《Writing Science: How to Write Papers That Get Cited and Proposals That Get Funded》（科學寫作：寫出能被引用的論文以及能獲資助的提案）一書于2011年出版，豆瓣評分9.7，是一本關于寫作的指南。本書主要講如何科學地寫作，如何更好地講故事，同時告訴讀者寫作需要注重結構和內(nèi)容，而不是拘泥于某些細節(jié)。此書作者是加州大學圣巴巴拉分校生態(tài)進化與海洋生物學系的Joshua Schimel教授，Soil Biology & Biochemistry主編。作者的導師是美國科學院院士Mary Firestone教授。

科學家所做的不止是研究，還需要寫作，可以說科學家也是專業(yè)作家?？茖W家職業(yè)生涯是建立在“成功”的論文之上。成功的定義不是讓論文發(fā)表，而是讓文章的思想進入讀者的意識中?！犊茖W寫作》是建立在成功講述故事理念之上，討論如何更有效地寫作。本書將寫作經(jīng)驗與作者多年來作為作者、審稿人和編輯的經(jīng)驗相結合，向科學家和學生展示了如何以清晰的方式講述研究故事，并使讀者的理解達到最大化。

作者采用綜合方法，從論文或提案的整體結構到個別章節(jié)、段落、句子和單詞，利用故事結構來討論成功的科學寫作方式。首先作者從建立核心論點出發(fā)，分析為什么有些故事很吸引人、令人流連忘返，而有些故事卻很快被遺忘。其次作者說明了故事結構的要素，講述了科學家和研究人員在論文和提案中使用的結構如何符合經(jīng)典的模式。而后針對論文的內(nèi)部結構，作者解釋了如何以簡潔和專業(yè)的方式寫出清晰的章節(jié)、段落和句子。同時一篇論文中的觀點應該是無縫流動的，吸引讀者一直讀到結束。最后作者說明科學寫作涉及的特殊挑戰(zhàn)，如討論研究的局限性以及如何為公眾寫作。

本譯書是譯者邊讀書邊翻譯的，讀過之后很有收獲。于是與Joshua Schimel教授交談后，想把譯書分享給大家。由于是初譯版，文中還有些許不足，還望見諒，僅供大家學習與參考。當然也更推薦同學們閱讀原書，感受作者英語語言的獨特魅力。本公眾號會按照原書章節(jié)陸續(xù)推送全書翻譯，歡迎大家關注、收藏、轉發(fā)。

群落生態(tài)學介紹生態(tài)學經(jīng)典、前沿文獻，傳播生態(tài)學知識。9篇原創(chuàng)內(nèi)容公眾號

譯者序???? ?

第一次了解《Writing Science》是進入“生態(tài)文獻分享編輯部”后的事情了。編輯群中大家經(jīng)常討論翻譯以及寫作的問題，常雅荃博士強烈推薦本書。在楊老師的帶領下，編輯部也多次組織了關于本書的系列講座，令人印象深刻。譯者一口氣讀完后，大呼過癮。

對于科研啟蒙的譯者來說，印象最深刻的一句話莫過于：作為一名科學家，你是一名專業(yè)的作家。在論文中，作者不僅僅是在展示自己的結果，還在講述研究背后以及現(xiàn)實的故事。許多時候我們拿到了數(shù)據(jù)，馬上就要分析數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)文章，卻忽略了頭腦中具有新意的想法。而這些想法會拓展我們的認知。在論文發(fā)表時我們需要看到、也必須認識到我們所做研究對世界的理解究竟發(fā)生了怎樣的變化。在閱讀生態(tài)學的經(jīng)典論文后，比如哈欽森的“生物多樣性為何如此豐富”、西蒙萊文的“生態(tài)學中的格局與尺度問題”，我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些論文具有的故事性很吸引人，一些論文經(jīng)過十年乃至幾百年以后，仍然發(fā)光發(fā)熱，而更多的論文卻淹沒在了“知識的海洋中”，被人們遺忘在了角落。好的文章似乎總有一種活力，能讓讀者從一個段落讀到另一個段落，最終一口氣讀完全文，收獲知識的同時也得到啟發(fā)。

論文寫作中，我們會集中精力思考行文的思路，權衡語言的表達，讓讀者理解與欣賞。在大學時，老師課上曾說：一篇文章也可以壓縮成一段話（摘要），也可以壓縮為一句話。那一句話可能就代表了一年甚至幾十年的研究結論，正文十或二十行或許寫了很多天，卻代表了幾個月努力的實驗成果。在研究過程中，我們也要時刻牢記，研究不僅是在探尋真理，更是為讀者講述動人的故事。

谷際岐

于中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學

Preface

前言

Those who can do, also teach.

那些能做到的人，也教書

It came as a surprise to me one day to discover that I was writing a book on writing. It’s not the normal pastime for a working scientist, which I am—I’m a professor of soil microbiology and ecosystem ecology. I write proposals, I write papers, and I train students to do both. I review extensively and have served as editor for several leading journals. Teaching writing evolved from those activities, and it became a hobby and a passion. This book is the outgrowth—it’s what I have been doing when I should have been writing papers.

有一天，我驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn)，我正在寫一本關于寫作的書。這不是一個在職科學家的正常消遣，而我是土壤微生物學和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)生態(tài)學的教授。我寫提案，寫論文，還培訓學生做這兩件事。我廣泛地審稿，并擔任過幾個主要期刊的編輯。寫作教學是從這些活動中演變而來的，它成為了我的愛好讓我熱血沸騰。這本書我寫作教學的衍生品--當我寫論文的時候，我一直在做這件事。

Although I believe I have become a good writer, I got there through hard work and hard lessons. I didn’t start out my academic life that way. Before teaching my graduate class on writing science for the first time, I went back to my doctoral dissertation for a calibration check—what should I expect from students? I made it through page 2. At that point, my tolerance for my own writing hit bottom and my appreciation for my advisor’s patience hit top. Even the papers those clumsy chapters morphed into were only competent.

雖然我相信我已經(jīng)成為一名優(yōu)秀的作家，但我是通過努力工作和艱苦訓練而達到的。我的學術生活并不是一開始就這樣的。在第一次教科學寫作研究生課程之前，我對自己的博士論文進行了校準檢查--我應該對學生有什么期望？我把它翻到了第二頁。在這一點上，我對自己寫作的容忍度跌到了谷底，而對我的導師的耐心贊賞達到了頂點。即使是那些笨拙的章節(jié)演變成的論文也只是合格。

My writing has improved because I worked on becoming a writer. That doesn’t mean just writing a lot. You can do something for many years without becoming competent. Case in point: the contractor who put a sunroom on our house. He kept insisting, “I’ve been doing this for 20 years and know what I’m doing”; the building inspector’s report, however, said to reframe according to building codes and standard building practices.

我的寫作有了提高，因為我努力成為一名作家。這并不意味著只是寫了很多。你可以一直做一件事，但過去多年卻仍然達到目標擁有能力。比如給我們的房子裝陽光房的承包商。他一直堅持說："我已經(jīng)做了20年，知道自己在做什么。"?然而，建筑檢查員的報告說，要根據(jù)建筑法規(guī)和標準建筑做法重新設計。

I have learned to write through a number of avenues: guidance from my mentors; the trial and error of reviews and rejections; thinking about communication strategy; working with students on their papers; reviewing and editing hundreds of manuscripts; reading and rereading books on writing; and importantly, participating in my wife’s experiences as a developing writer, listening to the lessons from her classes, and watching how real writers train and develop. I have tried to meld all these lessons into science writing, incorporating writers’ perspectives into the traditions and formulas of science. This book represents that amalgamation, and I hope it will help you short-circuit the long, slow, struggle I experienced.

我學會了通過多種途徑寫作：導師的指導；審查和拒絕的試驗和錯誤；思考溝通策略；與學生一起在論文上工作；審查和編輯數(shù)百份手稿；閱讀和重讀有關寫作的書；更重要的是，參與我妻子作為一個發(fā)展中的作家的經(jīng)驗，聽她的課程，并觀看如何真正的作家訓練和發(fā)展。我試圖將所有這些課程融入科學寫作，將作家的觀點融入科學的傳統(tǒng)和公式中。這本書代表了這種融合，我希望它能幫助你縮短我經(jīng)歷的漫長、緩慢、掙扎的路程。

Principles versus rules

原則與規(guī)則

Many books on writing (notably the bad ones) present a long string of rules for how to write well. In them, writing is formulaic. In good writing, however, “the code is more what you call guidelines than actual rules” (to quote from Pirates of the Caribbean), a point made strongly by two prominent writers on writing, Joseph Williams (Style: Toward Clarity and Grace) and Roy Peter Clark (The Glamour of Grammar). Most of the time, following the rules will improve your writing, but good writers break them when it serves their purposes. I distinguish such rules from principles, which are the general concepts that guide successful communication. If you violate principles, your writing will suffer.

許多關于寫作的書(特別是那些糟糕的書)提出了一長串關于如何寫好的規(guī)則。在他們那里，寫作是公式化的。然而，在好的寫作中，"代碼更多的是你所謂的指導方針，而不是實際的規(guī)則"(引用自《加勒比海盜》)，兩位著名的寫作作家約瑟夫-威廉姆斯(《Style: Toward Clarity and Grace》)和羅伊-彼得-克拉克(《語法的魅力》)強烈地指出了這一點。大多數(shù)時候，遵守規(guī)則會改善你的寫作，但好的作家會在為他們的目的服務時打破規(guī)則。我將這種規(guī)則與原則區(qū)分開來，后者是指導成功溝通的一般概念。如果你違反了原則，你的寫作就會受到影響。

Throughout the book I try to distinguish between rules and principles, and I hope to offer enough insight that you will understand which are which, and why. When following a rule conflicts with following a principle, flout the rule freely and joyously.

在整本書中，我試圖區(qū)分規(guī)則和原則，我希望能提供足夠的洞察力，讓你明白哪些是規(guī)則，以及為什么。當遵守規(guī)則與遵守原則相沖突時，要自由而快樂地藐視規(guī)則。

Sources for examples

例子的來源

I found examples in many places—some from work I know, some from papers that friends recommended, one from someone I met on an airplane, and many from randomly flipping through journals. The examples I hold up as good practice, I use intact and cite properly, though I remove the reference citations to make them easier to read. Exemplars of good practice deserve to be recognized. I sometimes point out what I see as imperfections, but only to highlight that even good writing can usually be better, and that although we may strive for perfection, we never reach it. A “good enough” proposal may still get funded, and an award letter from the National Science Foundation is the best review I’ve ever seen.

我在很多地方找到了一些例子--有些來自我認識的工作，有些來自朋友推薦的論文，有些來自我在飛機上遇到的人，還有很多來自隨機翻閱的期刊。我把這些例子作為良好的實踐，完整地使用并正確地引用，雖然我把參考文獻的引用去掉了，以使它們更容易閱讀。良好做法的典范應該得到認可。我有時會指出我所看到的不完美之處，但只是為了強調(diào)，即使是好的文章通常也可以做得更好，盡管我們可能會努力追求完美，但我們永遠不會達到完美。一個"足夠好"的提案仍然可能得到資助，國家科學基金會的獎勵信是我見過的最好的審查。

The examples of what I think you should not do are closely modeled on real examples. However, unless they come from my own work, I have rewritten the text to mask the source. When I rewrote the text, I maintained the structural problems so that even if the science is no longer “real,” the writing is. In some cases these examples are from published work; in others, from early drafts that were revised and polished before publication. If you recognize your own writing or my comments on it (if I had handled it as a reviewer or editor), please accept my thanks for stimulating ideas that I could use to help future writers. We learn from our mistakes, and I need to show readers real “mistakes” to learn from. I hope I helped with the reviews I wrote at the time.

我認為你不應該做的事情都是密切仿照真實的例子。然而，除非它們來自我自己的工作，否則我已經(jīng)重寫了文本，以掩蓋來源。當我重寫文本時，我保留了結構上的問題，這樣即使科學不再是"真實的"，寫作也是真實的。在某些情況下，這些例子來自已發(fā)表的作品；在其他情況下，來自在發(fā)表前被修改和潤色的早期草稿。如果你認識到你自己的寫作或我對它的評論(如果我曾作為審稿人或編輯處理過)，請接受我的感謝，因為它激發(fā)了我可以用來幫助未來作家的想法。我們從錯誤中學習，我需要向讀者展示真正的"錯誤"來學習。我希望我當時寫的評論能起到幫助作用。

When I take examples from my own work, it is because only then can I accurately explain the author’s thinking. When I use others’ work, I can assess what they did and why it worked or failed, but I can’t know why they made the choices they did. For proposals, I use my own extensively because I have access to them. Proposals aren’t published, so I can’t scan other fields to find good examples, as I could for papers.

當我從自己的作品中選取例子時，是因為只有這樣我才能準確地解釋作者的想法。當我使用別人的作品時，我可以評估他們做了什么，為什么成功或失敗，但我無法知道他們?yōu)槭裁醋龀鲞@樣的選擇。對于提案，我廣泛地使用自己的作品，因為我有機會接觸到它們。建議書并沒有出版，所以我不能像論文那樣掃描其他領域來尋找好的例子。

I have included examples from many scientific disciplines to illustrate that my approaches and perspectives are broad-based; the basic challenges and strategies of writing are similar across fields. Many, however, come from the environmental sciences, where I knew where to find useful examples and where I felt that most readers would be able to understand enough of the content to have an easier time focusing on the writing.

本書囊括了許多學科的例子，以說明我的方法和觀點是基礎廣泛的；寫作的基本挑戰(zhàn)和策略在各個領域是相似的。然而，許多例子來自環(huán)境科學，我知道在那里可以找到有用的例子，而且我覺得大多數(shù)讀者能夠理解足夠的內(nèi)容，從而更容易專注于寫作。

Exercises and practice

練習和實踐

In most chapters, I include exercises to apply the concepts I discuss. I encourage you to work through these, ideally in small groups. Writers often have writer’s groups, where typically four to six people get together to work over each other’s material, discuss what works and what doesn’t, and suggest alternative ways of doing things. This process is helpful in developing successful writers—it provides insights from different points of view that can stretch boundaries and offer new ideas. Analyzing others’ work can hone analytical skills. Groups also provide a supportive environment for learning, analogous to how a lab group helps you expand your research tools.

在大多數(shù)章節(jié)中，我包括應用我討論的概念的練習。我鼓勵你做這些練習，最好是在小組中進行。作家們經(jīng)常有作家小組，通常有四到六個人聚在一起，互相研究對方的材料，討論哪些是可行的，哪些是不可行的，并提出其他的做事方法。這個過程對培養(yǎng)成功的作家很有幫助--它提供了來自不同觀點的洞察力，可以擴展邊界并提供新的想法。分析別人的作品可以磨練分析能力。小組還提供了一個支持性的學習環(huán)境，類似于實驗室小組如何幫助你擴展你的研究工具。

The exercises fall into several categories. The most important is the short article I ask you to write (and rewrite, and then rewrite again). I use this exercise in my writing class, and it is enormously successful, particularly when coupled with peer discussion and editing. The short form intensifies the focus on the story as well on each paragraph and sentence.

這些練習分為幾類。最重要的是我要求你們寫的短文(重寫，然后再重寫)。我在寫作課上使用這種練習，它非常成功，特別是在與同伴討論和編輯的時候。短文強化了對故事的關注，也強化了對每個段落和句子的關注。

The second important exercise is to analyze the writing in published papers. How did the authors tell their story? Did it work? Was it clear? How could you improve the writing? This, too, is best done in groups. These papers don’t need to be the best writing in the field—we can learn as much from imperfect writing as we do from excellent work. The rule in these discussions should be that you may not discuss the scientific content unless it is directly germane to evaluating the writing. Get in the habit of evaluating the writing in every paper you read or discuss—the more you sensitize yourself, the more those insights will diffuse into your own writing.

第二個重要的練習是分析已發(fā)表論文中的寫作。作者是如何講述他們的故事的？有用嗎？清楚嗎？你可以如何改進寫作？這也是最好在小組內(nèi)完成的。這些論文不需要是該領域最好的文章--我們可以從不完美的寫作中學習到很多東西，就像我們從優(yōu)秀的作品中學習一樣。這些討論的規(guī)則應該是，你不能討論科學內(nèi)容，除非它與評價論文有直接關系。養(yǎng)成在你閱讀或討論的每篇論文中評估寫作的習慣--你越是讓自己敏感，這些見解就越是會擴散到你自己的寫作中。

Finally, there are editing exercises that target specific issues such as sentence structure, word use, and language. For those, I provide suggested answers at the back of the book. Remember, though, that there is never a single way to approach a writing problem; my answers are not the only approach and may not even be the best. In working examples in class, students often find different and better solutions than any I came up with.

最后，還有一些針對具體問題的編輯練習，如句子結構、詞語使用和語言。對于這些練習，我在書的后面提供了建議的答案。不過，請記住，處理寫作問題的方法從來都不是單一的；我的答案不是唯一的方法，甚至可能不是最好的。在課堂上的工作實例中，學生們經(jīng)常會找到與我提出的任何解決方案不同的、更好的解決方案。

If you really want to become a better writer, do the exercises. Work with your friends and colleagues on them. You only learn to write by writing, being edited, and rewriting. You must learn not just the principles but also how to apply them.

如果你真的想成為一個更好的作家，就做這些練習。與你的朋友和同事一起做這些練習。你只有通過寫作、被編輯和重寫來學習寫作。你不僅要學習原則，而且要學習如何應用它們。

The point is that you have to strip your writing down before you can build it back up. You must know what the essential tools are and what job they were designed to do. Extending the metaphor of carpentry, it’s first necessary to be able to saw wood neatly and to drive nails. Later you can bevel the edges or add elegant finials, if that’s your taste. But you can never forget that you are practicing a craft that’s based on certain principles. If the nails are weak, your house will collapse. If your verbs are weak and your syntax is rickety, your sentences will fall apart.

問題是，你必須先把你的寫作剝離出來，然后才能把它重新建立起來。你必須知道什么是基本的工具，以及它們被設計來做什么工作。延伸一下木工的比喻，首先要能整齊地鋸木頭和打釘子。之后你可以對邊緣進行倒角，或添加優(yōu)雅的頂飾，如果這是你的品味的話。但你永遠不能忘記，你正在練習一種基于某些原則的工藝。如果釘子不牢固，你的房子就會倒塌。如果你的動詞軟弱無力，你的句法搖搖欲墜，寫出來的句子就會崩潰。

WILLIAM ZINSSER, On Writing Well

威廉?·?津瑟，On Writing Well

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

致謝

I always blame this book on Christina Kaiser and Hildegard Meyer, two graduate students at the University of Vienna. But the person really responsible, as she is for most of the best things in my life, is my wife, Gwen. We spent the summer of 2005 in Montpellier, France, at the Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive of the CNRS, hosted by Stefan H?ttenschwiler and Giles Pinay; we took the opportunity to go to Vienna to visit Dr. Andreas Richter and his research group. Tina and Hildegard were chatting with Gwen and mentioned that they liked reading my papers because they were well written. That sparked Gwen to suggest I teach a workshop on writing for the lab group in France. The rest is history. So Tina and Hildegard, little may you realize the power of that off-hand comment, but you catalyzed this. Thank you.

我總是把這本書歸咎于克里斯蒂娜-凱澤和希爾德加德-邁耶，這兩位維也納大學的研究生。但真正負責的人，就像她對我生命中大多數(shù)美好事物所做的那樣，是我的妻子格溫。2005年夏天，我們在法國蒙彼利埃度過，在法國國家科學研究中心(CNRS)的生態(tài)學和進化中心，由Stefan H?ttenschwiler和Giles Pinay主持；我們利用這個機會去維也納拜訪Andreas Richter博士和他的研究小組。蒂娜和希爾德加德在與格溫聊天時提到，他們喜歡讀我的論文，因為它們寫得很好。這促使格溫建議我為法國的實驗室小組講授一個關于寫作的講習班。剩下的就是歷史了。因此，蒂娜和希爾德加德，你們可能很少意識到來自不經(jīng)意的評論力量，是你們促成了這一切。謝謝你們。

My thanks to Gwen are endless—not only did teaching writing come from her inspiration, but much of what I know about writing and how writers learn their craft comes from her. She supported and encouraged me through the years I’ve worked on this, and she has read through most of the book, providing valuable insights and feedback.

我對格溫的感謝是無止境的--不僅寫作教學來自于她的靈感，而且我對寫作和作家如何學習他們方法的許多理解也來自于她。在我從事這項工作的這些年里，她一直支持和鼓勵我，而且她通讀了本書的大部分內(nèi)容，提供了寶貴的見解和反饋。

The other critical thread that led to my writing this book was becoming a 2006 Aldo Leopold Leadership Fellow. Not only was the Leopold program’s communication training influential, but simply being a fellow helped motivate me to take what I had learned and make it available to the community.

導致我寫這本書的另一條關鍵線索是成為2006年奧爾多-利奧波德領導力研究員。利奧波德項目的交流培訓不僅有影響力，而且僅僅是作為一個研究員，就幫助激勵我把我所學到的東西，提供給社區(qū)。

Many of my colleagues have given me ideas, insights, quotes, and good stories about science and communication. Many of those comments were made in passing and were not targeted at either writing or this book. You may not realize how sticky those ideas were, and you may not even remember saying them, but thank you. I have been privileged to work with as talented, insightful, and generous a group of friends and colleagues as I can imagine. I am grateful to you all for enriching my work and my life.

我的許多同事給了我關于科學和交流的想法、見解、名言和好故事。其中許多意見都是順便說的，并不是針對寫作或這本書的。你可能沒有意識到這些想法有多大的粘性，你甚至可能不記得說過這些話，但是謝謝你。我很榮幸地與一群有才華、有見地、慷慨的朋友和同事一起工作，這是我能想象到的。我很感激你們所有人，因為你們豐富了我的工作和生活。

Many of those colleagues have reviewed my work over the years and forced me to develop my writing and thinking skills to get proposals funded and papers published. At the time, I may have complained about that “miserable know-nothing so-and-so,” and I once commented about a good friend who was the editor handling a paper that “If he accepts this version, I owe him a beer; if he sends it back for more revision, I’m going to pour it on him.” I am, however, grateful to you all for holding my feet to the fire and forcing me to make my work as good as it could be. It both built my scientific career and taught me how to write.

多年來，這些同事中有許多人審閱了我的工作，迫使我發(fā)展自己的寫作和思考能力，以使提案獲得資助和論文得以發(fā)表。當時，我可能會抱怨那個"可悲的一無所知的某某"，我曾經(jīng)對一個作為編輯處理論文的好朋友評論說："如果他接受這個版本，我欠他一杯啤酒；如果他把它送回去再修改，我就把它倒在他身上"。然而，我很感謝你們，因為你們把我的腳放在火上，迫使我把我的工作做到盡善盡美。它既建立了我的科學事業(yè)，也教會了我如何寫作。

My Ph.D. advisor, Mary Firestone, taught me the most crucial lessons of how to frame the question and the story. When I was finishing my dissertation, she also edited my horrible, sleep-deprived writing into a form that was at least minimally acceptable and did so with grace and humor. She set me on this path.

我的博士生導師瑪麗-費爾斯通(Mary Firestone)給我上了最關鍵的一課：如何構思問題和故事。當我完成我的論文時，她還把我可怕的、“睡眠不足”的文章編輯成至少可以接受的形式，并以優(yōu)雅和幽默的方式進行編輯。她讓我走上了這條道路。

Erika Engelhaupt gave me great suggestions and great text for chapter 20, “Writing for the Public.” Weixin Cheng provided valuable suggestions on chapter 19, “Writing Global Science.” Bruce Mahall and Carla D’Antonio, with whom I lead the Tuesday evening plant and ecosystem ecology seminar, have helped me deepen my insights into communication strategy. Carin Coulon drew the wonderful figure of the Roman god Janus that appears in chapter 13.

Erika Engelhaupt對第20章"為公眾寫作"給了我很好的建議和很好的文本。程維新對第19章?"撰寫全球科學"提供了寶貴的建議。Bruce Mahall和Carla D'Antonio與我一起主持了周二晚上的植物和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)生態(tài)學研討會，他們幫助我加深了對溝通策略的認識。Carin Coulon繪制了出現(xiàn)在第13章的羅馬神Janus的精彩形象。

I owe great thanks to the U.S. National Science Foundation. The NSF is an extraordinary organization, due to the talent and dedication of its program officers. The NSF has supported my work and helped me grow to reach the point where I could write this book.

我非常感謝美國國家科學基金會。國家科學基金會是一個非同尋常的組織，這要歸功于其項目官員的才華和奉獻精神。國家科學基金會支持了我的工作，幫助我成長到可以寫這本書的地步。

Many people have participated in the workshops I’ve given on writing and in the graduate class I teach. This book grew from them, and in working through the lessons in person I have been able to polish them. Thank you all.

許多人參加了我舉辦的寫作研討會和我教授的研究生課程。這本書是從他們那里成長起來的，在親自授課的過程中，我也得以對它們進行了打磨。感謝你們所有人。

I’ve worked on manuscripts with a number of graduate students and postdocs. They helped me develop my own writing tools and my analytical understanding of those tools so I could teach them to others. The list is long and grows longer monthly: Jay Gulledge, Mitch Wagener, Joy Clein, Jeff Chambers, Mike Weintraub, Noah Fierer, Sophie Parker, Doug Dornelles, Shawna McMahan, Shinichi Asao, Izaya Numata, Ben Colman, Knut Kielland, Susan Sugai, Carl Mikan, Andy Allen, Michael LaMontagne, Amy Miller, Matt Wallenstein, Shurong Xiang, Dad Roux-Michollet, Sean Schaeffer, Claudia Boot, Mariah Carbone, and Yuan Ge. Particular thanks go to Shelly Cole for her generosity. Thanks also to all the other students whose dissertations and manuscripts I have read and edited while serving on your committees.

我曾與一些研究生和博士后一起寫過稿子。他們幫助我發(fā)展了自己的寫作工具，以及對這些工具的分析理解，以便我能夠將它們教給別人。這個名單很長，而且每月都在增加。Jay Gulledge, Mitch Wagener, Joy Clein, Jeff Chambers, Mike Weintraub, Noah Fierer, Sophie Parker, Doug Dornelles, Shawna McMahan, Shinichi Asao, Izaya Numata, Ben Colman, Knut Kielland, Susan Sugai, Carl Mikan, Andy Allen, Michael LaMontagne, Amy Miller, Matt Wallenstein, Shurong Xiang, Dad Roux-Michollet, Sean Schaeffer, Claudia Boot, Mariah Carbone, and Yuan Ge。特別要感謝謝莉-科爾的慷慨解囊。也感謝所有其他的學生，我在為你們的委員會服務時閱讀和編輯了他們的論文和手稿。

Finally, I would like to note two books that have greatly influenced my thinking on writing and communication: Joseph Williams’s Style: Toward Clarity and Grace, and Chip and Dan Heath’s Made to Stick. Williams’s book is the best book on writing I have ever read, and I am deeply indebted to him for his insights, many of which I have assimilated into this book (filtered through my own experiences and focused on writing science). I cannot match his insights into the sophistication of the English language, so I recommend that you reread it regularly and give copies to your friends and students. Made to Stick isn’t ostensibly about writing at all, and distinctly it isn’t about writing science. Rather, it focuses on advertising, marketing, and general communication. It is, however, a spectacularly insightful and fun discussion of what makes ideas engaging and “sticky,” a critical issue for scientists who want their work to get noticed from among the overwhelming flood of papers published every year.

最后，我想記下兩本極大地影響了我對寫作和交流思想的書：約瑟夫·威廉姆斯的《Style: Toward Clarity and Grace》，以及奇普和丹·希思的《堅持》。威廉斯的書是我讀過的最好的寫作書，我深深地感謝他的見解，其中許多見解我已經(jīng)吸收到這本書中(通過我自己的經(jīng)驗過濾，專注于科學寫作)。我無法與他對英語語言復雜性的見解相提并論，所以我建議你經(jīng)常重讀這本書，并將其送給你的朋友和學生。Made to Stick表面上根本不是關于寫作的，而且很明顯不是關于科學寫作。相反，它專注于廣告、營銷和一般的溝通。然而，這本書對什么使觀點具有吸引力和"粘性"進行了非常有見地和有趣的討論，對于那些希望自己的工作從每年發(fā)表的大量論文中得到關注的科學家來說，這是一個關鍵問題。