standard category U.S airworthiness certificate ... unless that aircraft contains the instruments and equipment specified ... and items of equipment are in operatble condition
Visual-flight rules (day). For VFR flight during the day, the following instruments and equipment are required:
Airspeed indicator
Altimeter
Magnetic direction indicator
Tachometer for each engine
Oil pressure guage for each engine using pressure system
Temperature guage for each liquid-cooled engine [OR]
Oil temperature gauge for each air-cooled engine
Fuel gauge indicating the quantity of fuel in each tank
Manifold pressure gauge for each altitude engine
Landing gear position indicator, if the aircraft has a retractable landing gear
Required Equipment 91.205
For small civil airplanes certificated after March 11, 1996, in accordance with part 23 of this chapter, an approved aviation red or aviation white anticollision light system
If the aircraft is operated for hire over water and beyond power-off gliding distance from shore, approved flotation gear readily available to each occupant and ... at least one pyrotechnic signaling device
Required Equipment - VFR Night Flight 91.205
For VFR flight at night, the following instruments and equipment are required:
Instruments and equipment specified in paragraph (b) of this section
Approved aviation red or aviation white anticollision light system ...
If the aircraft is operated for hire, one electric landing light
An adequate source of electrical energy for all installed electrical and radio equipment
One spare set of fuses, or three spare fuses of each kind required, that area ccessible to the pilot in flight
FLAPS - Fuses; Landing light; Anticollision light system; Position lights; Source of electrical power
Replace of Recharge ELT Battery 91.207
Batteries used in the emergency locator transmitter [ELT] ... must be replaced (or rechared?if batteries are rechargeable):
When the transmitter has been in use for more than one cumulative hour; or
When 50 percent of their useful life (or for rechargeable batteries, 50 percent of their useful life of charge) has expired as established by the transmitter manufacturer under its approval
Aircraft Lights 91.209
No person may, during the period from sunset to sunrise, operate an aircraft unless it has lighted position lights
... in Alaska, [no person may operate an aircraft] during the period a prominent unlighted object cannt be seen from a distance of three statute miles or the sun is more than six degrees below the horizon
Supplemental Oxygen Requirements 91.211
No person may operate [an unpressurized] civil aircraft of U.S. registry
At cabin pressure altitudes above 12,500 ft (MSL) up to and including 14,000 ft (MSL), unless the required minimum flight crew is provided with and uses supplemental oxygen for that part of the flight at those altitudes that is of more than 30 minutes duration
At cabin pressure altitudes above 14,000 ft (MSL), unless the required minimum flight crew is provided with and uses supplimental oxygen during the entire flight time at those altitudes
At cabin pressure altitudes above 15,000 ft (MSL), unless each occupant of the aircraft is provided with supplemental oxygen
Class C Airspace Operations Requirements 91.130 & 91.205
Communication: Each person operating in Class C airspace must meet [specified] two-way radio communications requirements ... Equipment Reuirements: No person may operate an aircraft within a Class C airspace area ... unless that aircarft is equipped with the applicable equipment specified in 91.215
Unless otherwise authorized, or directed by ATC, no person may operate an aircraft in [Class C] airspace ... unless that aircraft is equipped with an operable coded radar beacon transponder having either Mode 3/A 4096 code capability, replying to a Mode 3/A interrogations with the code specified by ATC, ... and that aircraft is equipped with automatic pressure altitude reporting equipment having a Mode C capability that automatically replies to a Mode C interrogations by transmitting pressure altitude information in 100-foot increments
5. Special Flight Operations
1.1 - Definitions
91.303 - Aerobatic Flight
91.307 - Parachutes and Parachuting
91.313 - Restricted Category Civil Aircraft: Operating Limitations
91.319 - Aircraft Having Experimental Certificates: Operating Limitations
Aircraft Categories and Classes 1.1
Aerobatic Flight 91.303
No person may operate an aircraft in aerobatic flight when:
Over any congested area of a city, town, or settlement
Over an open-air assembly of persons
Within the lateral boundaries of the surface areas of Class B, Class C, Class D, or Class E airspace designated for an airport
Within four nautical miles of the center line of any Federal airway
Below an altitude of 1,500 ft. above ground level
When flight visibility is less than three statute miles
Parachute Type and Packing Requirements 91.307
No pilot of civil aircraft may allow a parachute that is available for emergency use to be arried in that aircraft unless it is an approved type and has been packed by a vertificated and appropriated rated parachute rigger -
Within the preceding 180 days, if its canopy, shrouds, and harness are compsed exclusively of nylon, rayon, or other similar synthetic fiber or materials that are substantially resistant to damage from mold, mildew, or other fungi and other rotting agents propagated in a moist environment
Within the preceding 60 days, if any part of the parachute is composed of silk, pongee, or other natural fiber or materials not specified in paragraph (a)(1) of this sectioin
Parachute Requirements for Occupants 91.307
Unless each occupant of the aircraft is wearing an approved parachute, no pilot of a civil aircraft, carrying any person (other than a crewmember) may perform any intentional maneuver that exceeds a bank of 60 degrees relative to the horizon; nose-up or nose-down attitude of 30 degrees relative ot the horizon
Restricted Category Civil Aircraft 91.313
Certain kinds of specialized aircraft have restricted airworthiness certificates that allow them to be operated only for a specified purpose. These purposes include agriculture, photography, mapping, patrolling pipelines and powerlines, cloud seeding, skywriting, and banner towing
Because the level of safety for restricted category aicraft can be lower than the level required for a standard category aircraft, the FAA imposes certain operating restrictions on them to maintain public safety
Except when operating in a accordance with the terms and conditions of a certificate of waiver or special operating limitations issued by the administrator, no person may operate a restricted category civil aircraft within the United States -?
Over a densely populated area;
In a congested airway; or
Near a busy airport where passenger transport operations are conducted
Experimental Aircraft 91.319
The FAA issues special airworthiness certificates in the experimental category for aircraft that are safe for operation, but that do not have standard type certificates or that do not conform to their standard type certificates
Purposes include:
Research and development
Flight testing
Air shows
Motion picture and television productions
Air racing
Homebuilt aircraft
Unless otherwise authorized by the Administrator in special operating limitations, no person may operate an aircraft that has an experimental certificate over a densely populated area or in a congested airway
6. Maintenance and Alterations
91.403 - General
91.405 - Maintenance Required
91.407 - Operation After Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding, or Alteration
91.409 - Inspections
91.417 - Maintenance Records
91.413 - ATC Transponder Tests and Inspections
Owner or Operator Responsibilities 91.403
The owner or operator of an aircraft is primarily responsible for maintaining that aircraft in an airworthy condition, including compliance with part 39 of this chapter
Maintenance Entries 91.405
Each owner or operator of an aircraft shall have that aircraft inspected and ... shall have discrepancies repaired
Each owner of operator of an aircraft shall ensure that maintenance personnel make appropriate entires in the aircraft maintenance records indicating the aircraft has been approved for return to service
Change in Flight Characteristics 91.407
No person may carry any person (other than crewmembers) in an aircraft that has been maintained, rebuilt, or altered in a manner that may have appreciably changed its flight characteristics or sustantially affected its operation in flight until an appropriately rated pilot with at least a private pilot certificate flies the aircraft, makes an operational checks of the maintenance performed or alteration made, and logs the flight in the aircraft records
No person may operate any aircraft that has undergone maintenance, preventive maintenance, rebuilding, or alteration unless it has been approved for return to service ... and the maintenance record entry required [as applicable] has been made
Annual Inspection 91.409
No person may operate an aircraft unless, within the perceding 12 calendar months, it has had an annual inspection ... and has been approved for return to service [by an authorized person] ... and is entered as an "annual" inspection in the required maintenance records
Required Inspections for Rental Aircraft 91.409
No person may operate an aircraft carrying any person (other than a crewmember) for hire, [or] give flight instruction for hire in an aircraft which that person provides, unless within the preceding 100 hours of time in service the aircraft has received an annual or 100-hour inspection and been approved for return to service ...
Calculate 100-Hour Inspection Date 91.409
The 100-hour limitation may be exceeded by not more than 10 hours while enroute to reach a place where the inspection can be done. The excess time ... must be included in computing the next 100 hours of time in service
Annual Inspection Due Date 91.417
Each registerd owner or operator shall keep ... records of the maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alteration and records of the 100-hour, annual, progressive, and other required or approved inspections
Airworthiness Directives 91.417
Each registered owner or operator shall keep [aircraft maintenance records ... the records must include the current status of applicable airworthiness directives (AD) including, for each, the method of compliance, the AD number, and the revision date. If the AD involves recurring action, the time and date when the next action is required
ATC Transponder Inspection 91.413
No person may use an ATC transponder ... unless, within the preceding 24 calendar months, [it] has been tested and inspected ...
7. Aircraft Accidents, Incidents, and Overdue Aircraft
NTSB 830.5 - Immediate Notification
NTSB 830.10 - Perservation of Aircraft Wreckage, Mail, Cargo, and Precords
NTSB 830.15 - Reports and Statements to be Filed
Notifying NTSB 830.5
The operator of any civil aircraft ... shall immediately, and by the most expeditious means available, notify the nearest National Transportation Safety Board field office when an aircraft accident [occurs]
Incidents Requiring Notification 830.5
The operator of any civil aircraft ... shall immediately, and by the most expeditious means available, notify the nearest National Transportation Safety Board field office when an aircraft accident or any of the following listed incidents occur
A flight control system has malfunctioned or failed
An in-flight fire has occurred
An aircraft is overdue and is believed to have been involved in an accident
Aircraft Wreckage 830.10
Prior to the time the Board or its authorized representation takes custody of aircraft wreckage, mail, or cargo, such wreckage, mail, or cargo may not be disturbed or moved except to the extent necessary to remove persons injured or trapped, protect the wreckage from further damage, or protect the public from injury
Accident Report Filling Requirements 830.15
The operator of ... [an] aircraft shall file a report ... within 10 days after an accident ...
Incident Report Filling Requirement 830.15
[The operator of an aircraft shall file] a report on a incident for which immediate notification is required ... [to the NTSB field office nearest the incident] only as requested by an authorized representative of the Board
