Behaviour and training of parrots -Winny Weinbeck

原文

https://www.ivis.org/system/files/google_drive/node/64570/field_chpt_content/eyJzdWJkaXIiOiJcL25vZGVcLzY0NTcwXC9maWVsZF9jaHB0X2NvbnRlbnQifQ--cxLSUsJdGpQ0bEeEpKJ_5jxKeDIB7Sem7KywJhGBqrI.pdf

Parrots are social animals that live in family groups, small to large flocks and split up in pairs during the breeding season. Pair fidelity tend to be high for psittacine birds and there is an exclusive pair bond for most parrot species. Most parrot species exhibit social monogamy and bi parental care of young. Divorce only takes place in case of reproductive incompetence of the pair members. Exclusive pair bonds are not accurate for all species and there are a few exceptions.

鸚鵡（Parrots）是群居動物，生活在家庭群體中，群體大小不一，在繁殖季節(jié)成對分開。鸚鵡的配偶忠誠度往往很高，大多數(shù)鸚鵡都有一種獨特的配偶關(guān)系。大多數(shù)鸚鵡種類表現(xiàn)出社會一夫一妻制和雙親代照顧幼崽。離婚只有在夫妻雙方生育能力不足的情況下才會發(fā)生。排他性的配對關(guān)系并不適用于所有物種，但也有一些例外。

Compared to raptors, owls and pigeons parrots exhibit a relatively extended nestling period. Many parrots are successfully bred under captive conditions that are found to have severe welfare problems.

與猛禽（raptors）相比，貓頭鷹（owls）和鴿子鸚鵡（pigeons?parrots）的雛鳥期相對較長。許多鸚鵡在圈養(yǎng)條件下成功繁殖，但發(fā)現(xiàn)它們有嚴重的福利問題。

Flock formation is important for protection against predators, finding partners, defending territory, efficiency in foraging (unstable food resources) and they benefit of the collective knowledge of the group. Big flocks split up in small foraging groups (exclude competitors).

鳥群的形成對于抵御捕食者、尋找伴侶、保衛(wèi)領(lǐng)土、提高覓食效率(食物資源不穩(wěn)定)很重要，而且它們會從群體的集體知識中受益。大的鳥群可分成小的覓食群(不包括競爭者)。

Flocks have a complex social organisation. Reliable indicators of dominance status have not been determined for most psittacine species. The flock is very important for social interactions like allopreening, allofeeding, maintenance of close proximity, pair bonding and reproductive behaviours.

鳥群有一個復(fù)雜的社會組織。大多數(shù)鸚鵡種類的優(yōu)勢地位的可靠指標尚未確定。群體對于社會互動非常重要，比如異體羽理、異體喂養(yǎng)、保持親密關(guān)系、配對結(jié)合和生殖行為。

Foraging and grooming take up the greatest portions of their waking day and are major behavioural activities for parrots. Grooming behaviours are: scratching with feet, cleaning feet and legs with beak, stretching, yawning, beak rubbing and grinding.

覓食和梳理占據(jù)了鸚鵡醒著的大部分時間，也是它們的主要行為活動。梳理行為有：用腳抓撓，用嘴清潔腳和腿，伸展，打哈欠，用嘴摩擦和磨。

Sleep and rest occupy the major part of a 24 hour day. A parrot flock usually sleeps and rests as a group.

睡眠和休息占據(jù)了一天24小時的主要部分。鸚鵡群通常是一個群體睡覺和休息。

Pet parrots require a dark sleeping area, separate from their daytime living area (like a small sleep cage) and close to 12 hours of night time to sleep. Learning is largely determined by external environmental influences and laws of learning are general in nature, transcending species and situations.?

寵物鸚鵡需要一個黑暗的睡眠區(qū)，與它們白天的生活區(qū)分開(就像一個小的睡眠籠)，晚上睡覺的時間接近12小時。自然情況下學(xué)習(xí)在很大程度上取決于外部環(huán)境的影響，并且普遍，不管是何種種類或者情形。

People make poor choices and do not research beforehand to learn what is involved in caring for parrots. They do not know their needs and they do not know how to handle them. Owners get frustrated, the relationship is not what they expected and they just want to get rid of the bird. Parrots have become one of the most surrendered pets. Because most shelters do not take them, they wind up in sanctuaries. Behaviour problems including biting, noise, aggression and feather picking are the most important reasons for relinquishment.

人們很多時候做出了糟糕的選擇，并且也沒有事先研究了解護理鸚鵡所涉及的內(nèi)容。他們不知道鸚鵡的需求，也不知道如何處理。主人們一般會很沮喪，一旦這種關(guān)系不是他們所期望的，他們只想擺脫掉這只鳥。鸚鵡已經(jīng)成為最容易被馴服的寵物之一。因為大多數(shù)庇護所不接納它們，它們最后都住進了所在的棲息地。很多行為問題包括咬人、噪音、攻擊性和啄羽毛是被遺棄的最重要原因。

Many of the normal and abnormal behaviours of parrots can be better understood by examining how birds perceive the environment around them. Problems like bonding with human caregiver, may occur in birds not provided with appropriate socializations opportunities. Parrots thrive in an environment in which they are not subjugated but rather have control over significant life events. Lack of control can have pathological effects like depression, learning problems, emotional problems and decreased immune system. Parrots can be empowered instead of overpowered without altering our standards for good companion behaviour.

通過研究鳥類如何感知周圍環(huán)境，可以更好地理解鸚鵡的許多正常和異常行為。沒有提供適當?shù)纳缃粰C會的鳥類可能會出現(xiàn)與人類照顧者建立聯(lián)系等問題。鸚鵡在一個沒有被制服，而是被控制著重要的生活事件的環(huán)境中茁壯成長。缺乏控制會產(chǎn)生病理性影響，如抑郁、學(xué)習(xí)障礙、情緒問題和免疫系統(tǒng)功能減退。在不改變我們對好伴侶行為的標準的情況下，鸚鵡可以被授權(quán)而不是被制服。

Parrots are routinely denied two of their most fundamental natural behaviours: flying and socialisation. Denial of these activities can cause both physical and behavioural abnormalities in captive parrots.?

鸚鵡經(jīng)常被剝奪兩種最基本的自然行為：飛行和社交。無法進行這些活動會導(dǎo)致圈養(yǎng)鸚鵡的身體和行為出現(xiàn)異常。

Parrots kept as pets are often housed alone or in pairs in small cages incapable of accommodating flight. Flight is beneficial to health, allows the natural flight response and wing clipping may initiate feather plucking behaviour in some parrots. Stereotypic behaviour in captive birds is related to lack of space and physical complexity, lack of opportunity to perform foraging behaviour and lack of social interaction with same species.

作為寵物飼養(yǎng)的鸚鵡通常被單獨或成對地關(guān)在小籠子里，無法適應(yīng)飛行。飛行對健康有益，應(yīng)該允許自然的飛行反應(yīng)，在一些鸚鵡中，剪羽可能會引發(fā)自體拔毛行為。圈養(yǎng)鳥類的刻板行為與缺乏空間和身體復(fù)雜性、缺乏覓食機會以及缺乏與同一物種的社會互動有關(guān)。

Parrots are highly intelligent animals, and they get bored quickly. When people do not interact with them, not meeting the bird’s emotional needs, the bird will become frustrated and engage in unwanted behaviour. Parrots are flock animals and they need activity outside their cage. Training is a nice way for the owner to socialize with the parrot, mentally stimulate the bird and prevent or change problem behaviour.?

鸚鵡是非常聰明的動物，它們很快就會感到無聊。當人們不與它們互動，不滿足鳥的情感需求時，鳥就會變得沮喪，做出你不想要的行為。鸚鵡是群居動物，它們需要在籠子外面活動。訓(xùn)練是主人與鸚鵡交往的好方法，可以在精神上刺激鸚鵡，預(yù)防或改變有問題的行為。

References 參考文獻:?

- Snyder et al 1987, Rowley and Chapman 1991, High mate fidelity?

- Saunders et al 1984, Parrot exhibit a relatively extended nestling period?

- Fraser and Broom 1990, Many parrots are successfully bred under captive conditions that are found to have severe welfare problems?

- Hardy 1965, Levinson, Seibert, Bernstein 1980, Reliable indicators of dominance status have not been determined for most psittacine species?

- Rowley 1990, Snyder 1987, Major behavioural activities for parrots?

- Lefebre 1982, Rowling 1990, Wirminghouse 200, Grooming behaviours?

- Rowley 1990, Snyder 1987, Wirminghouse 2001, Sleep is single behaviour that occupies greatest proportion of a parrots day?

- Maier and Seligman 1976, Laundenslager et al 1983, Lack of control can have pathological effects?

- Mason 1991, Broom 1996, Stereotypic behaviour is often an indicator of poor welfare?

- Graham 1998, Hoek and ten Cate 1998, Garner et al 2003, Meehan et al 2003 and 2004, Denial of flying and socialisation can cause both physical and behavioural abnormalities in captive parrots?

- Forbes and Glendell 1999, Hesterman et al 2001, Wing clipping may initiate feather plucking behaviour in some parrots

END