Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage.?

In 1755, British writer Samuel Johnson published an acerbic letter to Lord Chesterfield rebuking his patron for neglect and declining further support. Johnson’s rejection of his patron’s belated assistance has often been identified as a key moment in the history of publishing, marking the end of the culture of patronage. However, patronage had been in decline for 50 years, yet would survive, in attenuated form, for another 50. Indeed, Johnson was in 1762 awarded a pension by the Crown—a subtle form of sponsorship, tantamount to state patronage. The importance of Johnson’s letter is not so much historical as emotional it would become a touchstone for all who repudiated patrons and for all who embraced the laws of the marketplace.

1.?The author of the passage mentions Johnson’s 1762 pension award in order to?

A. provide a specific example of patronage surviving into the second half of the eighteenth century

B. emphasize that patronage still helped support Johnson’s writing after his letter to Chesterfield

C. provide evidence for a general trend in the later half of the eighteenth century of private patronage’s being replaced by state sponsorship

2.?Which of the following best describes the function of the highlighted phrase in the context of the passage as a whole?

A. It points?out the most obvious implications of Johnson’s letter to his patron.

B. It suggests?a motivation for Johnson’s rejection of Chesterfield’s patronage.

C. It provides information that qualifies the assertion that Johnson’s letter sharply defined the?end of a publishing era.

D. It provides a possible defense for Chesterfield’s alleged neglect of Johnson.

E. It refutes?the notion that patrons are found primarily among the nobility.

Questions 3 to 5 are based on this passage:

Most feminist labor historians believe that the emergence and rapid general adaptation of industrial unionism in the late 1930s was essential for the success of efforts to organize large numbers of women workers into unions. They argue that industrial unionism’s commitment to recruiting unskilled workers and its abandonment of racial and gender exclusiveness was more attractive to women workers (who, according to these scholars, were largely unskilled) than was the earlier exclusionary craft-union model. The successful organization of women garment workers in the 1910s does not undermine this dominant view, since the garment unions welcomed women workers of every skill level, prefiguring the industrial form of unionism. However, the fact that another organization, the very successful Women’s Trade Union League, effectively recruited in other industries using the then-prevalent craft-union approach—setting performance standards for members, offering them advanced training programs, and disciplining members who had substandard job performance—is less easily explained.?

3.?The author of the passage is primarily concerned with

A. pointing out similarities and differences between two types women’s unionism

B. presenting evidence related to a belief about the unionization of women workers

C. giving a description of one particular model of unionization and its impact on women workers

D. reconciling two disparate views of the early history of women’s labor unions

E. suggesting the reasons for the success of a particular effort to unionize women workers

4. The author of the passage discusses the Women’s Trade Union League most probably in order to

A. support the point of view presented by feminist labor historians

B. suggest that the dominant view of industrial unionism is not entirely satisfactory

C. provide an example of the success of industrial unionism in organizing women workers before the 1930s

D. explain the connection that feminist labor historians make between industrial unionism and craft-union movement

E. illustrate the gender exclusivity of early attempts to organize women workers

5. The passage suggests that feminist labor historians argue that industrial unionism is an approach that?

A. did not succeed when it was used as the basis for efforts to unionize skilled workers

B. has rarely been considered the single most important factor responsible for the successful organization of large numbers of women workers

C. owed its emergence in the late 1930s and its subsequent spread primarily to the earlier craft unions’ failure to organize women and minority workers

D. has been firmly committed to forcing employers to abandon exclusionary or discriminatory hiring policies

E. tended to open union membership to worker who would probably not have been recruitable by unions adopting the earlier craft-union model

Questions 6 is based on this passage:

The traditional color of fire trucks is red, but in cities that have introduced yellow trucks into their fleets, the rate of traffic accidents per mile driven among these trucks has been far lower than the rate among red trucks. Some critics of the innovation have questioned whether this difference should be attributed to color, given that the yellow trucks were generally newer than the red trucks with which they were compared. But this criticism can be dismissed. Certainly, the mere difference in accident rates is not decisive evidence. The decisive fact is that the rates differed significantly only in the hours around dawn and dusk. At these hours, the visibility of yellow is known to be better than that of red.

6. In the argument given, the two highlighted portions play which of the following roles??

A. The first is a statement of the position the argument as a whole opposes; the second is a statement of the position it defends.

B. The first is a claim that the argument as a whole calls into question; the second denies the rationale presented by some critics of that claim.

C. The first is a claim that the argument as whole calls into question; the second points out an error of reasoning made by defenders of that claim.

D. The first is the position defended in the argument; the second is an intermediate conclusion drawn to support that position.

E. The first is the position defended in the argument the second concedes a point critics of that position.

Questions 7 and 8 are based on this passage:

The discovery of subsurface life on Earth, surviving independently from surface life, refutes the belief that biological processes require not only liquid water but sunlight as well, thus greatly enhancing the possibility of life beyond Earth. Take Jupiter’s moon Europa. Space probes show a body covered with a thick layer of ice. As Europa orbits its planet, however, it flexes due to the gravitational tug-of-war between it, its sister moons, and Jupiter. Through friction, this flexing produces heat in the moon’s interior capable of melting ice. Indeed, observations suggest liquid water exists beneath Europa’s icy crust. Photosynthetic life is impossible there because sunlight is completely absent, but life such as the microbes that flourish deep within Earth may still be possible.

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

7. Life on Europa in the form suggested in the passage would be dependent on?

A. the protection Europa’s icy crust gives against the harmful components of sunlight

B. the existence of water on Europa

C. the motion of Europa around Jupiter

8. The highlighted sentence serves to introduce

A. an instance that allows a hypothesis to be tested

B. speculation grounded in empirical discovery

C. a deduction from a newly advanced hypothesis

D. a large-scale effect of an apparently insignificant contingency

E. the derivation of a contradiction to refute a claim?

Questions 9 - 10 are based on this passage:

Bowles et al. posit a positive relationship between Scandinavian settlement locations during the period of Viking expansion, beginning in the 8th?century, and availability of bog iron at these locations. They cite Erickson’s 1961 map that plots locations of major settlements in relation to known areas where bog iron could have been extracted. Two settlements in particular, Telemark and Bergslagen, were near numerous pockets of available bog iron. The map shows a lack of settlements where evidence for bog iron deposits is lacking. Trondheim is the only settlement of a noticeable distance from any deposit. It may be that our knowledge is incomplete regarding the location of bog iron deposits at that time, or Trondheim may have been used to gather other resources.

9. The author mentions "other resources" primarily in order to

A. acknowledge that bog iron was only one of many resources required by Viking settlements

B. provide an interpretation of a particular ambiguity in Eriksson’s map of Viking settlements

C. offer a possible explanation for differences in the ways in which various Viking settlement exploited natural resources

D. challenge a particular assumption about the resemblance of Trondheim to Telemark and Bergslagen

E. introduce a possible explanation for a discrepancy between the evidence provided by Eriksson’s map and the view put forth by Bowles et al.

10. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following assertions about Trondeheim?

A. It was likely established as a settlement before the Viking began to use bog iron.

B. It could possibly have resembled Telemark and Bergslagen in its proximity to bog iron deposits.

C. It was more distant from other population centers than were Telemark and Bergslagen

D. Its inhabitants likely had access to a wider range of natural resources than did those who lived in Telemark and Bergslagen.

E. Its location may have prevented it from becoming as important a settlement as were those nearer to bog iron deposits.