約翰王無(wú)視大憲章，不久他就召集軍隊(duì)洗劫北方。貴族們轉(zhuǎn)而求助于法國(guó)國(guó)王路易斯向約翰報(bào)仇。但 約翰于 1216 年去世，未引起更多的麻煩。

King John defied Magna Carta. Soon he raised troops and ravaged the

north. The barons retaliated by turning to Louis of France for help, but John died in 1216 before he could causeany more trouble.

他的兒子亨利三世( 1216-1272)比他強(qiáng)不了多少。最重要的教會(huì)職務(wù)和國(guó)家職務(wù)都由他寵信的外國(guó)人擔(dān)任。1242 年他發(fā)動(dòng)對(duì)法戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，代價(jià)昂貴， 丟失了整個(gè)普瓦固地區(qū)。1258 年國(guó)王又索要金錢以助其兒子加冕為西西里國(guó)王，使矛盾發(fā)展到頂點(diǎn)。

His son, Henry III (1216-1272), proved little better. He filled the most important offices in Church and State with foreign?favourites who flocked to England after his marriage to Eleanor of Provence. In 1242 he undertook an expensive war with France, which ended with the loss of the whole of Poitou. In 1258 the King's demands for money to enable his son to be crowned King of Sicily brought matters to a head.

貴族們?cè)诤嗬赖膬?nèi)兄西蒙.德.孟福爾的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下反叛，迫使國(guó)王和其?·干兒子愛德華王子宣誓接受" 牛津協(xié)定"。其主要的兩條條款是:亨利應(yīng)任命 2 人組成的新的大評(píng)議會(huì)，其成員一半應(yīng)由貴族提名;國(guó)王應(yīng)有一個(gè)由 15 位貴族 和主教組成的永久咨詢團(tuán)，沒有此團(tuán)授權(quán)，國(guó)王不可單獨(dú)行動(dòng)。

The barons, under Simon de Montfort, Henry III’s brother-in-law, rebelled. They forced the king and his son Prince Edward to swear to accept the Provisions of Oxford. The two main clauses of the Provisions of Oxford were these: Henry should appoint a new Grand Council of twenty-four members, half of whom were to be nominated by the barons 1?9themselves; and the King should have a permanent body of fifteen nobles and bishops to advise him, without

whose authority the king could not act.

亨利反對(duì)封建貴族的要求，拒絕批準(zhǔn)牛津協(xié)定。國(guó)王的支持者(大部分為外國(guó)雇傭兵) 和西蒙.德.孟福爾領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的封建主組成的軍隊(duì)之間爆發(fā)了內(nèi)戰(zhàn)。1264 年 5 月，在蘇塞克斯郡的劉易斯戰(zhàn)役中，國(guó)王被孟福爾打敗并被俘虜。

Henry refused to confirm?to the Provisions of Oxford. A civil war broke out between the king' s supporters, mostly foreign mercenaries, and the baronial army led by Simon de Montfort. At the battle of Lewes in Sussex in May, 1264 the king was defeated by De Montfort and taken prisoner.

戰(zhàn)后國(guó)王和愛德華王子被關(guān)在監(jiān)獄里。1265 年西蒙.德.孟福爾在威斯教斯特召集大評(píng)議會(huì)開會(huì)，各縣 有兩名騎士，各鎮(zhèn)有兩名市民參加，此次會(huì)議被看作是最早的議會(huì)。

After this battle, while the King and Prince Edward were kept in prison, Simon de Montfort summoned in 1265 the Great council to meet at Westminster,?together with two knights from each county and two burgesses (citizen-s) from each town, a meeting which has been seen as that of the earliest parliament.

古撒克遜時(shí)代的國(guó)王只有咨詢團(tuán)體(賢人會(huì)議) ，只由大人物組成，輕易就被解散?，F(xiàn)在的大坪議會(huì)要 求各縣派兩名騎士、各鎮(zhèn)派兩名代表 參加。大評(píng)議會(huì)發(fā)展到后來(lái)演變?yōu)樽h會(huì)，分為上議院和下議院。逐 漸地大評(píng)議習(xí)慣在泰晤士河畔的威斯敏斯特皇宮會(huì)議廳里舉行。在此后的很長(zhǎng)時(shí)期，總是只邀請(qǐng)封建主和主教(上院)開會(huì)，而騎士和市民只在特殊場(chǎng)合才被邀出席。 兩院后來(lái)才越來(lái)越多地召開會(huì)議討論稅收。

In ancient Saxon times kings had only an advisory body (Witan), which was composed only of great men and easily dismissed. Now each county was asked to send two knights and each town two representatives to the Great Council. The Great Council developed later into the Lords and the Commons known as a parliament. Gradually it became customary that the meetings of the Great Council were held at Westminster in the hall of the royal palace, on the banks of the Thames. For a long time afterwards the barons and bishops (the "Lords") were always invited?while the knights and burgesses were invited only on special occasions. Increasingly both Houses were called to agree to taxation.

下院可以向國(guó)王呈遞請(qǐng)?jiān)笗瑢?shí)際上這就是最早的議案。議長(zhǎng)奔走于兩院之間聯(lián)絡(luò)并約束議員們。甚 至當(dāng)今的皇室對(duì)法律的批準(zhǔn)仍用法語(yǔ)書寫"國(guó)王御準(zhǔn)"。這時(shí)的議會(huì)只有皇室邀請(qǐng)才能召開，其作用是咨詢 而非決定；也沒有選舉和政黨。國(guó)會(huì)最重要的部分是上院，這種情況一直延續(xù)到近代。